Impact of Combustion of Water in Fuel on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (Pah-s)Precursors- Formation
Some of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are the strongest known carcinogens compounds; the majority of
them are mostly produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil
fuels; Motor vehicles are a significant source of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) where diesel emission is one of the main sources
of such compounds available in the ambient air. There is a big
concern about the increasing concentration of PAHs in the
environment. Researchers are trying to explore optimal methods to
reduce those pollutants and improve the quality of air. Water blended
fuel is one of the possible approaches to reduce emission of PAHs
from the combustion of diesel in urban and domestic vehicles. In this
work a modeling study was conducted using CHEMKIN-PRO
software to simulate spray combustion at similar diesel engine
conditions. Surrogate fuel of (80 % n-heptane and 20 % toluene) was
used due to detailed kinetic and thermodynamic data needed for
modeling is available for this kind of fuel but not available for diesel.
An emulsified fuel with 3, 5, 8, 10 and 20 % water by volume is used
as an engine feed for this study. The modeling results show that water
has a significant effect on reducing engine soot and PAHs precursors
formation up to certain extent.
[1] M.S. Callén, M.T. de la Cruz, J.M. L├│pez, A.M. Mastral; PAH in
airborne particulate matter. Carcinogenic character of PM10 samples
and assessment of the energy generation impact Original Research
Article Fuel Processing Technology, June 2010.
[2] Göran Bengtsson, Niklas Törneman, Xiuhong Yang; Spatial
uncoupling of biodegradation, soil respiration, and PAH concentration
in a creosote contaminated soil, Environmental Pollution, Volume 158,
Issue 9, , P 2865-2871, 2865-2871, Sept. 2010.
[3] Staci L. Massey Simonich, Oleksii Motorykin, Narumol Jariyasopit;
PAH intermediates: Links between the atmosphere and biological
systems, Chemico-Biological Interactions, Sept. 2010.
[4] Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet Sokhi, René Van Grieken; Atmospheric
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors
and regulation, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 42, Issue 13, Pages
2895-2921, 2895-2921, April 2008.
[5] Abhijeet Raj, Markus Sander, Vinod Janardhanan, Markus Kraft; A
study on the coagulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon clusters to
determine their collision efficiency Combustion and Flame, Volume
157, Issue 3, Pages 523-534, March 2010. Seung-Hyun Chung, Angela
Violi; Peri-condensed aromatics with aliphatic chains as key
intermediates for the nucleation of aromatic hydrocarbons Proceedings
of the Combustion Institute, August 2010.
[6] XI, J., Zhong, B.J., ÔÇÿReview of Soot in Diesel Combustion Systems-
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,
China. Chemical Engineering Technology, 29, NO.6, 2006.
[7] B.C. Choi, S.K. Choi, S.H. Chung; Soot formation characteristics of
gasoline surrogate fuels in counterflow diffusion flames, Proceedings of
the Combustion Institute, 2010.
[8] Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet Sokhi, René Van Grieken; Atmospheric
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors
and regulation, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 42, Issue 13, Pages
2895-2921, 2895-2921, 2008.
[9] M. P. Ashok and C. G. Saravanan; ÔÇÿPerformance and Emission of the
Emulsified Fuel in a DI Diesel Engine Using Oxygenated Additive
Diethyl Ether with Surfactant of Span−80- , 21 (4), pp 1878-1882,
Energy Fuels, 2007.
[10] Siemiatycki, J., Dewar, R., Nadon, L., Gerin, M., Richardson, L., and
Wacholder, S., Cancer and petroleum-derived liquids. Results from a
case-referent study in Montreal. Scand J Work Environ Health 13, P
493-504, 1987.
[11] Rosner, G., International Program on Chemical Safety Diesel Fuel and
Exhaust Emissions, Environmental Health Criteria 171, Geneva, Report
1996.
[12] Schlitt, H-G. and Exner, P., "Emission of diesel motors when run on
alternative fuels", Glueckauf-Forschungshefte. Vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 278-
282, 1991
[13] M. Y. E. Selim & M. T. Ghannam; ÔÇÿCombustion Study of Stabilized
Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsion-; Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery,
Utilization, and Environmental Effects V. 32, Issue 3, p 256-274, 2009
[14] Xavier Tauzia , Alain Maiboom and Samiur Rahman
Shah,ÔÇÿExperimental study of inlet manifold water injection on
combustion and emissions of an automotive direct injection Diesel
engine-; Energy, Volume 35, Issue 9, Pages 3628-3639, 2010.
[15] Y. Yoshimoto, T. Kuramoto, Z. Li , M. Tsukahara;- Influence of Water
Content Ratio on Combustion Fluctuation of Diesel Engine Using
Emulsified Fuel-; Technical Paper of the JSME, Feb. 1998.
[16] Samec, N, Kegl, B and Dibble, RW. ÔÇÿNumerical and experimental study
of water/oil emulsified fuel combustion in a diesel engine Fuel 81:2035-
2044, 2002.
17] Zhenyu Tian, William J. Pitz, René Fournet, Pierre-Alexander Glaude,
Frédérique Battin-Leclerc; A detailed kinetic modeling study of toluene
oxidation in a premixed laminar flame, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute, 2010.
[18] G.A.M. Janssen, ÔÇÿEmissions of Diesel Engines Running on Different
Biofuels and their Health Related Aspects- FACT Foundation. Horsten
1, 5612 AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2006.
[19] Jonny Beyer, Grete Jonsson, Cinta Porte, Margaret M. Krahn; Freek
Ariese Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: Environmental
Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 30, Issue 3, Pages 224-244,
2010.
[20] Bartok, W. and A. F. Sarofim. Eds. Fossil Fuel Combustion: a Source
Book. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991.
[21] Hall, R. E., ÔÇÿEffect of water/residual oil emulsions on air pollutant
emissions and efficiency of commercial boilers-, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, ASME J. Eng. Power;
Vol/Issue: 98:4; P 425-434, 1976.
[22] M. P. Ashok and C. G. Saravanan, ÔÇÿCombustion Characteristics of
Compression Engine Driven by Emulsified Fuel Under Various Fuel
Injection Angles-, J. Energy Resour. Technol, Volume 129, Issue 4, 325
(7 pages), 2007.
[23] Nageli, D. W. and Moses, C. A., ÔÇÿA correlation for soot formation in
turbine combustion that includes emulsified fuels-, in Proc. of Symp. on
Water-in-Fuel Emulsions in Combustion, ed. R. Walter and J. White.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Report No. CG-D-12-78, 1978.[25]
Lawson, A, Vergeer, E.C., Mitchell, E.W. and Dainty, E.D., "Heavy-
Duty Diesel Emission Control", A Review of Technology, vol. 36.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada: CIM; p. 238, 1986.
[24] Radloff, E. and Gautier, C. ,-Diesel Engine NOX reduction Using
Charge Air Water Injection-, Transportation Development Centre
Transport Canada Proceedings of ICED of ASME: 2005 Fall Technical
Conference, Ottawa, Canada, ICEF2005-1235, Sept. 11-14, 2005.
[25] Heena V. Panchasara, Benjamin M. Simmons, Ajay K. Agrawal, Scott
K. Spear and Daniel T. Daly; ÔÇÿ Combustion Performance of Biodiesel
and Diesel-Vegetable Oil Blends in a Simulated Gas Turbine Burner-,
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Volume 131, Issue 3, 031503 (11 pages),
2009.
[26] Massimiliano Di Domenico, Peter Gerlinger, Manfred Aigner;
Development and validation of a new soot formation model for gas
turbine combustor simulations Original Research Article Combustion
and Flame, Volume 157, Issue 2, P 246-258, 2010.
[27] Curran, H. J., Pitz, W. J., and Westbrook, C. K., ÔÇÿExtinction and
Autoignition of n-Heptane in Counterflow Configuration", Proceedings
of the Combustion Institute, Volume 28, p. 2029-2037, 2002 UCRLWEB-
204236 Review and release date: May 19, 2004.
[28] Zhou P.L., Thorp I. ÔÇÿMarine diesel engine emissions and their control-,
Department of Marine Technology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
United Kingdom, 1997.
[29] Yoshimoto, Y., Tsukahara, M., Murayama, T., ÔÇÿStudies on the
microexplosion of emulsified fuels-, Trans. JSME (B) 89-0059 B,1989.
[30] Lasheras, J.C., Fernandez-Pello, A.C. and Dryer, F.L. ÔÇÿExperimental
observations on the disruptive combustion of free droplets of
multicomponent fuels-. Combustion Science Technology. Vol. 22, pp.
195-209. 1980.
[31] Spadaccini, L. J. and Pelmas, R., in Symp. On Vaporation and
combustion of fuel droplets", American Chemical Society, Div. of
Petroleum Chem. San Francisco Meeting, August 29- Sept. 3, 1976.
[32] Chang Sik Lee, Sung Wook Park and Sang Il Kwon; ÔÇÿAn Experimental
Study on the Atomization and Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel-
Blended Fuels- , Energy Fuels, 19 (5), pp 2201-2208, July 27, 2005.
[33] Tamjima, H and Takasaki, K and Goldsworthy, L and Taskaishi, T,
Diagnosis of combustion with water injection using high-speed
visualization and CFDs-, In: THIESEL International Conference on
Thermo- and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines, 7 - 10,
Valencia, Spain, 2008.
[34] Hyun Kyu Suh, Hyun Gu Roh, and Chang Sik Lee, ÔÇÿ Spray and
Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel Diesel Blended Fuel in a Direct
Injection Common-Rail Diesel Engine-, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power,
Volume 130, Issue 3, 032807 (9 pages), 2008.
[35] Yung-Sung Lin and Hai-Ping Lin; ÔÇÿSpray characteristics of emulsified
castor biodiesel on engine emissions and deposit formation-, Renewable
Energy, Volume 36, Issue 12, P. 3507-3516, 2011.
[36] XI, J., Zhong, B.J., ÔÇÿReview of Soot in Diesel Combustion Systems-
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing
100084,China. Chemical Engineering Technology, 29, NO.6, 2006.
[37] Miller, J.A., Kee, R.J. and Westbrook, C.K. ÔÇÿChemical Kinetics and
Combustion Modeling-. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol
41:345-387, 1990.
[38] Abhijeet Raj, Peter L.W. Man, Tim S. Totton, Markus Sander, Raphael
A. Shirley, Markus Kraft; New polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
surface processes to improve the model prediction of the composition of
combustion-generated PAHs and soot; Carbon, Volume 48, Issue 2,
Pages 319-332, 2010.
[39] Glassman, I., Soot formation in combustion processes. 22nd Symposium
(International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh
(USA), 295-311, 1988.
[40] Lidong Zhang, Jianghuai Cai, Taichang Zhang, Fei Qi; Kinetic
modeling study of toluene pyrolysis at low pressure Combustion and
Flame, Volume 157, Issue 9, Pages 1686-1697, 2010.
[41] Onwudili, J.A., Williams, P.T., "Reaction mechanisms for the
decomposition of phenanthrene and naphthalene under hydrothermal
conditions", Energy and Resources Research Institute, The University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK, The journal of supercritical fluids, 2006.
[42] Violi, A., D-Anna, A., D-Alessio, A., "Modeling of particulate formation
in combustion and pyrolysis", Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 3433-
3442, 1999.
[43] A. H. El-Sinawi; Water- Surrogate Fuel Emulsion Combustion Effect on
CO and NOx Emissions, Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental
Engineering Volume 1, No.2, P 99-108, 2010.
[1] M.S. Callén, M.T. de la Cruz, J.M. L├│pez, A.M. Mastral; PAH in
airborne particulate matter. Carcinogenic character of PM10 samples
and assessment of the energy generation impact Original Research
Article Fuel Processing Technology, June 2010.
[2] Göran Bengtsson, Niklas Törneman, Xiuhong Yang; Spatial
uncoupling of biodegradation, soil respiration, and PAH concentration
in a creosote contaminated soil, Environmental Pollution, Volume 158,
Issue 9, , P 2865-2871, 2865-2871, Sept. 2010.
[3] Staci L. Massey Simonich, Oleksii Motorykin, Narumol Jariyasopit;
PAH intermediates: Links between the atmosphere and biological
systems, Chemico-Biological Interactions, Sept. 2010.
[4] Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet Sokhi, René Van Grieken; Atmospheric
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors
and regulation, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 42, Issue 13, Pages
2895-2921, 2895-2921, April 2008.
[5] Abhijeet Raj, Markus Sander, Vinod Janardhanan, Markus Kraft; A
study on the coagulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon clusters to
determine their collision efficiency Combustion and Flame, Volume
157, Issue 3, Pages 523-534, March 2010. Seung-Hyun Chung, Angela
Violi; Peri-condensed aromatics with aliphatic chains as key
intermediates for the nucleation of aromatic hydrocarbons Proceedings
of the Combustion Institute, August 2010.
[6] XI, J., Zhong, B.J., ÔÇÿReview of Soot in Diesel Combustion Systems-
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,
China. Chemical Engineering Technology, 29, NO.6, 2006.
[7] B.C. Choi, S.K. Choi, S.H. Chung; Soot formation characteristics of
gasoline surrogate fuels in counterflow diffusion flames, Proceedings of
the Combustion Institute, 2010.
[8] Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet Sokhi, René Van Grieken; Atmospheric
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors
and regulation, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 42, Issue 13, Pages
2895-2921, 2895-2921, 2008.
[9] M. P. Ashok and C. G. Saravanan; ÔÇÿPerformance and Emission of the
Emulsified Fuel in a DI Diesel Engine Using Oxygenated Additive
Diethyl Ether with Surfactant of Span−80- , 21 (4), pp 1878-1882,
Energy Fuels, 2007.
[10] Siemiatycki, J., Dewar, R., Nadon, L., Gerin, M., Richardson, L., and
Wacholder, S., Cancer and petroleum-derived liquids. Results from a
case-referent study in Montreal. Scand J Work Environ Health 13, P
493-504, 1987.
[11] Rosner, G., International Program on Chemical Safety Diesel Fuel and
Exhaust Emissions, Environmental Health Criteria 171, Geneva, Report
1996.
[12] Schlitt, H-G. and Exner, P., "Emission of diesel motors when run on
alternative fuels", Glueckauf-Forschungshefte. Vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 278-
282, 1991
[13] M. Y. E. Selim & M. T. Ghannam; ÔÇÿCombustion Study of Stabilized
Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsion-; Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery,
Utilization, and Environmental Effects V. 32, Issue 3, p 256-274, 2009
[14] Xavier Tauzia , Alain Maiboom and Samiur Rahman
Shah,ÔÇÿExperimental study of inlet manifold water injection on
combustion and emissions of an automotive direct injection Diesel
engine-; Energy, Volume 35, Issue 9, Pages 3628-3639, 2010.
[15] Y. Yoshimoto, T. Kuramoto, Z. Li , M. Tsukahara;- Influence of Water
Content Ratio on Combustion Fluctuation of Diesel Engine Using
Emulsified Fuel-; Technical Paper of the JSME, Feb. 1998.
[16] Samec, N, Kegl, B and Dibble, RW. ÔÇÿNumerical and experimental study
of water/oil emulsified fuel combustion in a diesel engine Fuel 81:2035-
2044, 2002.
17] Zhenyu Tian, William J. Pitz, René Fournet, Pierre-Alexander Glaude,
Frédérique Battin-Leclerc; A detailed kinetic modeling study of toluene
oxidation in a premixed laminar flame, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute, 2010.
[18] G.A.M. Janssen, ÔÇÿEmissions of Diesel Engines Running on Different
Biofuels and their Health Related Aspects- FACT Foundation. Horsten
1, 5612 AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2006.
[19] Jonny Beyer, Grete Jonsson, Cinta Porte, Margaret M. Krahn; Freek
Ariese Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: Environmental
Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 30, Issue 3, Pages 224-244,
2010.
[20] Bartok, W. and A. F. Sarofim. Eds. Fossil Fuel Combustion: a Source
Book. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991.
[21] Hall, R. E., ÔÇÿEffect of water/residual oil emulsions on air pollutant
emissions and efficiency of commercial boilers-, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, ASME J. Eng. Power;
Vol/Issue: 98:4; P 425-434, 1976.
[22] M. P. Ashok and C. G. Saravanan, ÔÇÿCombustion Characteristics of
Compression Engine Driven by Emulsified Fuel Under Various Fuel
Injection Angles-, J. Energy Resour. Technol, Volume 129, Issue 4, 325
(7 pages), 2007.
[23] Nageli, D. W. and Moses, C. A., ÔÇÿA correlation for soot formation in
turbine combustion that includes emulsified fuels-, in Proc. of Symp. on
Water-in-Fuel Emulsions in Combustion, ed. R. Walter and J. White.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Report No. CG-D-12-78, 1978.[25]
Lawson, A, Vergeer, E.C., Mitchell, E.W. and Dainty, E.D., "Heavy-
Duty Diesel Emission Control", A Review of Technology, vol. 36.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada: CIM; p. 238, 1986.
[24] Radloff, E. and Gautier, C. ,-Diesel Engine NOX reduction Using
Charge Air Water Injection-, Transportation Development Centre
Transport Canada Proceedings of ICED of ASME: 2005 Fall Technical
Conference, Ottawa, Canada, ICEF2005-1235, Sept. 11-14, 2005.
[25] Heena V. Panchasara, Benjamin M. Simmons, Ajay K. Agrawal, Scott
K. Spear and Daniel T. Daly; ÔÇÿ Combustion Performance of Biodiesel
and Diesel-Vegetable Oil Blends in a Simulated Gas Turbine Burner-,
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Volume 131, Issue 3, 031503 (11 pages),
2009.
[26] Massimiliano Di Domenico, Peter Gerlinger, Manfred Aigner;
Development and validation of a new soot formation model for gas
turbine combustor simulations Original Research Article Combustion
and Flame, Volume 157, Issue 2, P 246-258, 2010.
[27] Curran, H. J., Pitz, W. J., and Westbrook, C. K., ÔÇÿExtinction and
Autoignition of n-Heptane in Counterflow Configuration", Proceedings
of the Combustion Institute, Volume 28, p. 2029-2037, 2002 UCRLWEB-
204236 Review and release date: May 19, 2004.
[28] Zhou P.L., Thorp I. ÔÇÿMarine diesel engine emissions and their control-,
Department of Marine Technology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
United Kingdom, 1997.
[29] Yoshimoto, Y., Tsukahara, M., Murayama, T., ÔÇÿStudies on the
microexplosion of emulsified fuels-, Trans. JSME (B) 89-0059 B,1989.
[30] Lasheras, J.C., Fernandez-Pello, A.C. and Dryer, F.L. ÔÇÿExperimental
observations on the disruptive combustion of free droplets of
multicomponent fuels-. Combustion Science Technology. Vol. 22, pp.
195-209. 1980.
[31] Spadaccini, L. J. and Pelmas, R., in Symp. On Vaporation and
combustion of fuel droplets", American Chemical Society, Div. of
Petroleum Chem. San Francisco Meeting, August 29- Sept. 3, 1976.
[32] Chang Sik Lee, Sung Wook Park and Sang Il Kwon; ÔÇÿAn Experimental
Study on the Atomization and Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel-
Blended Fuels- , Energy Fuels, 19 (5), pp 2201-2208, July 27, 2005.
[33] Tamjima, H and Takasaki, K and Goldsworthy, L and Taskaishi, T,
Diagnosis of combustion with water injection using high-speed
visualization and CFDs-, In: THIESEL International Conference on
Thermo- and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines, 7 - 10,
Valencia, Spain, 2008.
[34] Hyun Kyu Suh, Hyun Gu Roh, and Chang Sik Lee, ÔÇÿ Spray and
Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel Diesel Blended Fuel in a Direct
Injection Common-Rail Diesel Engine-, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power,
Volume 130, Issue 3, 032807 (9 pages), 2008.
[35] Yung-Sung Lin and Hai-Ping Lin; ÔÇÿSpray characteristics of emulsified
castor biodiesel on engine emissions and deposit formation-, Renewable
Energy, Volume 36, Issue 12, P. 3507-3516, 2011.
[36] XI, J., Zhong, B.J., ÔÇÿReview of Soot in Diesel Combustion Systems-
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing
100084,China. Chemical Engineering Technology, 29, NO.6, 2006.
[37] Miller, J.A., Kee, R.J. and Westbrook, C.K. ÔÇÿChemical Kinetics and
Combustion Modeling-. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol
41:345-387, 1990.
[38] Abhijeet Raj, Peter L.W. Man, Tim S. Totton, Markus Sander, Raphael
A. Shirley, Markus Kraft; New polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
surface processes to improve the model prediction of the composition of
combustion-generated PAHs and soot; Carbon, Volume 48, Issue 2,
Pages 319-332, 2010.
[39] Glassman, I., Soot formation in combustion processes. 22nd Symposium
(International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh
(USA), 295-311, 1988.
[40] Lidong Zhang, Jianghuai Cai, Taichang Zhang, Fei Qi; Kinetic
modeling study of toluene pyrolysis at low pressure Combustion and
Flame, Volume 157, Issue 9, Pages 1686-1697, 2010.
[41] Onwudili, J.A., Williams, P.T., "Reaction mechanisms for the
decomposition of phenanthrene and naphthalene under hydrothermal
conditions", Energy and Resources Research Institute, The University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK, The journal of supercritical fluids, 2006.
[42] Violi, A., D-Anna, A., D-Alessio, A., "Modeling of particulate formation
in combustion and pyrolysis", Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 3433-
3442, 1999.
[43] A. H. El-Sinawi; Water- Surrogate Fuel Emulsion Combustion Effect on
CO and NOx Emissions, Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental
Engineering Volume 1, No.2, P 99-108, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:58952", author = "Abdulaziz H. El-Sinawi", title = "Impact of Combustion of Water in Fuel on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (Pah-s)Precursors- Formation", abstract = "Some of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are the strongest known carcinogens compounds; the majority of
them are mostly produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil
fuels; Motor vehicles are a significant source of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) where diesel emission is one of the main sources
of such compounds available in the ambient air. There is a big
concern about the increasing concentration of PAHs in the
environment. Researchers are trying to explore optimal methods to
reduce those pollutants and improve the quality of air. Water blended
fuel is one of the possible approaches to reduce emission of PAHs
from the combustion of diesel in urban and domestic vehicles. In this
work a modeling study was conducted using CHEMKIN-PRO
software to simulate spray combustion at similar diesel engine
conditions. Surrogate fuel of (80 % n-heptane and 20 % toluene) was
used due to detailed kinetic and thermodynamic data needed for
modeling is available for this kind of fuel but not available for diesel.
An emulsified fuel with 3, 5, 8, 10 and 20 % water by volume is used
as an engine feed for this study. The modeling results show that water
has a significant effect on reducing engine soot and PAHs precursors
formation up to certain extent.", keywords = "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), DieselEngine, Emission, Surrogate Fuel, Emulsified Fuel, Soot precursors,Combustion", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "720-7", }
