In Geographic Information System, one of the sources
of obtaining needed geographic data is digitizing analog maps and
evaluation of aerial and satellite photos. In this study, a method will
be discussed which can be used to extract vectorial features and
creating vectorized drawing files for aerial photos. At the same time
a software developed for these purpose. Converting from raster to
vector is also known as vectorization and it is the most important step
when creating vectorized drawing files. In the developed algorithm,
first of all preprocessing on the aerial photo is done. These are;
converting to grayscale if necessary, reducing noise, applying some
filters and determining the edge of the objects etc. After these steps,
every pixel which constitutes the photo are followed from upper left
to right bottom by examining its neighborhood relationship and one
pixel wide lines or polylines obtained. The obtained lines have to be
erased for preventing confusion while continuing vectorization
because if not erased they can be perceived as new line, but if erased
it can cause discontinuity in vector drawing so the image converted
from 2 bit to 8 bit and the detected pixels are expressed as a different
bit. In conclusion, the aerial photo can be converted to vector form
which includes lines and polylines and can be opened in any CAD
application.
[1] K. Tombre, Analysis of Engineering Drawings: State of the Art and
Challenges, Proceedings of the Graphics Recognition-Algorithms and
Systems, 257-264, 1998.
[2] L. Wenyin, D. Dori, From Raster to Vectors: Extracting Visual
Information from Line Drawing, Pattern Analysis & Applications (1999)
2, 10-21., 1999.
[3] P. V. C. Hough, A Method And Means For Recognizing Complex
Patterns, USA Patent 3,096,654, 1962.
[4] L. Louisa, L. Seong-Wan, Thinning Methodologies-A Comprehensive
Survey, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.
14, No.9, 1992
[5] G. Monagan, M. Roosli, Appropriate Base Representation Using a Run
Graph. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba, Japan, pp 623-626.,
1993.
[6] X. Lin, S. Shimotsuji, M. Minoh, T. Sakai, Efficient Diagram
Understanding with, Characteristic Pattern Detection. Computer Vision,
Graphics and Image Processing, 30:84-106, 1985.
[7] M. S. Nixon, A. S. Aguado, Feature Extraction and Image
Processing, Newnes Pub., 2002
[8] A. Yarwood, An Introduction to AutoCAD 2004: 2D and 3D Design,
Newnes, 2004
[9] D. Dori, Orthogonal Zig-Zag: an Algorithm for Vectorizing Engineering
Drawings Compared with Hough Transform, Advances in Engineering
Software, 28(1), pp11-24, 1997
[10] URL1, http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/canny.htm
[11] D. Dori, L. Wenyin, Sparse Pixel Vectorization: An Algorithm and Its
Performance Evaluation, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, Vol. 21, No. 3, 202-215, 1999.
[1] K. Tombre, Analysis of Engineering Drawings: State of the Art and
Challenges, Proceedings of the Graphics Recognition-Algorithms and
Systems, 257-264, 1998.
[2] L. Wenyin, D. Dori, From Raster to Vectors: Extracting Visual
Information from Line Drawing, Pattern Analysis & Applications (1999)
2, 10-21., 1999.
[3] P. V. C. Hough, A Method And Means For Recognizing Complex
Patterns, USA Patent 3,096,654, 1962.
[4] L. Louisa, L. Seong-Wan, Thinning Methodologies-A Comprehensive
Survey, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.
14, No.9, 1992
[5] G. Monagan, M. Roosli, Appropriate Base Representation Using a Run
Graph. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba, Japan, pp 623-626.,
1993.
[6] X. Lin, S. Shimotsuji, M. Minoh, T. Sakai, Efficient Diagram
Understanding with, Characteristic Pattern Detection. Computer Vision,
Graphics and Image Processing, 30:84-106, 1985.
[7] M. S. Nixon, A. S. Aguado, Feature Extraction and Image
Processing, Newnes Pub., 2002
[8] A. Yarwood, An Introduction to AutoCAD 2004: 2D and 3D Design,
Newnes, 2004
[9] D. Dori, Orthogonal Zig-Zag: an Algorithm for Vectorizing Engineering
Drawings Compared with Hough Transform, Advances in Engineering
Software, 28(1), pp11-24, 1997
[10] URL1, http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/canny.htm
[11] D. Dori, L. Wenyin, Sparse Pixel Vectorization: An Algorithm and Its
Performance Evaluation, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, Vol. 21, No. 3, 202-215, 1999.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:63458", author = "Mesut Gündüz and Ferruh Yildiz and Ayşe Onat", title = "Feature Extraction from Aerial Photos", abstract = "In Geographic Information System, one of the sources
of obtaining needed geographic data is digitizing analog maps and
evaluation of aerial and satellite photos. In this study, a method will
be discussed which can be used to extract vectorial features and
creating vectorized drawing files for aerial photos. At the same time
a software developed for these purpose. Converting from raster to
vector is also known as vectorization and it is the most important step
when creating vectorized drawing files. In the developed algorithm,
first of all preprocessing on the aerial photo is done. These are;
converting to grayscale if necessary, reducing noise, applying some
filters and determining the edge of the objects etc. After these steps,
every pixel which constitutes the photo are followed from upper left
to right bottom by examining its neighborhood relationship and one
pixel wide lines or polylines obtained. The obtained lines have to be
erased for preventing confusion while continuing vectorization
because if not erased they can be perceived as new line, but if erased
it can cause discontinuity in vector drawing so the image converted
from 2 bit to 8 bit and the detected pixels are expressed as a different
bit. In conclusion, the aerial photo can be converted to vector form
which includes lines and polylines and can be opened in any CAD
application.", keywords = "Vectorization, Aerial Photos, Vectorized DrawingFile.", volume = "2", number = "2", pages = "45-4", }