Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Nanoparticle Mass Concentration and Heat Input of Loop Heat Pipe
This study presents experimental and optimization of
nanoparticle mass concentration and heat input based on the total
thermal resistance (Rth) of loop heat pipe (LHP), employed for PCCPU
cooling. In this study, silica nanoparticles (SiO2) in water with
particle mass concentration ranged from 0% (pure water) to 1% is
considered as the working fluid within the LHP. The experimental
design and optimization is accomplished by the design of
experimental tool, Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The
results show that the nanoparticle mass concentration and the heat
input have significant effect on the Rth of LHP. For a given heat
input, the Rth is found to decrease with the increase of the
nanoparticle mass concentration up to 0.5% and increased thereafter.
It is also found that the Rth is decreased when the heat input is
increased from 20W to 60W. The results are optimized with the
objective of minimizing the Rth, using Design-Expert software, and
the optimized nanoparticle mass concentration and heat input are
0.48% and 59.97W, respectively, the minimum thermal resistance
being 2.66 (ºC/W).
[1] D. X. Gai, Z. C. Liu, W. Liu, and J. G. Yang, “Operational
characteristics of miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator,” Heat
and Mass Transfer, vol. 46, pp. 267-275, 2009.
[2] Yu. F. Maydanik, “Loop heat pipes,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.
25, pp. 635-657, 2005.
[3] S. U. S. Choi, “Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with
nanoparticles,” in Developments Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows,
FED-vol. 231/MD-vol. 66, ASME: 99-105, edited by D. A. Siginer and
H. P. Wang, New York, 1995.
[4] M. Shafahi, V. Bianco, K. Vafai, and O. Manca, “Thermal performance
of flat-shaped heat pipes using nanofluids,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,
vol. 53, pp. 1438–1445, 2010.
[5] M. Shafahi, V. Bianco, K. Vafai, and O. Manca, “An investigation of the
thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipes using nanofluids,” Int. J.
Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 53, pp. 376–383, 2010.
[6] K. H. Do and S. P. Jang, “Effect of nanofluids on the thermal
performance of a flat micro heat pipe with a rectangular grooved wick,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 53, pp. 2183–2192, 2010.
[7] P. Naphon, D. Thongkum, and P. Assadamongkol, “Heat pipe efficiency
enhancement with refrigerant-nanoparticles mixtures,” Energy
Conversion and Management, vol. 50, pp. 772-776, 2009.
[8] G. Franchi and X. Huang, “Development of Composite Wicks for Heat
Pipe Performance Enhancement,” Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 29
(10), pp. 873-884, 2008.
[9] D. Bas and I. H. Boyaci, “Modeling and optimization in usability of
Response Surface Methodology (RSM),” Journal of Food Engineering,
vol. 78, pp. 836-845, 2007.
[10] M. J. K. Bashir, H. A. Aziz, M. S. Yusoff, and M. N. Adlan,
“Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization
of Ammoniacal Nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate
using ion exchange resin,” Desalination, vol. 254, pp. 154-161, 2010.
[11] D. C. Montgomery, “Design and analysis of experiments,” 7th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2008.
[12] J. Qu and H. Wu, “Thermal performance comparison of oscillating heat
pipes with SiO2/water and Al2
O3/water nanofluids,” International
Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 50, pp. 1954-1962, 2011.
[13] Design-Expert Software Trial Version 6.0.7, User’s guide, 2008.
[1] D. X. Gai, Z. C. Liu, W. Liu, and J. G. Yang, “Operational
characteristics of miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator,” Heat
and Mass Transfer, vol. 46, pp. 267-275, 2009.
[2] Yu. F. Maydanik, “Loop heat pipes,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.
25, pp. 635-657, 2005.
[3] S. U. S. Choi, “Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with
nanoparticles,” in Developments Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows,
FED-vol. 231/MD-vol. 66, ASME: 99-105, edited by D. A. Siginer and
H. P. Wang, New York, 1995.
[4] M. Shafahi, V. Bianco, K. Vafai, and O. Manca, “Thermal performance
of flat-shaped heat pipes using nanofluids,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,
vol. 53, pp. 1438–1445, 2010.
[5] M. Shafahi, V. Bianco, K. Vafai, and O. Manca, “An investigation of the
thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipes using nanofluids,” Int. J.
Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 53, pp. 376–383, 2010.
[6] K. H. Do and S. P. Jang, “Effect of nanofluids on the thermal
performance of a flat micro heat pipe with a rectangular grooved wick,”
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 53, pp. 2183–2192, 2010.
[7] P. Naphon, D. Thongkum, and P. Assadamongkol, “Heat pipe efficiency
enhancement with refrigerant-nanoparticles mixtures,” Energy
Conversion and Management, vol. 50, pp. 772-776, 2009.
[8] G. Franchi and X. Huang, “Development of Composite Wicks for Heat
Pipe Performance Enhancement,” Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 29
(10), pp. 873-884, 2008.
[9] D. Bas and I. H. Boyaci, “Modeling and optimization in usability of
Response Surface Methodology (RSM),” Journal of Food Engineering,
vol. 78, pp. 836-845, 2007.
[10] M. J. K. Bashir, H. A. Aziz, M. S. Yusoff, and M. N. Adlan,
“Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization
of Ammoniacal Nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate
using ion exchange resin,” Desalination, vol. 254, pp. 154-161, 2010.
[11] D. C. Montgomery, “Design and analysis of experiments,” 7th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2008.
[12] J. Qu and H. Wu, “Thermal performance comparison of oscillating heat
pipes with SiO2/water and Al2
O3/water nanofluids,” International
Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 50, pp. 1954-1962, 2011.
[13] Design-Expert Software Trial Version 6.0.7, User’s guide, 2008.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:71381", author = "P. Gunnasegaran and M. Z. Abdullah and M. Z. Yusoff and Nur Irmawati", title = "Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Nanoparticle Mass Concentration and Heat Input of Loop Heat Pipe", abstract = "This study presents experimental and optimization of
nanoparticle mass concentration and heat input based on the total
thermal resistance (Rth) of loop heat pipe (LHP), employed for PCCPU
cooling. In this study, silica nanoparticles (SiO2) in water with
particle mass concentration ranged from 0% (pure water) to 1% is
considered as the working fluid within the LHP. The experimental
design and optimization is accomplished by the design of
experimental tool, Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The
results show that the nanoparticle mass concentration and the heat
input have significant effect on the Rth of LHP. For a given heat
input, the Rth is found to decrease with the increase of the
nanoparticle mass concentration up to 0.5% and increased thereafter.
It is also found that the Rth is decreased when the heat input is
increased from 20W to 60W. The results are optimized with the
objective of minimizing the Rth, using Design-Expert software, and
the optimized nanoparticle mass concentration and heat input are
0.48% and 59.97W, respectively, the minimum thermal resistance
being 2.66 (ºC/W).", keywords = "Loop heat pipe, nanofluid, optimization, thermal
resistance.", volume = "9", number = "10", pages = "1830-6", }