Identifying Corruption in Legislation using Risk Analysis Methods
The objective of this article is to discuss the potential
of economic analysis as a tool for identification and evaluation of
corruption in legislative acts. We propose that corruption be
perceived as a risk variable within the legislative process. Therefore
we find it appropriate to employ risk analysis methods, used in
various fields of economics, for the evaluation of corruption in
legislation. Furthermore we propose the incorporation of these
methods into the so called corruption impact assessment (CIA), the
general framework for detection of corruption in legislative acts. The
applications of the risk analysis methods are demonstrated on
examples of implementation of proposed CIA in the Czech Republic.
[1] P. Mauro, "Corruption and Growth", The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, vol. 110, n.3, pp. 681-712, 1995
[2] D. Kaufman, "Myths and Realities of Governance and Corruption",
November 2005, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=829244
[3] R.G. Noll, B.M. Owen, The political economy of deregulation: Interest
groups in the regulatory process, American Enterprise Institute for
Public Policy Research, 1983, p. 161
[4] A. Shleifer, R.W. Vishny, "Corruption", The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, vol. 108, n. 3, pp. 599-617, Aug. 1993
[5] S. Rose-Ackermann, "Corruption", in The Encyclopedia of Public
Choice, C.K. Rowley, F. Schneider (eds.), Springer, pp. 67 - 76, 2003
[6] G.T.Abed, S. Gupta (eds.), Governance, corruption & Economic
Performance, International Monetary Fund, 2002, p. 551
[7] R. Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption, University of California Press,
Berkeley, 1991, p. 225
[8] F. Méndez, F. Sep├║lveda, "Corruption, growth and political regimes:
cross country evidence", European Journal of Political Economy, vol.
22, n. 1, 2006, pp. 82-98
[9] E. Buscaglia, M. Dakolias, An Analysis of the Causes of Corruption in
the Judiciary, World Bank, August 1999
[10] C. Fijnaut, L. Huberts (eds.), Corruption, Integrity, and Law
Enforcement, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2002
[11] C. Wood, Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review,
2nd edition, Person Prentice Hall, 2003, p. 399
[12] B.K. Dutta, S. Bandyopadhyay, "Environmental Impact Assessment and
Social Impact Assessment - Decision Making Tools for Project
Appraisal in India", International Journal of Human and Social Sciences
vol.5, n. 6, 2010, pp. 350 - 355
[13] S. Payraudeau, H.M.G. van der Werf, "Environmental impact
assessment for a farming region: a review of methods", Agriculture,
Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 107, 2005, pp. 1-19
[14] J.F.Feenstra, I. Burton, J.B. Smith, R.S.J. Tol (eds.), Handbook on
Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation
Strategies, UNEP, 1998
[15] C. Kirkpatrick, D. Parker, "Regulatory impact assessment and
regulatory governance in developing countries", Public Administration
and Development, vol. 24, n. 4, pp. 333-344, October 2004
[16] C. Kirkpatrick, D. Parker (eds.), Regulatory Impact Assessment
Towards Better Regulation, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, p. 286
[17] F. De Francesco, C.M. Radaellli, "Indicators of regulatory quality", in
Regulatory Impact Assessment Towards Better Regulation, C.
Kirkpatrick, D. Parker (eds.), Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, p. 36
[18] H.A. Becker, "Social Impact Assessment", European Journal of
Operational Research, vol. 128, n. 2, 16 January 2001, pp. 311-321
[19] A. Scott-Samuel, "Health impact assessmentÔÇötheory into practice",
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1998; vol. 52, pp.
704-705
[20] OECD, Anti-Corruption Reform under the Action Plan-s 2nd
Implementation Cycle (2005-2006): Reform projects and
implementation assessment, ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for
Asia and the Pacific, February 2005
[21] Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission Republic of Korea,
Corruption Impact Assessment - Assessing and eliminating corruption
risks, 2009, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/30/42877427.pdf
[22] Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission Republic of Korea,
"Corruption Impact Assessment", Working group document UNODC,
22 - 24 Aug. 2011
[23] N. York, M.V. Laric, Impact Assessment Case Study: Monitoring
Corruption in Indonesia, Economist, Evaluation Department for
International Development, 15th November 2006
[24] J. Chvalkovska, P. Jansky, J. Skuhrovec, "CIA, zIndex a další nástroje
prevence korupce (nejen) v legislative (CIA, zIndex and further
instruments of corruption prevention (not only) in legislation)", in Boj
proti korupci (Fight against corruption), P. Kohout. (ed.), Polygrafie
ÚV, Prague, 2011
[25] J. Chvalkovska, P. Jansky, "CIA, transparentní lobbing a další nástroje
prevence korupce nejen v legislative (CIA, transparent lobbying and
other tools of corruption prevention not only in legislation)", in
Transparent lobbying and How to achieve it?, Conference of American
Chamber of Commerce, October 25, 2011, Prague
[26] I. Kolstad, A. Wig, "Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in
Resource-Rich Countries?", World Development, vol 37, n. 3, March
2009, pp. 521-532
[27] J. Huther, A. Shah, "Anti-Corruption Policies and Programs: A
Framework for Evaluation", Policy Research Working Paper 2501,
World Bank, December 2000
[28] M. Bac, "Corruption, Connections and Transparency: Does a Better
Screen Imply a Better Scene?", Public Choice, vol. 107, n. 1-2, 2011,
pp. 87-96
[29] S. Kim, H.J. Kim, H. Lee, "An institutional analysis of an e-government
system for anti-corruption: The case of OPEN", Government
Information Quarterly, vol 26,n. 1, January 2009, pp. 42-50
[30] J. Chvalkovska, J. Skuhrovec, "Measuring transparency in public
spending: Case of Czech Public e-Procurement Information System"
IES Working Paper 11/2010, Charles University
[31] H.D. Vinod, "Statistical Analysis of Corruption Data and Using the
Internet to Reduce Corruption", Journal of Asian Economics, vol. 10, n.
4, Winter 1999, pp. 591-603
[32] J. Klump et al., "Data publication in the open access initiative", Data
Science Journal, vol. 5, n. 15 June 2006, pp. 79 - 83
[33] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Corruption", viewed January, 8,
2012, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/
[34] R. Carvajal, "Large Scale Corruption: Definition, Causes and Cures", in
Proceedings from A Conference to Celebrate the Work of Russell L.
Ackoff on his 80th Birthday and Developments in Systems Theory and
Practice, March 4-6, 1999, Villanova University, pp. 138
[35] T.Aven, Risk Analysis Assessing Uncertainties Beyond Expected Values
and Probabilities, John Wiley&Sons, August 2008, pp. 195
[36] A. Mills, "Strengthening domestic institutions against corruption: A
public ethics checklist", in: Corruption & integrity improvement
initiatives in developing countries, UNDP, 1998, pp. 141 - 150
[37] M. Power, "The invention of operational risk", ECRS Center for
Analysis of Risk and Regulation Discussion Paper, n. 16, June 2003
[38] C. Cornalba, P. Guidici, "Statistical models for operational risk
management", Physica A, n. 338, 2004, pp. 166 - 172
[39] P. de Fontnouvelle, E. Rosengren, J. Jordan, "Implications of
Alternative Operational Risk Modeling Techniques", NBER Working
Paper, January 2007
[40] R.B. Meyerson, "Effectiveness of electoral systems for reducing
government corruption: A game-theoretical analysis", Northwestern
University Discussion Paper, n. 956, September 2001
[41] E.Dabla-Norris, A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Corruption in
Democracies, IMF Working Paper, n. 106, June 2000
[42] A. Mishra, "Persistence of corruption: some theoretical perspectives",
World Development, vol. 34, n. 2, February 2006, pp. 349-358
[1] P. Mauro, "Corruption and Growth", The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, vol. 110, n.3, pp. 681-712, 1995
[2] D. Kaufman, "Myths and Realities of Governance and Corruption",
November 2005, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=829244
[3] R.G. Noll, B.M. Owen, The political economy of deregulation: Interest
groups in the regulatory process, American Enterprise Institute for
Public Policy Research, 1983, p. 161
[4] A. Shleifer, R.W. Vishny, "Corruption", The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, vol. 108, n. 3, pp. 599-617, Aug. 1993
[5] S. Rose-Ackermann, "Corruption", in The Encyclopedia of Public
Choice, C.K. Rowley, F. Schneider (eds.), Springer, pp. 67 - 76, 2003
[6] G.T.Abed, S. Gupta (eds.), Governance, corruption & Economic
Performance, International Monetary Fund, 2002, p. 551
[7] R. Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption, University of California Press,
Berkeley, 1991, p. 225
[8] F. Méndez, F. Sep├║lveda, "Corruption, growth and political regimes:
cross country evidence", European Journal of Political Economy, vol.
22, n. 1, 2006, pp. 82-98
[9] E. Buscaglia, M. Dakolias, An Analysis of the Causes of Corruption in
the Judiciary, World Bank, August 1999
[10] C. Fijnaut, L. Huberts (eds.), Corruption, Integrity, and Law
Enforcement, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2002
[11] C. Wood, Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review,
2nd edition, Person Prentice Hall, 2003, p. 399
[12] B.K. Dutta, S. Bandyopadhyay, "Environmental Impact Assessment and
Social Impact Assessment - Decision Making Tools for Project
Appraisal in India", International Journal of Human and Social Sciences
vol.5, n. 6, 2010, pp. 350 - 355
[13] S. Payraudeau, H.M.G. van der Werf, "Environmental impact
assessment for a farming region: a review of methods", Agriculture,
Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 107, 2005, pp. 1-19
[14] J.F.Feenstra, I. Burton, J.B. Smith, R.S.J. Tol (eds.), Handbook on
Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation
Strategies, UNEP, 1998
[15] C. Kirkpatrick, D. Parker, "Regulatory impact assessment and
regulatory governance in developing countries", Public Administration
and Development, vol. 24, n. 4, pp. 333-344, October 2004
[16] C. Kirkpatrick, D. Parker (eds.), Regulatory Impact Assessment
Towards Better Regulation, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, p. 286
[17] F. De Francesco, C.M. Radaellli, "Indicators of regulatory quality", in
Regulatory Impact Assessment Towards Better Regulation, C.
Kirkpatrick, D. Parker (eds.), Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, p. 36
[18] H.A. Becker, "Social Impact Assessment", European Journal of
Operational Research, vol. 128, n. 2, 16 January 2001, pp. 311-321
[19] A. Scott-Samuel, "Health impact assessmentÔÇötheory into practice",
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1998; vol. 52, pp.
704-705
[20] OECD, Anti-Corruption Reform under the Action Plan-s 2nd
Implementation Cycle (2005-2006): Reform projects and
implementation assessment, ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for
Asia and the Pacific, February 2005
[21] Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission Republic of Korea,
Corruption Impact Assessment - Assessing and eliminating corruption
risks, 2009, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/30/42877427.pdf
[22] Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission Republic of Korea,
"Corruption Impact Assessment", Working group document UNODC,
22 - 24 Aug. 2011
[23] N. York, M.V. Laric, Impact Assessment Case Study: Monitoring
Corruption in Indonesia, Economist, Evaluation Department for
International Development, 15th November 2006
[24] J. Chvalkovska, P. Jansky, J. Skuhrovec, "CIA, zIndex a další nástroje
prevence korupce (nejen) v legislative (CIA, zIndex and further
instruments of corruption prevention (not only) in legislation)", in Boj
proti korupci (Fight against corruption), P. Kohout. (ed.), Polygrafie
ÚV, Prague, 2011
[25] J. Chvalkovska, P. Jansky, "CIA, transparentní lobbing a další nástroje
prevence korupce nejen v legislative (CIA, transparent lobbying and
other tools of corruption prevention not only in legislation)", in
Transparent lobbying and How to achieve it?, Conference of American
Chamber of Commerce, October 25, 2011, Prague
[26] I. Kolstad, A. Wig, "Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in
Resource-Rich Countries?", World Development, vol 37, n. 3, March
2009, pp. 521-532
[27] J. Huther, A. Shah, "Anti-Corruption Policies and Programs: A
Framework for Evaluation", Policy Research Working Paper 2501,
World Bank, December 2000
[28] M. Bac, "Corruption, Connections and Transparency: Does a Better
Screen Imply a Better Scene?", Public Choice, vol. 107, n. 1-2, 2011,
pp. 87-96
[29] S. Kim, H.J. Kim, H. Lee, "An institutional analysis of an e-government
system for anti-corruption: The case of OPEN", Government
Information Quarterly, vol 26,n. 1, January 2009, pp. 42-50
[30] J. Chvalkovska, J. Skuhrovec, "Measuring transparency in public
spending: Case of Czech Public e-Procurement Information System"
IES Working Paper 11/2010, Charles University
[31] H.D. Vinod, "Statistical Analysis of Corruption Data and Using the
Internet to Reduce Corruption", Journal of Asian Economics, vol. 10, n.
4, Winter 1999, pp. 591-603
[32] J. Klump et al., "Data publication in the open access initiative", Data
Science Journal, vol. 5, n. 15 June 2006, pp. 79 - 83
[33] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Corruption", viewed January, 8,
2012, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/
[34] R. Carvajal, "Large Scale Corruption: Definition, Causes and Cures", in
Proceedings from A Conference to Celebrate the Work of Russell L.
Ackoff on his 80th Birthday and Developments in Systems Theory and
Practice, March 4-6, 1999, Villanova University, pp. 138
[35] T.Aven, Risk Analysis Assessing Uncertainties Beyond Expected Values
and Probabilities, John Wiley&Sons, August 2008, pp. 195
[36] A. Mills, "Strengthening domestic institutions against corruption: A
public ethics checklist", in: Corruption & integrity improvement
initiatives in developing countries, UNDP, 1998, pp. 141 - 150
[37] M. Power, "The invention of operational risk", ECRS Center for
Analysis of Risk and Regulation Discussion Paper, n. 16, June 2003
[38] C. Cornalba, P. Guidici, "Statistical models for operational risk
management", Physica A, n. 338, 2004, pp. 166 - 172
[39] P. de Fontnouvelle, E. Rosengren, J. Jordan, "Implications of
Alternative Operational Risk Modeling Techniques", NBER Working
Paper, January 2007
[40] R.B. Meyerson, "Effectiveness of electoral systems for reducing
government corruption: A game-theoretical analysis", Northwestern
University Discussion Paper, n. 956, September 2001
[41] E.Dabla-Norris, A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Corruption in
Democracies, IMF Working Paper, n. 106, June 2000
[42] A. Mishra, "Persistence of corruption: some theoretical perspectives",
World Development, vol. 34, n. 2, February 2006, pp. 349-358
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:57028", author = "Chvalkovska and J. and Jansky and P. and Mejstrik and M.", title = "Identifying Corruption in Legislation using Risk Analysis Methods", abstract = "The objective of this article is to discuss the potential
of economic analysis as a tool for identification and evaluation of
corruption in legislative acts. We propose that corruption be
perceived as a risk variable within the legislative process. Therefore
we find it appropriate to employ risk analysis methods, used in
various fields of economics, for the evaluation of corruption in
legislation. Furthermore we propose the incorporation of these
methods into the so called corruption impact assessment (CIA), the
general framework for detection of corruption in legislative acts. The
applications of the risk analysis methods are demonstrated on
examples of implementation of proposed CIA in the Czech Republic.", keywords = "corruption; corruption impact assessment (CIA);
legislative; legislative process; risk analysis; Czech Republic", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "328-5", }
