Evolution of the Hydrogen Atom: An Alternative to the Big Bang Theory
Elementary particles are created in pairs of equal and opposite momentums at a reference frame at the speed of light. The speed of light reference frame is viewed as a point in space as observed by observer at rest. This point in space is the bang location of the big bang theory. The bang in the big bang theory is not more than sustained flow of pairs of positive and negative elementary particles. Electrons and negative charged elementary particles are ejected from this point in space at velocities faster than light, while protons and positively charged particles obtain velocities lower than light. Subsonic masses are found to have real and positive charge, while supersonic masses are found to be negative and imaginary indicating that the two masses are of different entities. The electron-s super-sonic speed, as viewed by rest observer was calculated and found to be less than the speed of light and is little higher than the electron speed in Bohr-s orbit. The newly formed hydrogen gas temperature was found to be in agreement with temperatures found on newly formed stars. Universe expansion was found to be in agreement. Partial mass and charge elementary particles and particles with momentum only were explained in the context of this theoretical approach.
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University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1993
[2] John A. Peacock, Cosmology Physics, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 2002.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeval_atom, retrieved 11 July, 2010
[4] http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/astronomy/bigbang.html#evidence,
retrieved 10 July, 2010
[5] Edwin Hubble, ÔÇÿA Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity
Among Extra-Galactic NebulaeÔÇÿ, Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, Vol 15, #3 : March 15, 1929
[6] Abbe G. Lemaitre, ÔÇÿA Homogenous Universe of Constant Mass and
Increasing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic
Nebulae-, (Translated by Permission from "Annales de la Societe
Scientifique de Bruxelles", Tome XLVII, Serie A, Premiere Partie),
Royal Astronomical Society. Provided by NASA Astrophysics Data
System.
[7] Lemaitre, G. ÔÇÿThe Evolution of the Universe: Discussion-, Nature 128,
1931, pp 699-701
[8] H. Bondi, T. Gold, ÔÇÿThe Steady State Theory of the Expanding Universe,
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 108, p.252
[9] Edward L. Wright, http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/stdystat.htm, Last
modified Jan 30, 2010
[10] F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J. V. Narlikar, ÔÇÿA Quasi-Steady State
Cosmological Model with Creation of Matter-, Astrophysical Journal,
Part 1, vol. 410, no. 2, pp 437-457.
[11] F. Hoyle, ÔÇÿA New Model for the Expanding Universe-, Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 108, 1948, p.372
[12] A. H, Guth, ÔÇÿInflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon
and flatness problems-, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 23,Issue 2, 347-356
(1981).
[13] A. Guth, ÔÇÿWas Cosmic Inflation the Bang of the Big Bang-, Pblished in
"the Beamline" 27, 14 (1997),
http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Guth/Guth_contents.html,
retrieved July 14, 2010
[14] Eric Lerner, ÔÇÿBig Bang Never Happened Home Page and Summary-,
http://bigbangneverhappened.org/, retrieved July 14, 2010.
[15] Ned Wright, ÔÇÿWelcome to Ned Wright-s Cosmology Tutorial,
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm, retrieved July 14,
2010
[16] Björn Feuerbacher, Ryan Scranton, ÔÇÿEvidence for the Big Bang-,
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/astronomy/bigbang.html, Posted January
25, 2006
[17] Bilaniuk, Olexa-Myron P.; Sudarshan, E. C. George (May 1969).
"Particles beyond the Light Barrier", Physics Today 22 (5): pp43-51
[18] Evolution Encyclopedia Vol. 1, ÔÇÿOrigin and Evolution of the universe-,
Evolution Facts Inc,PO BOX 300 - ALTAMONT, TN. 37301 USA,
http://evolutionfacts.com/Ev-V1/1evlch01a.htm#BIG BANG THEORY,
[19] Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein,
translated by Robert William Lawson
[20] Part I - The Special Theory of Relativity
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Th
eory/Part_I
[21] R. T. Weidner, R. L. Sells, Elementary Modern Physics, Allen and
Bacon, Boston, 1968
[22] R. M. Eisberg, Fundamentals of Modern Physics, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1967
[23] Tutor vista .com, http://www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physicsiv/
atoms-and-nuclei/bohrs-hydrogen-atom.php, retrieved July 18,
2010.(22) R. M. Fedler, R. W. Rousseau,
[24] Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, John Wiley & Sons, NY,
1978(23) R. A. Alpher, H. Bethe, G. Gamow, ÔÇÿThe Origin of Chemical
Elements-, Letters to the Editor, Physical Review, Vol 73, No 7, April
1948, p 803
[1] Philip J. E. Peebles, Principles of Physical Cosmology, Princeton
University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1993
[2] John A. Peacock, Cosmology Physics, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 2002.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeval_atom, retrieved 11 July, 2010
[4] http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/astronomy/bigbang.html#evidence,
retrieved 10 July, 2010
[5] Edwin Hubble, ÔÇÿA Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity
Among Extra-Galactic NebulaeÔÇÿ, Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, Vol 15, #3 : March 15, 1929
[6] Abbe G. Lemaitre, ÔÇÿA Homogenous Universe of Constant Mass and
Increasing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic
Nebulae-, (Translated by Permission from "Annales de la Societe
Scientifique de Bruxelles", Tome XLVII, Serie A, Premiere Partie),
Royal Astronomical Society. Provided by NASA Astrophysics Data
System.
[7] Lemaitre, G. ÔÇÿThe Evolution of the Universe: Discussion-, Nature 128,
1931, pp 699-701
[8] H. Bondi, T. Gold, ÔÇÿThe Steady State Theory of the Expanding Universe,
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 108, p.252
[9] Edward L. Wright, http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/stdystat.htm, Last
modified Jan 30, 2010
[10] F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J. V. Narlikar, ÔÇÿA Quasi-Steady State
Cosmological Model with Creation of Matter-, Astrophysical Journal,
Part 1, vol. 410, no. 2, pp 437-457.
[11] F. Hoyle, ÔÇÿA New Model for the Expanding Universe-, Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 108, 1948, p.372
[12] A. H, Guth, ÔÇÿInflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon
and flatness problems-, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 23,Issue 2, 347-356
(1981).
[13] A. Guth, ÔÇÿWas Cosmic Inflation the Bang of the Big Bang-, Pblished in
"the Beamline" 27, 14 (1997),
http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Guth/Guth_contents.html,
retrieved July 14, 2010
[14] Eric Lerner, ÔÇÿBig Bang Never Happened Home Page and Summary-,
http://bigbangneverhappened.org/, retrieved July 14, 2010.
[15] Ned Wright, ÔÇÿWelcome to Ned Wright-s Cosmology Tutorial,
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm, retrieved July 14,
2010
[16] Björn Feuerbacher, Ryan Scranton, ÔÇÿEvidence for the Big Bang-,
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/astronomy/bigbang.html, Posted January
25, 2006
[17] Bilaniuk, Olexa-Myron P.; Sudarshan, E. C. George (May 1969).
"Particles beyond the Light Barrier", Physics Today 22 (5): pp43-51
[18] Evolution Encyclopedia Vol. 1, ÔÇÿOrigin and Evolution of the universe-,
Evolution Facts Inc,PO BOX 300 - ALTAMONT, TN. 37301 USA,
http://evolutionfacts.com/Ev-V1/1evlch01a.htm#BIG BANG THEORY,
[19] Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein,
translated by Robert William Lawson
[20] Part I - The Special Theory of Relativity
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Th
eory/Part_I
[21] R. T. Weidner, R. L. Sells, Elementary Modern Physics, Allen and
Bacon, Boston, 1968
[22] R. M. Eisberg, Fundamentals of Modern Physics, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1967
[23] Tutor vista .com, http://www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physicsiv/
atoms-and-nuclei/bohrs-hydrogen-atom.php, retrieved July 18,
2010.(22) R. M. Fedler, R. W. Rousseau,
[24] Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, John Wiley & Sons, NY,
1978(23) R. A. Alpher, H. Bethe, G. Gamow, ÔÇÿThe Origin of Chemical
Elements-, Letters to the Editor, Physical Review, Vol 73, No 7, April
1948, p 803
@article{"International Journal of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences:62741", author = "Ghassan H. Halasa", title = "Evolution of the Hydrogen Atom: An Alternative to the Big Bang Theory", abstract = "Elementary particles are created in pairs of equal and opposite momentums at a reference frame at the speed of light. The speed of light reference frame is viewed as a point in space as observed by observer at rest. This point in space is the bang location of the big bang theory. The bang in the big bang theory is not more than sustained flow of pairs of positive and negative elementary particles. Electrons and negative charged elementary particles are ejected from this point in space at velocities faster than light, while protons and positively charged particles obtain velocities lower than light. Subsonic masses are found to have real and positive charge, while supersonic masses are found to be negative and imaginary indicating that the two masses are of different entities. The electron-s super-sonic speed, as viewed by rest observer was calculated and found to be less than the speed of light and is little higher than the electron speed in Bohr-s orbit. The newly formed hydrogen gas temperature was found to be in agreement with temperatures found on newly formed stars. Universe expansion was found to be in agreement. Partial mass and charge elementary particles and particles with momentum only were explained in the context of this theoretical approach.
", keywords = "Evolution of Matter, Multidimensional spaces,
relativity, Big Bang Theory", volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "61-8", }
