Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present
In a representative democracy political parties
promote vital competition on different policy issues and play
essential roles by offering ideological alternatives. They also give
channels for citizens- participation in government decision-making
processes and they are significant conduits and interpreters of
information about government. This paper attempts to examine how
opposition political parties and rebel fronts emerged in Ethiopia, and
examines their present conditions. In this paper, selected case studies
of political parties and rebel fronts are included to highlight the status
and the role of opposition groups in the country in the three
successive administrations: Haile Selassie (1930-1974), Derg (1974-
1991), and EPRDF (1991-Present).
[1] Gerald Schmitz, "The Opposition in A Parliamentary System "Political
and Social Affairs Division, BP-47E. December 1988.
[2] Bertha Z. Osei-Hwedie, "The Political Opposition in Botswana: the
politics of factionalism and fragmentation," Transformation 45, pp.57-
77, 2001.
[3] CPA, CPA/Commonwealth Secretariat Report on Role of the
Opposition, Data paper 13, 153rd Commonwealth parliamentary
Conference, India, 2007.
[4] Julius Kiiza, "The Role of Opposition Parties in a Democracy", A paper
presented at the Regional Conference on Political Parties and
Democratization in East Africa 25 - 27/08/2005, Impala Hotel, Arusha,
2005.
[5] R., A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1971.
[6] Adrienne LeBas, "The Contributions of Contention: Political Change in
the Hybrid Regimes of Southern Africa," Paper Prepared for delivery at
the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.
August 28-31, 2003. Philadelphia, PA. 2003.
[7] DOS (Department of State), "National Intelligence Estimate: The Horn
of Africa." Declassified PA/HO, E.O. 12958, as amended, April 21,
2005. 4 October 1972.
[8] DOS "National Intelligence Estimate: The Horn of Africa." Number
75/76-70 (Supersedes NIE 75/76-67), Declassified PA/HO Department
of State, E.O. 12958, as amended, April 21, 2005. 21 May 1970.
[9] Kiflu Tadesse, The Generation: The History of the Ethiopian People-s
Revolutionary Party, part I, The Red Sea Press, Inc., Trenton, New
Jersey, 1993.
[10] Van Der Beken, Christophe, The Ethiopian Federal State Structure and
the Accommodation of Ethnic Diversity: a View from the Southern
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ghent University-Faculty of
Law, 2003.
[11] Merera Gudina, Ethiopia: Competing Ethnic Nationalisms and the Quest
for Democracy, 1960-2000. Addis Ababa: Chamber Printing Press,
2003.
[12] I. M. Lewis, "The Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) and the
Legacy of Sheikh Hussein of Bale-, in Tubiana, J. (ed.) (1980) Modern
Ethiopia: From the Accession of Menelik II to the Present, 1980
[13] ]Edmond Keller, "Transitional Ethnic Conflicts in Africa." In: The
International spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation,
1998.
[14] Edmond J. Keller, "Drought, War, and the Politics of Famine in Ethiopia
and Eritrea." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 4, pp. 609-624,
1992.
[15] Edmond J. Keller, "Making and Remaking State and Nation in
Ethiopia." In: Ricardo Rene Laremont (Ed.). Borders, Nationalism, and
the African State. Bouder, Co. Lynne Reinner, pp. 87-134, 2005.
[16] Edmond Keller, "Ethnic Federalism, Fiscal Reform, Development and
Democracy in Ethiopia." African Journal of Political Science (formerly
African Journal of Political Economic), 7(1), 21-50., June 2002.
[17] ]"Political Parties Registration Proclamation". No. 46/1993, Transitional
Government of Ethiopia.
[18] Political Parties Registration Amendment Proclamation", No. 82/1994
[19] Addis Digest "Focus of the Month: The Ethnic Problem in Ethiopia,"
No. 4, GRAPECA, Bonn, July 1995
[20] Addis Digest, "Focus: Ethnic Federation: Reality, Rhetoric and Risks",
No.6/7, GRAPECA, Bonn. September-October 1995.
[21] Berhanu Nega, Yenetsanet Goh Siked. Likelebes Yetemokerew Ye
Ethiopia Democracy (in Amharic) ("The Dawn of Freedom"), 1998 EC.
[22] Andargachew Tsige, "Netsanet yemayawk netsa awchi" ("The
Unliberated Liberator"), 1997 EC.
[23] Mesfin Woldemariam, "Ethiopia keyet wodeyet?" ("Ethiopia from
Where to Where?"), Addis Ababa: Commercial Printing Press, 1986 EC.
[24] Lovise Aalen, Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State: The
Ethiopian Experience 1991-2000. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Development Studies and Human Rights, 2002.
[25] John W. Harbeson, "Elections and Democratization in Post-Mengistu
Ethiopia." Report prepared for the United States Agency for
International Development project on Elections in War-Torn Societies.
PN-ABZ-710, September 1996.
[26] NDIA (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs) and the
African American Institute (AAI). (1992): An Evaluation of the June 21,
1992 Elections in Ethiopia
[27] Negarit Gazeta, Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia,
22 July 1991.
[28] Valfort, Marie-Anne, "Ethical altruistic voting in a multi-ethnic
developing country. Evidence from Ethiopia." Laboratoire
d-Econométrie de l-Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, May 2006.
[29] BBC, "Ethiopia arrests ÔÇÿbomb plotters", 6 November 2008.
[30] The Daily Monitor, "Gov-t arrests rebel suspects, tightens security", 7
November 2008.
[31] The Reporter, "Yemeferarej Politica" ("The Politics of Accusation"), 23
November 2008.
[32] The Reporter, "Parties blast intelligence service, federal police," 29
November 2008.
[33] Reuters (6 November 2008): "Ethiopia arrests rebel suspects, tightens
security".
[34] Sudan Tribune, "Ethiopia: Opposition confirms arrest of 94 people,
urges swift action", 16 November 2008.
[35] The Reporter, "Oromos Need Not Secede", 15 December 2007.
[36] Ethiomedia, "ONC HQs in Addis Vandalized", 3 September 2005.
[37] Gemeda Humnasa, "Ethiopia needs more "traitor" democrats like Lidetu
Ayalew", American Chronicle, 30 May 2007.
<http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/28337> (Accessed
3/24/2008).
[38] Abdalla Hamdok Chege, Michael, Per Nordlund, and Joram Rukambe,
Political Parties in East Africa: Diversity in Political Party Systems.
International IDEA Research and Dialogue Coordination, 2007.
[39] Andargachew Asegid, Beachir Yetekech Regime Guzo: Meison
Beethiopia Hizboch Tigi Wust ("The Aborted Long Journey: MEISON
in the Ethiopian Peoples Struggle"). Addis Ababa: Central Printing
Press, 2000.
[40] Guy Arnold, Encyclopaedia of African History. Kevin Shillington (ed),
vol. I, CRC Press, 2005.
[41] Teferra Haile-Selassie, The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1991. From a
Monarchical Autocracy to a Military Oligarchy. London: Kegan Paul
International, 1997.
[42] HRW (Human Rights Watch), "Insurrection and Invasion in the South
East 1962-78. <http://www.hrw.org/> (Accessed 12-7-2008).
[43] Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF): "Political Background of the
Ogadenia Struggle".<http://www.onlf.org/> (Accessed 19-07-05).
[44] HRW (Human Right Watch), "Ethiopia: Reckoning under the Law",
Statement by Herman Cohen, Assistant Secretary of State for African
Affairs, United State Information Service, Press Release, May 28, 1991),
Vol.6, No.11, December 1994.
[45] "Oromo Liberation Front (OLF):
<http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/> (Accessed 17-4-2008).
[46] Wondwosen Teshome B., and Jan Záhorík, "Federalism in Africa: The
Case of Ethnic-based Federalism in Ethiopia", in: International Journal
of Human Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 1-39, 2008.
[47] Wondwosen Teshome B., "Ethnicity and Political Parties in Africa: The
Case of Ethnic-Based Parties in Ethiopia", In: The Journal of
International Social Research, vol.1, Issue 5, pp.780-809, 2008
[48] Lidetu Ayallew, "Yearem Erisha" ("Weed Farm"), Addis Ababa:
Progress Printing Press, 1998EC.
[49] the reporter, "aapo turns into aeup"
<http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/eng_newspaper/Htm/No310/r310ne
w1.htm>(Accessed 13-09-02).
[50] ION (Indian Ocean News Letter), "The Opposition Union for Never," 07
September 2002.
[51] The Reporter, "Hailu Shawul Hails Establishment of the AEUP."
<http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/eng_newspaper/Htm/No311/r311ne
w1.htm>(Accessed 25-07-05).
[52] WIC (Walta Information Centre), "AEUP Salvation Committee Takes
Measures against Leaders, 04 July 2005.
[53] ENA (ETHIOPIAN NEWS AGENCY), "COMMITTEE TAKES MEASURES
AGAINST AEUP TOP OFFICIALS IN A MOVE TO SALVAGE PARTY FROM
POLITICAL DEGENERATION." 7-4-2005.
[54] Jennifer Gandhi and Ora John Reuter, "Opposition Coordination in
Legislative Elections under Authoritarianism" Prepared for presentation
at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
Boston, MA, August 27-31, 2008.
[55] Ethiopian Review, "OLF denies responsibility for bomb blast in Addis
Abeba", 30 May 2008.
[56] Sudan Tribune, "Ethiopia-s Prime Minister says ready for talks with
Oromo rebels", 24 November 2008.
[57] Sarah Vaughan, "Ethiopia: A Situation Analysis and Trend
Assessment", commissioned by United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, Protection Information Section (DIP), January 2004.
[58] Reuters, "Ethiopia blames rebels for blasts that killed", 15 April 2008
[59] BBC, "The Somali connection", 23 July 1999.
[60] Reuters, "Ethiopia says freed 44 Oromo rebels", 26 November 2008
[61] The Reporter, "Tamagne Tekawami" ("Loyal Opposition"), 29 October
2008.
[62] The Economist Intelligence Unit, Ethiopia: Country Report, London,
2007.
[63] BBC, "Ethnic tension sparks Ethiopian defection", 14 August 2001.
[64] BBC, "Ethiopia downplays official-s defection", 15 August 2001.
[65] BBC, "Ethiopian officers ÔÇÿjoin rebels-", 15 September 2006.
[66] Lyons, Terrence, Avoiding Conflict in the Horn: U.S. Policy Towards
Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Center for Preventive Action, Council of
Foreign Relations, CSR No. 21, December 2006.
[67] People-s Daily, "Ethiopian federal council speaker seeks political
asylum in America" ,16 August 2001.
[68] The New York Times, "World briefing/Africa: Ethiopia: U.S. Asylum
bid", 15 August 2001.
[69] VOA, "Ethiopian troops clash with Somali-based rebels", 11 August
2001.
[70] Strategy Page, "Sucked into Somalia", 21 August 2006.
[71] ]Sudan Tribune, "Ethiopia army kills 13 rebels crossing from Somalia",
12 August 2006.
[72] Sudan Tribune, "Generals call upon Ethiopian army to join opposition
struggle", 15 September 2006.
[73] Awramba Time, "Yeselamawi Tigil Fetena" ("The Challenges of
Peaceful Struggle"), Tahsas /December 2001.
[74] CUD-s statement released on Miazia (April) 6, 1998 EC.
[75] Dimitse, ÔÇ×Teletafi kinijit lemakuakuam yemideregew rucha ahunim
endeketele new" ("The Race to Form a phony CUD is continuing"),no.
3, 11 April 2006.
[76] Awramba Time, "Bekinijit amerar kis yeakabe hig mesikiru Andinet
wust teshomu" , ("Prosecutor-s Witness in the CUD Leadership Trial
Appointed in Andinet party"), 16 Hidar /November/ 2001EC.
[77] Gebru Asrat, Speech delivered by Arena Chairman Ato Gebru Asrat on
September 20, 2008 in Washington,
DC.<http://www.ethiopiafirst.com/news2008/Aug/Gebru_Asrat_20Sep0
8.pdf>(Accessed 22 September 2008).
[78] Ethio Lion, "UDJ Joined the Camp of Traitors: UDJ is Fake
Opposition", 11 November 2008.
[79] Ethiopian Review, "UDJ in the service of a fascist regime", 10
November 2008.
[80] Tobias Hagmann and Mohamud H. Khalif, "State and Politics in
Ethiopia-s Somali Region since 1991, Bildhaan, An International
Journal of Somali Studies, vol. 6, pp. 25-49, 2006.
[81] The Reporter, "Yesemonu yeshibir mastenkekiana yeethiopia dehninent"
("Ethiopian Security and the Current Terrorist Warnings"), 9 November
2008.
[1] Gerald Schmitz, "The Opposition in A Parliamentary System "Political
and Social Affairs Division, BP-47E. December 1988.
[2] Bertha Z. Osei-Hwedie, "The Political Opposition in Botswana: the
politics of factionalism and fragmentation," Transformation 45, pp.57-
77, 2001.
[3] CPA, CPA/Commonwealth Secretariat Report on Role of the
Opposition, Data paper 13, 153rd Commonwealth parliamentary
Conference, India, 2007.
[4] Julius Kiiza, "The Role of Opposition Parties in a Democracy", A paper
presented at the Regional Conference on Political Parties and
Democratization in East Africa 25 - 27/08/2005, Impala Hotel, Arusha,
2005.
[5] R., A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1971.
[6] Adrienne LeBas, "The Contributions of Contention: Political Change in
the Hybrid Regimes of Southern Africa," Paper Prepared for delivery at
the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.
August 28-31, 2003. Philadelphia, PA. 2003.
[7] DOS (Department of State), "National Intelligence Estimate: The Horn
of Africa." Declassified PA/HO, E.O. 12958, as amended, April 21,
2005. 4 October 1972.
[8] DOS "National Intelligence Estimate: The Horn of Africa." Number
75/76-70 (Supersedes NIE 75/76-67), Declassified PA/HO Department
of State, E.O. 12958, as amended, April 21, 2005. 21 May 1970.
[9] Kiflu Tadesse, The Generation: The History of the Ethiopian People-s
Revolutionary Party, part I, The Red Sea Press, Inc., Trenton, New
Jersey, 1993.
[10] Van Der Beken, Christophe, The Ethiopian Federal State Structure and
the Accommodation of Ethnic Diversity: a View from the Southern
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ghent University-Faculty of
Law, 2003.
[11] Merera Gudina, Ethiopia: Competing Ethnic Nationalisms and the Quest
for Democracy, 1960-2000. Addis Ababa: Chamber Printing Press,
2003.
[12] I. M. Lewis, "The Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) and the
Legacy of Sheikh Hussein of Bale-, in Tubiana, J. (ed.) (1980) Modern
Ethiopia: From the Accession of Menelik II to the Present, 1980
[13] ]Edmond Keller, "Transitional Ethnic Conflicts in Africa." In: The
International spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation,
1998.
[14] Edmond J. Keller, "Drought, War, and the Politics of Famine in Ethiopia
and Eritrea." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 4, pp. 609-624,
1992.
[15] Edmond J. Keller, "Making and Remaking State and Nation in
Ethiopia." In: Ricardo Rene Laremont (Ed.). Borders, Nationalism, and
the African State. Bouder, Co. Lynne Reinner, pp. 87-134, 2005.
[16] Edmond Keller, "Ethnic Federalism, Fiscal Reform, Development and
Democracy in Ethiopia." African Journal of Political Science (formerly
African Journal of Political Economic), 7(1), 21-50., June 2002.
[17] ]"Political Parties Registration Proclamation". No. 46/1993, Transitional
Government of Ethiopia.
[18] Political Parties Registration Amendment Proclamation", No. 82/1994
[19] Addis Digest "Focus of the Month: The Ethnic Problem in Ethiopia,"
No. 4, GRAPECA, Bonn, July 1995
[20] Addis Digest, "Focus: Ethnic Federation: Reality, Rhetoric and Risks",
No.6/7, GRAPECA, Bonn. September-October 1995.
[21] Berhanu Nega, Yenetsanet Goh Siked. Likelebes Yetemokerew Ye
Ethiopia Democracy (in Amharic) ("The Dawn of Freedom"), 1998 EC.
[22] Andargachew Tsige, "Netsanet yemayawk netsa awchi" ("The
Unliberated Liberator"), 1997 EC.
[23] Mesfin Woldemariam, "Ethiopia keyet wodeyet?" ("Ethiopia from
Where to Where?"), Addis Ababa: Commercial Printing Press, 1986 EC.
[24] Lovise Aalen, Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State: The
Ethiopian Experience 1991-2000. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Development Studies and Human Rights, 2002.
[25] John W. Harbeson, "Elections and Democratization in Post-Mengistu
Ethiopia." Report prepared for the United States Agency for
International Development project on Elections in War-Torn Societies.
PN-ABZ-710, September 1996.
[26] NDIA (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs) and the
African American Institute (AAI). (1992): An Evaluation of the June 21,
1992 Elections in Ethiopia
[27] Negarit Gazeta, Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia,
22 July 1991.
[28] Valfort, Marie-Anne, "Ethical altruistic voting in a multi-ethnic
developing country. Evidence from Ethiopia." Laboratoire
d-Econométrie de l-Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, May 2006.
[29] BBC, "Ethiopia arrests ÔÇÿbomb plotters", 6 November 2008.
[30] The Daily Monitor, "Gov-t arrests rebel suspects, tightens security", 7
November 2008.
[31] The Reporter, "Yemeferarej Politica" ("The Politics of Accusation"), 23
November 2008.
[32] The Reporter, "Parties blast intelligence service, federal police," 29
November 2008.
[33] Reuters (6 November 2008): "Ethiopia arrests rebel suspects, tightens
security".
[34] Sudan Tribune, "Ethiopia: Opposition confirms arrest of 94 people,
urges swift action", 16 November 2008.
[35] The Reporter, "Oromos Need Not Secede", 15 December 2007.
[36] Ethiomedia, "ONC HQs in Addis Vandalized", 3 September 2005.
[37] Gemeda Humnasa, "Ethiopia needs more "traitor" democrats like Lidetu
Ayalew", American Chronicle, 30 May 2007.
<http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/28337> (Accessed
3/24/2008).
[38] Abdalla Hamdok Chege, Michael, Per Nordlund, and Joram Rukambe,
Political Parties in East Africa: Diversity in Political Party Systems.
International IDEA Research and Dialogue Coordination, 2007.
[39] Andargachew Asegid, Beachir Yetekech Regime Guzo: Meison
Beethiopia Hizboch Tigi Wust ("The Aborted Long Journey: MEISON
in the Ethiopian Peoples Struggle"). Addis Ababa: Central Printing
Press, 2000.
[40] Guy Arnold, Encyclopaedia of African History. Kevin Shillington (ed),
vol. I, CRC Press, 2005.
[41] Teferra Haile-Selassie, The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1991. From a
Monarchical Autocracy to a Military Oligarchy. London: Kegan Paul
International, 1997.
[42] HRW (Human Rights Watch), "Insurrection and Invasion in the South
East 1962-78. <http://www.hrw.org/> (Accessed 12-7-2008).
[43] Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF): "Political Background of the
Ogadenia Struggle".<http://www.onlf.org/> (Accessed 19-07-05).
[44] HRW (Human Right Watch), "Ethiopia: Reckoning under the Law",
Statement by Herman Cohen, Assistant Secretary of State for African
Affairs, United State Information Service, Press Release, May 28, 1991),
Vol.6, No.11, December 1994.
[45] "Oromo Liberation Front (OLF):
<http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/> (Accessed 17-4-2008).
[46] Wondwosen Teshome B., and Jan Záhorík, "Federalism in Africa: The
Case of Ethnic-based Federalism in Ethiopia", in: International Journal
of Human Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 1-39, 2008.
[47] Wondwosen Teshome B., "Ethnicity and Political Parties in Africa: The
Case of Ethnic-Based Parties in Ethiopia", In: The Journal of
International Social Research, vol.1, Issue 5, pp.780-809, 2008
[48] Lidetu Ayallew, "Yearem Erisha" ("Weed Farm"), Addis Ababa:
Progress Printing Press, 1998EC.
[49] the reporter, "aapo turns into aeup"
<http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/eng_newspaper/Htm/No310/r310ne
w1.htm>(Accessed 13-09-02).
[50] ION (Indian Ocean News Letter), "The Opposition Union for Never," 07
September 2002.
[51] The Reporter, "Hailu Shawul Hails Establishment of the AEUP."
<http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/eng_newspaper/Htm/No311/r311ne
w1.htm>(Accessed 25-07-05).
[52] WIC (Walta Information Centre), "AEUP Salvation Committee Takes
Measures against Leaders, 04 July 2005.
[53] ENA (ETHIOPIAN NEWS AGENCY), "COMMITTEE TAKES MEASURES
AGAINST AEUP TOP OFFICIALS IN A MOVE TO SALVAGE PARTY FROM
POLITICAL DEGENERATION." 7-4-2005.
[54] Jennifer Gandhi and Ora John Reuter, "Opposition Coordination in
Legislative Elections under Authoritarianism" Prepared for presentation
at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
Boston, MA, August 27-31, 2008.
[55] Ethiopian Review, "OLF denies responsibility for bomb blast in Addis
Abeba", 30 May 2008.
[56] Sudan Tribune, "Ethiopia-s Prime Minister says ready for talks with
Oromo rebels", 24 November 2008.
[57] Sarah Vaughan, "Ethiopia: A Situation Analysis and Trend
Assessment", commissioned by United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, Protection Information Section (DIP), January 2004.
[58] Reuters, "Ethiopia blames rebels for blasts that killed", 15 April 2008
[59] BBC, "The Somali connection", 23 July 1999.
[60] Reuters, "Ethiopia says freed 44 Oromo rebels", 26 November 2008
[61] The Reporter, "Tamagne Tekawami" ("Loyal Opposition"), 29 October
2008.
[62] The Economist Intelligence Unit, Ethiopia: Country Report, London,
2007.
[63] BBC, "Ethnic tension sparks Ethiopian defection", 14 August 2001.
[64] BBC, "Ethiopia downplays official-s defection", 15 August 2001.
[65] BBC, "Ethiopian officers ÔÇÿjoin rebels-", 15 September 2006.
[66] Lyons, Terrence, Avoiding Conflict in the Horn: U.S. Policy Towards
Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Center for Preventive Action, Council of
Foreign Relations, CSR No. 21, December 2006.
[67] People-s Daily, "Ethiopian federal council speaker seeks political
asylum in America" ,16 August 2001.
[68] The New York Times, "World briefing/Africa: Ethiopia: U.S. Asylum
bid", 15 August 2001.
[69] VOA, "Ethiopian troops clash with Somali-based rebels", 11 August
2001.
[70] Strategy Page, "Sucked into Somalia", 21 August 2006.
[71] ]Sudan Tribune, "Ethiopia army kills 13 rebels crossing from Somalia",
12 August 2006.
[72] Sudan Tribune, "Generals call upon Ethiopian army to join opposition
struggle", 15 September 2006.
[73] Awramba Time, "Yeselamawi Tigil Fetena" ("The Challenges of
Peaceful Struggle"), Tahsas /December 2001.
[74] CUD-s statement released on Miazia (April) 6, 1998 EC.
[75] Dimitse, ÔÇ×Teletafi kinijit lemakuakuam yemideregew rucha ahunim
endeketele new" ("The Race to Form a phony CUD is continuing"),no.
3, 11 April 2006.
[76] Awramba Time, "Bekinijit amerar kis yeakabe hig mesikiru Andinet
wust teshomu" , ("Prosecutor-s Witness in the CUD Leadership Trial
Appointed in Andinet party"), 16 Hidar /November/ 2001EC.
[77] Gebru Asrat, Speech delivered by Arena Chairman Ato Gebru Asrat on
September 20, 2008 in Washington,
DC.<http://www.ethiopiafirst.com/news2008/Aug/Gebru_Asrat_20Sep0
8.pdf>(Accessed 22 September 2008).
[78] Ethio Lion, "UDJ Joined the Camp of Traitors: UDJ is Fake
Opposition", 11 November 2008.
[79] Ethiopian Review, "UDJ in the service of a fascist regime", 10
November 2008.
[80] Tobias Hagmann and Mohamud H. Khalif, "State and Politics in
Ethiopia-s Somali Region since 1991, Bildhaan, An International
Journal of Somali Studies, vol. 6, pp. 25-49, 2006.
[81] The Reporter, "Yesemonu yeshibir mastenkekiana yeethiopia dehninent"
("Ethiopian Security and the Current Terrorist Warnings"), 9 November
2008.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:63558", author = "Wondwosen Teshome B.", title = "Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present", abstract = "In a representative democracy political parties
promote vital competition on different policy issues and play
essential roles by offering ideological alternatives. They also give
channels for citizens- participation in government decision-making
processes and they are significant conduits and interpreters of
information about government. This paper attempts to examine how
opposition political parties and rebel fronts emerged in Ethiopia, and
examines their present conditions. In this paper, selected case studies
of political parties and rebel fronts are included to highlight the status
and the role of opposition groups in the country in the three
successive administrations: Haile Selassie (1930-1974), Derg (1974-
1991), and EPRDF (1991-Present).", keywords = "Ethiopia, Hybrid regime, Incumbent, Multi-Partyelection, Opposition Party, Political Party, Rebel fronts.", volume = "3", number = "11", pages = "2068-9", }
