Exploring the Ambiguity Resolution in Spacecraft Attitude Determination Using GNSS Phase Measurement
Attitude Determination (AD) of a spacecraft using the
phase measurements of the Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) is an active area of research. Various attitude determination
algorithms have been developed in yester years for spacecrafts using
different sensors but the last two decades have witnessed a
phenomenal increase in research related with GPS receivers as a
stand-alone sensor for determining the attitude of satellite using the
phase measurements of the signals from GNSS. The GNSS-based
Attitude determination algorithms have been experimented in many
real missions. The problem of AD algorithms using GNSS phase
measurements has two important parts; the ambiguity resolution and
the determining of attitude. Ambiguity resolution is the widely
addressed topic in literature for implementing the AD algorithm
using GNSS phase measurements for achieving the accuracy of
millimeter level. This paper broadly overviews the different
techniques for resolving the integer ambiguities encountered in AD
using GNSS phase measurements.
<p>[1] Wertz, J.R., ed., “Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control,” D.
Reidel Publishing Company, Library in Astrophysics and Space
Sciences, 1978.
[2] M.D.Shuster,“Survey of Attitude Representations”, Journal of
Astronautical Sciences, vol.4, pp 439-517, Oct-Dec 1983.
[3] S.K.Shrivastava and V.J.Modi, “Satellite Attitude Dynamics and Control
in the Presence of Environmental Torques — A Brief Survey,” Journal
of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1983.
[4] Wahba, G., "A Least Squares Estimate of Spacecraft Attitude," SUM
Review, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 409. July 1965.
[5] Shuster, M.D. and Oh, S.D., "Three-Axis Attitude Determination from
Vector Observations." J. of Guidance and Control, vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 70-
77. Jan.-Feb. 1981.
[6] Markley, F. L., "Attitude Determination Using Vector Observations and
Singular Value Decomposition", Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,
No. 36, pp. 245-258, July-Sep. 1988.
[7] Markley, F. L., "Attitude Determination Using Vector Observations: A
Fast Optimal Matrix Algorithm,” Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,
vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 261-280, 1993.
[8] Crassidis, Markley and Cheng, “Survey of Nonlinear Attitude
Estimation Methods,” Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, vol.
30, No. 1, 2007.
[9] Bar-Itzhack, I.Y., "REQUEST- A Recursive QUEST Algorithm for
Sequential Attitude Determination," J. Guidance, Control, and
Dynamics, vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1034-1038, Sept.- Oct., 1996.
[10] D. Choukroun, I. Y. Bar-Itzhack and Y. Oshman, “Optimal-REQUEST
Algorithm for Attitude Determination,” Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics, Vol. 27, No. 3, May–June 2004.
[11] Crassidis, J. L., & Markley, F. L., “Minimum Model Error Approach for
Attitude Estimation,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol.
20, No.6, 1241-1247, 1997.
[12] Mortari, D. “Euler-q Algorithm for Attitude Determination from Vector
Observations,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 21, pp.
328-334, 1998.
[13] D. Choukroun, I. Y. Bar-Itzhack, and Y. Oshman, “Optimal-REQUEST
Algorithm for Attitude Determination,” Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics, vol. 27, No. 3, May–June 2004.
[14] Choukroun, D. “Adaptive Optimal-REQUEST Algorithm for Attitude
Determination,” AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference
and Exhibit. 20-23 August 2007, Hilton Head, South Carolina.
[15] Lefferts, Markley and Shuster, “Kalman Filtering For Spacecraft
Attitude Estimation,” AIAA, 20th Aerospace Science Meeting, Orlando
Florida, January, 11 -14, 1982.
[16] Martel F., Pal P. K. and Psiaki M. L., "Three- Axis Attitude
Determination via Kalman Filtering of Magnetometer Data," Journal of
Guidance, Control and Dynamics, vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 506-514, 1989.
[17] W.Parkinson, “Origins, Evolution and Future of satellite Navigation,”
Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol.20, 1997.
[18] Garrick, J, “Investigation of Models and Estimation Techniques for GPS
Attitude Determination,” NASA Report, 1992.
[19] Gabriele Giorgi and Peter J. Buist, “single-epoch, single-frequency,
standalone full attitude determination: experimental results”
NAVITECH 2008.
[20] Giorgi, G., Teunissen, P. J., Verhagen, S., Buist, P. J., G, “Testing a
New Multivariate GNSS Carrier Phase Attitude Determination Method
for Remote Sensing Platforms,” Advances in Space Research, Accepted
Manuscript, 2010.
[21] SungPil Yoon, “Real Time Attitude Determination Using GPS,” PhD
Thesis, Auburn University, 1999.
[22] Bauer, F. H., Hartman, K., & Lightsey, “Spaceborne GPS Current Status
and Future Visions,” AIAA, 1998.
[23] F.H. Bauer, E.G. Lightsey, J. O' Donmfll and R. Sdmurr, “GADACS: A
GPS Attitude Determination and Control Experiment on a Spartan
Spacecraft,” Control Eng. Practice, vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 1125-1130, 1995.
[24] C.E.Cohen, Lightsey and Parkinson, “Space Flight Tests Of Attitude
Determination Using GPS,” International Journal of Satellite
Communications, vol. 12, 427-433, 1994.
[25] Axelrad, P., & Ward, L. M. “Spacecraft Attitude Estimation Using the
Global Positioning System: Methodology and Results for RADCAL,”
Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 19, No. 6, November-
December 1996.
[26] Lightsey, E. G. “Flight Results of GPS Based Attitude Control on the
REX II Spacecraft”.
[27] H. Uematsu, L. Ward, B. W. Parkinson, “Use Of GPS For Gravity Probe
B Relativity Experiment and Co-Experiment,” Advances in Space
Research, vol. 25, No.6, pp. 1199-1203,2000.
[28] Tortora, P. “A GPS Based Attitude Determination Algorithm for the
Spin-Stabilized Microsatellite UNISAT”. Acta Astronautica, vol. 47,
Nos. 2-9, pp. 139-146. 2000.
[29] Jinlu Kuan and Soonhie Tan, “GPS-Based Attitude Determination of
Gyrostat Satellite by Quaternion Estimation Algorithms,” Acta
Astronautica, vol. 51, No. 11, pp. 743–759, 2002.
[30] Dr Martin Unwin, P.Purivigraipong, Alex da Silva Curiel and Prof.
Martin Sweeting, “Stand-alone Spacecraft Attitude Determination Using
Real Flight GPS Data from UOSAT-12,”Acta Astronautica, vol. 51, No.
1-9, pp. 261-268, 2002.
[31] Elizabeth Rooney, Martin Unwin, Scott Gleason “Demonstration of GPS
on the ALSAT-1 Disaster Monitoring Satellite,” AIAA Guidance,
Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit 11-14 August 2003,
Austin, Texas.
[32] Q.P. Chu and P.Th.LM. van Woaicom, “GPS for Low Cost Attitude
Determination - A Review of Concepts, In-Flight Experiences, and
Current Developments,” Acta Astronautica, vol. 41, No. 4-10, pp. 421-
433. 1997.
[33] Clark Emerson Cohen, “Attitude Determination Using GPS,” PhD
Thesis, Stanford University, 1992.
[34] Kruczynski, L.R., P.C. Li, A.G. Evans, and B.R.Hermann, "Using GPS
to Determine Vehicle Attitude: U.S.S. Yorktown Test Results," ION
GPS 89, Colorado Springs, September, 1989.
[35] J. Rath and P. Ward, "Attitude Estimation using GPS," National
Technical Meeting, ION, San Mateo, CA, January 1989.
[36] K.A. Brown and A.G. Evans, "GPS Pointing System Performance," ION
GPS-90, Colorado Springs, CO, September 1990.
[37] K. Ferguson, et al., "Three-Dimensional Attitude Determination with the
Ashtech 3DF 24-Channel GPS Measurement System," Proceedings of
the ION National Technical Meeting, Phoenix, ,Jan. 1991.
[38] F. van Graas and M. Braasch, "GPS Interferometric Attitude and
Heading Determination: Initial Flight Test Results," Navigation, Vol. 38,
winter 1991-92.
[39] Gang Lu, et al., "Attitude Determination in a Survey Launch Using
Multi-Antenna GPS Technologies." National Technical Meeting of the
ION, San Francisco, Jan. 1993.
[40] R.D. Jurgens and C.E. Rodgers. "Advances in GPS Attitude Determining
Technologies as Developed for the Strategic Defense Command," IONGPS
9 1, Albuquerque, Sept. 1991.
[41] Bar-Itzhack, I. Y., Montgomery, P. Y., & G, J. C., “Algorithms for
Attitude Determination Using the Global Positioning System,” Journal
of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 21, No. 6, November–
December 1998.
[42] Stephen J. Fujikawa, “Spacecraft Attitude Determination by Kalman
Filtering of Global Positioning System Signals,” Journal of Guidance,
Control, and Dynamics, vol. 18, No. 6, November-December 1995.
[43] Crassidis, J. L., Lightsey, E. G., & Markley, F. L., “Efficient and
Optimal Attitude Determination Using Recursive Global Positioning
System Signal Operations,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and
Dynamics, vol. 22, No. 2, March–April 1999.
[44] Park, F. C. Kim, J. & K, C., “Geometric Descent Algorithms for Attitude
Determination Using the Global Positioning System,” Journal of
Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 23, No. 1, January–February
2000.
[45] Jared Madsen and E. Glenn Lightsey, “Attitude Determination Using
GPS Signal to Noise Ratio and Carrier Phase Measurements,” AIAA
Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, 11-14
August 2003, Austin, Texas.
[46] Nadler, A. Bar-Itzhack, I. Y. & Weiss, H., “Iterative Algorithms for
Attitude Estimation Using Global Positioning System Phase
Measurements,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 24,
No. 5, September–October 2001.
[47] Chun, C., & Park, F. C., “Dynamics-Based Attitude Determination
Using the Global Positioning System,” Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics, vol. 24, No. 3, May–June 2001.
[48] Li, Y., & Yuan, J., “Attitude Determination Using GPS Vector
Observations”.
[49] Kuang, J., & Tan, S. “GPS-Based Attitude Determination of Gyrostat
Satellite by Quaternion Estimation Algorithms,” Acta Astronautica, vol.
51, No. 11, pp. 743–759, 2002.
[50] Y. Li , K. Zhang , C. Roberts & M. Murata, “On-the-fly GPS-based
attitude determination using single- and double-differenced carrier phase
measurements,” GPS Solutions, vol.8,pp.93–102, 2004.
[51] Chin-Lang Tsai, Wei-Wen Kao, “Constrained total least-square solution
for GPS compass attitude determination,” Applied Mathematics and
Computation, vol.183, pp.106–118, 2006.
[52] Parkinson and Spilker, Global Positioning System: Theory &
Applications”, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA
(American Institute of Aeronautics & Ast), 1st edition, 1996.
[53] Strang and Borre, “Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS”, Wellesley
College, 1997.
[54] P.J.G. Teunissen and A Kleusberg, “GPS for Geodesy”, Springer, Berlin
Heidelberg ,New York, 1998.
[55] Leick, “GPS Satellite Surveying”, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2004.
[56] Misra and Enge, “Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements
and Performance”, Ganga-Jamuna Pr , 2001.
[57] Hofmann-Wellenhof et al., “Global Positioning System: Theory and
Practice”, Springer; 5th edition 2001.
[58] Peter Buist ,“ The baseline constrained LAMBDA method for single
Epoch, single Frequency Attitude Determination Applications”,
[59] Y. Li , K. Zhang , C. Roberts and M. Murata, “On-The-Fly GPS-Based
Attitude Determination Using Single- And Double-Differenced Carrier
Phase Measurements,”GPS Solutions, 2004.
[60] P.J. Buist, P.J.G. Teunissen, G. Giorgi, S. Verhagen, “Instantaneous
GNSS-based Kinematic Relative Positioning and Attitude Determination
using Multi-Antenna Configurations”.
[61] P.J.G. Teunissen, “GNSS Ambiguity Resolution for Attitude
Determination: Theory and Method”.
[62] Gabriele Giorgi and Peter J. Buist, “ Single-epoch, single-frequency,
standalone full attitude determination: experimental results” ,
NAVITECH 2008.
[63] Verhagen, Sandra, “The GNSS integer ambiguities: estimation and
validation”, PhD Thesis, Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space
Systems, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
[64] Hatch R, “Instantaneous ambiguity resolution”. Proc. of KIS'90, Ban,
Canada, 1990.
[65] Frei E, Beutler G, “Rapid static positioning based on the fast ambiguity
resolution approach FARA: theory and first results”. Manuscripta
Geodaetica, 15: 325-356, 1990.
[66] Euler HJ, Landau H “Fast GPS ambiguity resolution on-the-fly for realtime
application”, Proc. of sixth International Geodetic Symposium on
Satellite Positioning, 1992.
[67] Teunissen PJG, “Least squares estimation of the integer GPS
ambiguities. Invited lecture, Section IV Theory and Methodology”, IAG
General Meeting, Beijing, 1992.
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estimator”, Journal of Geodesy, 73: 587-593, 1999.
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Artificial Satellites, 33(1): 4-10, 1998.
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Single Epoch, Single Frequency Attitude Determination Applications”.
Proceedings of ION GPS, Fort Worth, TX, US, 2962-2973. 2007.
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Carrier Phase GNSS Attitude Determination with the Multivariate
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<p>[1] Wertz, J.R., ed., “Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control,” D.
Reidel Publishing Company, Library in Astrophysics and Space
Sciences, 1978.
[2] M.D.Shuster,“Survey of Attitude Representations”, Journal of
Astronautical Sciences, vol.4, pp 439-517, Oct-Dec 1983.
[3] S.K.Shrivastava and V.J.Modi, “Satellite Attitude Dynamics and Control
in the Presence of Environmental Torques — A Brief Survey,” Journal
of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1983.
[4] Wahba, G., "A Least Squares Estimate of Spacecraft Attitude," SUM
Review, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 409. July 1965.
[5] Shuster, M.D. and Oh, S.D., "Three-Axis Attitude Determination from
Vector Observations." J. of Guidance and Control, vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 70-
77. Jan.-Feb. 1981.
[6] Markley, F. L., "Attitude Determination Using Vector Observations and
Singular Value Decomposition", Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,
No. 36, pp. 245-258, July-Sep. 1988.
[7] Markley, F. L., "Attitude Determination Using Vector Observations: A
Fast Optimal Matrix Algorithm,” Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,
vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 261-280, 1993.
[8] Crassidis, Markley and Cheng, “Survey of Nonlinear Attitude
Estimation Methods,” Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, vol.
30, No. 1, 2007.
[9] Bar-Itzhack, I.Y., "REQUEST- A Recursive QUEST Algorithm for
Sequential Attitude Determination," J. Guidance, Control, and
Dynamics, vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1034-1038, Sept.- Oct., 1996.
[10] D. Choukroun, I. Y. Bar-Itzhack and Y. Oshman, “Optimal-REQUEST
Algorithm for Attitude Determination,” Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics, Vol. 27, No. 3, May–June 2004.
[11] Crassidis, J. L., & Markley, F. L., “Minimum Model Error Approach for
Attitude Estimation,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol.
20, No.6, 1241-1247, 1997.
[12] Mortari, D. “Euler-q Algorithm for Attitude Determination from Vector
Observations,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 21, pp.
328-334, 1998.
[13] D. Choukroun, I. Y. Bar-Itzhack, and Y. Oshman, “Optimal-REQUEST
Algorithm for Attitude Determination,” Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics, vol. 27, No. 3, May–June 2004.
[14] Choukroun, D. “Adaptive Optimal-REQUEST Algorithm for Attitude
Determination,” AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference
and Exhibit. 20-23 August 2007, Hilton Head, South Carolina.
[15] Lefferts, Markley and Shuster, “Kalman Filtering For Spacecraft
Attitude Estimation,” AIAA, 20th Aerospace Science Meeting, Orlando
Florida, January, 11 -14, 1982.
[16] Martel F., Pal P. K. and Psiaki M. L., "Three- Axis Attitude
Determination via Kalman Filtering of Magnetometer Data," Journal of
Guidance, Control and Dynamics, vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 506-514, 1989.
[17] W.Parkinson, “Origins, Evolution and Future of satellite Navigation,”
Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol.20, 1997.
[18] Garrick, J, “Investigation of Models and Estimation Techniques for GPS
Attitude Determination,” NASA Report, 1992.
[19] Gabriele Giorgi and Peter J. Buist, “single-epoch, single-frequency,
standalone full attitude determination: experimental results”
NAVITECH 2008.
[20] Giorgi, G., Teunissen, P. J., Verhagen, S., Buist, P. J., G, “Testing a
New Multivariate GNSS Carrier Phase Attitude Determination Method
for Remote Sensing Platforms,” Advances in Space Research, Accepted
Manuscript, 2010.
[21] SungPil Yoon, “Real Time Attitude Determination Using GPS,” PhD
Thesis, Auburn University, 1999.
[22] Bauer, F. H., Hartman, K., & Lightsey, “Spaceborne GPS Current Status
and Future Visions,” AIAA, 1998.
[23] F.H. Bauer, E.G. Lightsey, J. O' Donmfll and R. Sdmurr, “GADACS: A
GPS Attitude Determination and Control Experiment on a Spartan
Spacecraft,” Control Eng. Practice, vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 1125-1130, 1995.
[24] C.E.Cohen, Lightsey and Parkinson, “Space Flight Tests Of Attitude
Determination Using GPS,” International Journal of Satellite
Communications, vol. 12, 427-433, 1994.
[25] Axelrad, P., & Ward, L. M. “Spacecraft Attitude Estimation Using the
Global Positioning System: Methodology and Results for RADCAL,”
Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 19, No. 6, November-
December 1996.
[26] Lightsey, E. G. “Flight Results of GPS Based Attitude Control on the
REX II Spacecraft”.
[27] H. Uematsu, L. Ward, B. W. Parkinson, “Use Of GPS For Gravity Probe
B Relativity Experiment and Co-Experiment,” Advances in Space
Research, vol. 25, No.6, pp. 1199-1203,2000.
[28] Tortora, P. “A GPS Based Attitude Determination Algorithm for the
Spin-Stabilized Microsatellite UNISAT”. Acta Astronautica, vol. 47,
Nos. 2-9, pp. 139-146. 2000.
[29] Jinlu Kuan and Soonhie Tan, “GPS-Based Attitude Determination of
Gyrostat Satellite by Quaternion Estimation Algorithms,” Acta
Astronautica, vol. 51, No. 11, pp. 743–759, 2002.
[30] Dr Martin Unwin, P.Purivigraipong, Alex da Silva Curiel and Prof.
Martin Sweeting, “Stand-alone Spacecraft Attitude Determination Using
Real Flight GPS Data from UOSAT-12,”Acta Astronautica, vol. 51, No.
1-9, pp. 261-268, 2002.
[31] Elizabeth Rooney, Martin Unwin, Scott Gleason “Demonstration of GPS
on the ALSAT-1 Disaster Monitoring Satellite,” AIAA Guidance,
Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit 11-14 August 2003,
Austin, Texas.
[32] Q.P. Chu and P.Th.LM. van Woaicom, “GPS for Low Cost Attitude
Determination - A Review of Concepts, In-Flight Experiences, and
Current Developments,” Acta Astronautica, vol. 41, No. 4-10, pp. 421-
433. 1997.
[33] Clark Emerson Cohen, “Attitude Determination Using GPS,” PhD
Thesis, Stanford University, 1992.
[34] Kruczynski, L.R., P.C. Li, A.G. Evans, and B.R.Hermann, "Using GPS
to Determine Vehicle Attitude: U.S.S. Yorktown Test Results," ION
GPS 89, Colorado Springs, September, 1989.
[35] J. Rath and P. Ward, "Attitude Estimation using GPS," National
Technical Meeting, ION, San Mateo, CA, January 1989.
[36] K.A. Brown and A.G. Evans, "GPS Pointing System Performance," ION
GPS-90, Colorado Springs, CO, September 1990.
[37] K. Ferguson, et al., "Three-Dimensional Attitude Determination with the
Ashtech 3DF 24-Channel GPS Measurement System," Proceedings of
the ION National Technical Meeting, Phoenix, ,Jan. 1991.
[38] F. van Graas and M. Braasch, "GPS Interferometric Attitude and
Heading Determination: Initial Flight Test Results," Navigation, Vol. 38,
winter 1991-92.
[39] Gang Lu, et al., "Attitude Determination in a Survey Launch Using
Multi-Antenna GPS Technologies." National Technical Meeting of the
ION, San Francisco, Jan. 1993.
[40] R.D. Jurgens and C.E. Rodgers. "Advances in GPS Attitude Determining
Technologies as Developed for the Strategic Defense Command," IONGPS
9 1, Albuquerque, Sept. 1991.
[41] Bar-Itzhack, I. Y., Montgomery, P. Y., & G, J. C., “Algorithms for
Attitude Determination Using the Global Positioning System,” Journal
of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 21, No. 6, November–
December 1998.
[42] Stephen J. Fujikawa, “Spacecraft Attitude Determination by Kalman
Filtering of Global Positioning System Signals,” Journal of Guidance,
Control, and Dynamics, vol. 18, No. 6, November-December 1995.
[43] Crassidis, J. L., Lightsey, E. G., & Markley, F. L., “Efficient and
Optimal Attitude Determination Using Recursive Global Positioning
System Signal Operations,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and
Dynamics, vol. 22, No. 2, March–April 1999.
[44] Park, F. C. Kim, J. & K, C., “Geometric Descent Algorithms for Attitude
Determination Using the Global Positioning System,” Journal of
Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 23, No. 1, January–February
2000.
[45] Jared Madsen and E. Glenn Lightsey, “Attitude Determination Using
GPS Signal to Noise Ratio and Carrier Phase Measurements,” AIAA
Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, 11-14
August 2003, Austin, Texas.
[46] Nadler, A. Bar-Itzhack, I. Y. & Weiss, H., “Iterative Algorithms for
Attitude Estimation Using Global Positioning System Phase
Measurements,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, vol. 24,
No. 5, September–October 2001.
[47] Chun, C., & Park, F. C., “Dynamics-Based Attitude Determination
Using the Global Positioning System,” Journal of Guidance, Control,
and Dynamics, vol. 24, No. 3, May–June 2001.
[48] Li, Y., & Yuan, J., “Attitude Determination Using GPS Vector
Observations”.
[49] Kuang, J., & Tan, S. “GPS-Based Attitude Determination of Gyrostat
Satellite by Quaternion Estimation Algorithms,” Acta Astronautica, vol.
51, No. 11, pp. 743–759, 2002.
[50] Y. Li , K. Zhang , C. Roberts & M. Murata, “On-the-fly GPS-based
attitude determination using single- and double-differenced carrier phase
measurements,” GPS Solutions, vol.8,pp.93–102, 2004.
[51] Chin-Lang Tsai, Wei-Wen Kao, “Constrained total least-square solution
for GPS compass attitude determination,” Applied Mathematics and
Computation, vol.183, pp.106–118, 2006.
[52] Parkinson and Spilker, Global Positioning System: Theory &
Applications”, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA
(American Institute of Aeronautics & Ast), 1st edition, 1996.
[53] Strang and Borre, “Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS”, Wellesley
College, 1997.
[54] P.J.G. Teunissen and A Kleusberg, “GPS for Geodesy”, Springer, Berlin
Heidelberg ,New York, 1998.
[55] Leick, “GPS Satellite Surveying”, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2004.
[56] Misra and Enge, “Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements
and Performance”, Ganga-Jamuna Pr , 2001.
[57] Hofmann-Wellenhof et al., “Global Positioning System: Theory and
Practice”, Springer; 5th edition 2001.
[58] Peter Buist ,“ The baseline constrained LAMBDA method for single
Epoch, single Frequency Attitude Determination Applications”,
[59] Y. Li , K. Zhang , C. Roberts and M. Murata, “On-The-Fly GPS-Based
Attitude Determination Using Single- And Double-Differenced Carrier
Phase Measurements,”GPS Solutions, 2004.
[60] P.J. Buist, P.J.G. Teunissen, G. Giorgi, S. Verhagen, “Instantaneous
GNSS-based Kinematic Relative Positioning and Attitude Determination
using Multi-Antenna Configurations”.
[61] P.J.G. Teunissen, “GNSS Ambiguity Resolution for Attitude
Determination: Theory and Method”.
[62] Gabriele Giorgi and Peter J. Buist, “ Single-epoch, single-frequency,
standalone full attitude determination: experimental results” ,
NAVITECH 2008.
[63] Verhagen, Sandra, “The GNSS integer ambiguities: estimation and
validation”, PhD Thesis, Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space
Systems, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
[64] Hatch R, “Instantaneous ambiguity resolution”. Proc. of KIS'90, Ban,
Canada, 1990.
[65] Frei E, Beutler G, “Rapid static positioning based on the fast ambiguity
resolution approach FARA: theory and first results”. Manuscripta
Geodaetica, 15: 325-356, 1990.
[66] Euler HJ, Landau H “Fast GPS ambiguity resolution on-the-fly for realtime
application”, Proc. of sixth International Geodetic Symposium on
Satellite Positioning, 1992.
[67] Teunissen PJG, “Least squares estimation of the integer GPS
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@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:56803", author = "Lv Meibo and Naqvi Najam Abbas and Li YanJun", title = "Exploring the Ambiguity Resolution in Spacecraft Attitude Determination Using GNSS Phase Measurement", abstract = "Attitude Determination (AD) of a spacecraft using the
phase measurements of the Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) is an active area of research. Various attitude determination
algorithms have been developed in yester years for spacecrafts using
different sensors but the last two decades have witnessed a
phenomenal increase in research related with GPS receivers as a
stand-alone sensor for determining the attitude of satellite using the
phase measurements of the signals from GNSS. The GNSS-based
Attitude determination algorithms have been experimented in many
real missions. The problem of AD algorithms using GNSS phase
measurements has two important parts; the ambiguity resolution and
the determining of attitude. Ambiguity resolution is the widely
addressed topic in literature for implementing the AD algorithm
using GNSS phase measurements for achieving the accuracy of
millimeter level. This paper broadly overviews the different
techniques for resolving the integer ambiguities encountered in AD
using GNSS phase measurements.
", keywords = "Attitude Determination, Ambiguity Resolution,
GNSS, LAMBDA Method, Satellite.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "2058-5", }
