Flame Stability and Structure of Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fired Inverse Diffusion Flame with Hydrogen Enrichment
The present project was conducted with the
circumferential-fuel-jets inverse diffusion flame (CIDF) burner
burning liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) enriched with 50% of
hydrogen fuel (H2). The range of stable operation of the CIDF burner
in terms of Reynolds number (from laminar to turbulent flow regions),
equivalence ratio and fuel jet velocity of LPG of the 50% H2-LPG
mixed fuel was identified. Experiments were also carried out to
investigate the flame structures of the LPG flame and LPG enriched H2
flame. Experimental results obtained from these two flames were
compared to fully explore the influence of hydrogen addition on flame
stability. Flame heights obtained by burning these two kinds of fuels at
various equivalence ratios were compared and correlated with the
Global Momentum Ratio (GMR).
[1] Gupta and R. B, Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage.
CRC Press.
[2] EkinsPaul, Hydrogen Energy: Economic and Social Challenges.
Earthscan, 2010.
[3] E. M. Clausing, D. W. Senser, and N. M. Iaurendeau, "Peclet Correlation
for Stability of Inverse Diffusion Flames in Methane-Air Cross Flows,"
Combustion and Flame, pp. 1-4, Aug. 1997.
[4] L. K. Sze, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Temperature Distribution and
Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Inverse Diffusion Flame with
Circumferentially Arranged Fuel Ports," International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer, vol. 47, no. 14, pp. 3119-3129, Jul. 2004.
[5] L. Sze, C. Cheung, and C. Leung, "Appearance, Temperature, and NOX
Emission of Two Inverse Diffusion Flames with Different Port Design,"
Combustion and Flame, 2006.
[6] T. K. Ng, C. W. Leung, and C. S. Cheung, "Experimental Investigation on
the Heat Transfer of an Impinging Inverse Diffusion Flame,"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, no. 17, pp.
3366-3375, Aug. 2007.
[7] L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Heat Transfer
Characteristics of an Impinging Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet - Part I: Free
Flame Structure," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.
50, no. 25, pp. 5108-5123, Dec. 2007.
[8] L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Heat Transfer
Characteristics of an Impinging Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet. Part II:
Impinging Flame Structure and Impingement Heat Transfer,"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, no. 25, pp.
5124-5138, Dec. 2007.
[9] W. P. Partridge, JR, J. R. Reisel, and N. M. LAURENDEAU,
"Laser-Saturated Fluorescence Measurements of Nitric Oxide in an
Inverse Diffusion Flame," Combustion and Flame, pp. 1-9, Aug. 1998.
[10] F. H. V. Coppens, J. De Ruyck, and A. A. Konnov, "The Effects of
Composition on Burning Velocity and Nitric Oxide Formation in Laminar
Premixed Flames ofCH4 +H2 +O2 +N2," Combustion and Flame, pp.
409-417, Nov. 2007.
[11] E. Hu, Z. Huang, J. He, C. Jin, and J. Zheng, "Experimental and
Numerical Study on Laminar Burning Characteristics of Premixed
Methane-Hydrogen-Air Flames," International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 4876-4888, Jun. 2009.
[12] C. G. Fotache, T. G. Kreutz, and C. K. Law, "Ignition of
Hydrogen-Enriched Methane by Heated Air," pp. 1-12, Apr. 1997.
[13] H. Guo, G. J. Smallwood, F. Liu, Y. Ju, and Ö. L. Gülder, "The Effect of
Hydrogen Addition on Flammability Limit and NOx Emission in
Ultra-Lean Counterflow CH4/Air Premixed Flames," Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 303-311, Jan. 2005.
[14] L. Guo, J. O. Lewis, and J. P. McLaughlin, "Emissions from Irish
domestic fireplaces and their impact on indoor air quality when used as
supplementary heating source," Global NEST Journal, 2008.
[15] A. Y. Wagner, H. Livbjerg, P. G. Kristensen, and P. Glarborg, "Particle
Emissions from Domestic Gas Cookers," Combustion Science and
Technology, vol. 182, no. 10, pp. 1511-1527, Sep. 2010.
[16] A. D'Anna, "Combustion-formed nanoparticles," presented at the
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009.
[17] H. J. Burbano, A. S. A. Amell, and J. M. G. a, "Effects of Hydrogen
Addition to Methane on the Flame Structure and CO Emissions in
Atmospheric Burners," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.
33, no. 13, pp. 3410-3415, Jul. 2008.
[18] F. Cozzi and A. Coghe, "Behavior of hydrogen-enriched non-premixed
swirled natural gas flames," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
2006.
[19] L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Combustion Optimization
of a Port-Array Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet," Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp.
2834-2846, May 2011.
[20] Gaydon, A. G. Alfred Gordon, Wolfhard, and H. G, Flames: their
structure, radiation and temperature, 4(null) ed. Chapman and Hall, 1970.
[21] S. Mahesh and D. P. Mishra, "Flame Stability and Emission
Characteristics of Turbulent LPG IDF in a Backstep Burner," Fuel, 2008.
[22] Andrzej Sobiesiaka and J. C. Wenzell, "Characteristics and Structure of
Inverse Flames of Natural Gas," Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,
2005.
[23] "Experimental studies of flame stability and emission characteristics of
simple LPG jet diffusion flame 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.10.027 : Fuel |
ScienceDirect.com," 2007.
[24] S. Mahesh and D. P. Mishra, "Flame Structure of LPG-Air Inverse
Diffusion Flame in a Backstep Burner," Fuel, vol. 89, no. 8, pp.
2145-2148, Aug. 2010.
[25] K.-T. Wu and R. H. Essenhigh, "Mapping and Structure of Inverse
Diffusion Flames of Methane," Twentieth Symposium on Combustion,
pp. 1-9, Feb. 1984.
[26] H. S. Zhen, C. S. Cheung, C. W. Leung, and Y. S. Choy, "Effects of
Hydrogen Concentration on the Emission and Heat Transfer of a
Premixed LPG-Hydrogen Flame," International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, pp. 1-9, Jan. 2012.
[27] D. Mishra and P. Kumar, "Experimental Investigation of Laminar
LPG-H2 Jet Diffusion Flame with Preheated Reactants," Fuel, vol. 87,
no. 13, pp. 3091-3095, Oct. 2008.
[28] M. A. M. a, T. C. W. b, C. R. S. b, and Linda G Blevins b, "Flame height
measurement of laminar inverse diffusion flames," Combustion and
Flame.
[1] Gupta and R. B, Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage.
CRC Press.
[2] EkinsPaul, Hydrogen Energy: Economic and Social Challenges.
Earthscan, 2010.
[3] E. M. Clausing, D. W. Senser, and N. M. Iaurendeau, "Peclet Correlation
for Stability of Inverse Diffusion Flames in Methane-Air Cross Flows,"
Combustion and Flame, pp. 1-4, Aug. 1997.
[4] L. K. Sze, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Temperature Distribution and
Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Inverse Diffusion Flame with
Circumferentially Arranged Fuel Ports," International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer, vol. 47, no. 14, pp. 3119-3129, Jul. 2004.
[5] L. Sze, C. Cheung, and C. Leung, "Appearance, Temperature, and NOX
Emission of Two Inverse Diffusion Flames with Different Port Design,"
Combustion and Flame, 2006.
[6] T. K. Ng, C. W. Leung, and C. S. Cheung, "Experimental Investigation on
the Heat Transfer of an Impinging Inverse Diffusion Flame,"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, no. 17, pp.
3366-3375, Aug. 2007.
[7] L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Heat Transfer
Characteristics of an Impinging Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet - Part I: Free
Flame Structure," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.
50, no. 25, pp. 5108-5123, Dec. 2007.
[8] L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Heat Transfer
Characteristics of an Impinging Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet. Part II:
Impinging Flame Structure and Impingement Heat Transfer,"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 50, no. 25, pp.
5124-5138, Dec. 2007.
[9] W. P. Partridge, JR, J. R. Reisel, and N. M. LAURENDEAU,
"Laser-Saturated Fluorescence Measurements of Nitric Oxide in an
Inverse Diffusion Flame," Combustion and Flame, pp. 1-9, Aug. 1998.
[10] F. H. V. Coppens, J. De Ruyck, and A. A. Konnov, "The Effects of
Composition on Burning Velocity and Nitric Oxide Formation in Laminar
Premixed Flames ofCH4 +H2 +O2 +N2," Combustion and Flame, pp.
409-417, Nov. 2007.
[11] E. Hu, Z. Huang, J. He, C. Jin, and J. Zheng, "Experimental and
Numerical Study on Laminar Burning Characteristics of Premixed
Methane-Hydrogen-Air Flames," International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 4876-4888, Jun. 2009.
[12] C. G. Fotache, T. G. Kreutz, and C. K. Law, "Ignition of
Hydrogen-Enriched Methane by Heated Air," pp. 1-12, Apr. 1997.
[13] H. Guo, G. J. Smallwood, F. Liu, Y. Ju, and Ö. L. Gülder, "The Effect of
Hydrogen Addition on Flammability Limit and NOx Emission in
Ultra-Lean Counterflow CH4/Air Premixed Flames," Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 303-311, Jan. 2005.
[14] L. Guo, J. O. Lewis, and J. P. McLaughlin, "Emissions from Irish
domestic fireplaces and their impact on indoor air quality when used as
supplementary heating source," Global NEST Journal, 2008.
[15] A. Y. Wagner, H. Livbjerg, P. G. Kristensen, and P. Glarborg, "Particle
Emissions from Domestic Gas Cookers," Combustion Science and
Technology, vol. 182, no. 10, pp. 1511-1527, Sep. 2010.
[16] A. D'Anna, "Combustion-formed nanoparticles," presented at the
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009.
[17] H. J. Burbano, A. S. A. Amell, and J. M. G. a, "Effects of Hydrogen
Addition to Methane on the Flame Structure and CO Emissions in
Atmospheric Burners," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.
33, no. 13, pp. 3410-3415, Jul. 2008.
[18] F. Cozzi and A. Coghe, "Behavior of hydrogen-enriched non-premixed
swirled natural gas flames," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
2006.
[19] L. L. Dong, C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung, "Combustion Optimization
of a Port-Array Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet," Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp.
2834-2846, May 2011.
[20] Gaydon, A. G. Alfred Gordon, Wolfhard, and H. G, Flames: their
structure, radiation and temperature, 4(null) ed. Chapman and Hall, 1970.
[21] S. Mahesh and D. P. Mishra, "Flame Stability and Emission
Characteristics of Turbulent LPG IDF in a Backstep Burner," Fuel, 2008.
[22] Andrzej Sobiesiaka and J. C. Wenzell, "Characteristics and Structure of
Inverse Flames of Natural Gas," Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,
2005.
[23] "Experimental studies of flame stability and emission characteristics of
simple LPG jet diffusion flame 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.10.027 : Fuel |
ScienceDirect.com," 2007.
[24] S. Mahesh and D. P. Mishra, "Flame Structure of LPG-Air Inverse
Diffusion Flame in a Backstep Burner," Fuel, vol. 89, no. 8, pp.
2145-2148, Aug. 2010.
[25] K.-T. Wu and R. H. Essenhigh, "Mapping and Structure of Inverse
Diffusion Flames of Methane," Twentieth Symposium on Combustion,
pp. 1-9, Feb. 1984.
[26] H. S. Zhen, C. S. Cheung, C. W. Leung, and Y. S. Choy, "Effects of
Hydrogen Concentration on the Emission and Heat Transfer of a
Premixed LPG-Hydrogen Flame," International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, pp. 1-9, Jan. 2012.
[27] D. Mishra and P. Kumar, "Experimental Investigation of Laminar
LPG-H2 Jet Diffusion Flame with Preheated Reactants," Fuel, vol. 87,
no. 13, pp. 3091-3095, Oct. 2008.
[28] M. A. M. a, T. C. W. b, C. R. S. b, and Linda G Blevins b, "Flame height
measurement of laminar inverse diffusion flames," Combustion and
Flame.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:62309", author = "J. Miao and C. W. Leung and C. S. Cheung and R. C. K. Leung", title = "Flame Stability and Structure of Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fired Inverse Diffusion Flame with Hydrogen Enrichment", abstract = "The present project was conducted with the
circumferential-fuel-jets inverse diffusion flame (CIDF) burner
burning liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) enriched with 50% of
hydrogen fuel (H2). The range of stable operation of the CIDF burner
in terms of Reynolds number (from laminar to turbulent flow regions),
equivalence ratio and fuel jet velocity of LPG of the 50% H2-LPG
mixed fuel was identified. Experiments were also carried out to
investigate the flame structures of the LPG flame and LPG enriched H2
flame. Experimental results obtained from these two flames were
compared to fully explore the influence of hydrogen addition on flame
stability. Flame heights obtained by burning these two kinds of fuels at
various equivalence ratios were compared and correlated with the
Global Momentum Ratio (GMR).", keywords = "Flame stability, hydrogen enriched LPG, inverse
diffusion flame.", volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "124-6", }
