Emotional Intelligence: The Relationship between Self-Regard and Communication Effectiveness
In today's complex global environment, emotional intelligence in educational administrations encompasses self-regard that is formed to utilize communication effectiveness. The paper is undertaken to understand the relationship between managers- emotional intelligence especially self-regard and employees to improve communication effectiveness in educational administrations of Iran. Data (N = 145) for this study were collected through questionnaires that participants were managers and employees educational administrations of Iran. The aim of this paper assess the emotional intelligence especially self-regard of managers and employees and its relationship with communication effectiveness in educational administrations of Iran. This paper explained self-regard that has a high relationship with communication especially communication effectiveness. Self-regard plays an important role in communication effectiveness. Individuals with high self-regard tend to have higher emotional intelligence and this action lead to improve communication effectiveness. The result of the paper shows a strong correspondence between self-regard and communication effectiveness in educational administrations.
[1] Abraham, R .(1999). Emotional intelligence in organizations :A
conceptualization .Genetic, Social, and General Psychology
Monographs, 125 :209-224.
[2] Asimov, I .(1987). Beginnings :The story of origins - of mankind, life,
the earth, the universe .New York :Berkley Books.
[3] Barbuto, J.E .Jr., &Burbach, M.E .(2006). The emotional intelligence of
transformational leaders :A field study of elected officials .The Journal
of SocialPsychology, 146, 51-64.
[4] Barling, J., Slater, F., &Kelloway, K .(2000). Transformational
leadership and emotional intelligence :An exploratory study .Leadership
and OrganizationalDevelopment Journal, 21:157-161.
[5] Bar-On R.(2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence
(ESI). Psicothema; 18 Suppl :13-25.
[6] Chen, L .(1996). Cognitive complexity, situational influence, and topic
selection in intercultural and intercultural dyadic
interactions.Communication Reports, 9(1), 1-12.
[7] Dijk, C., & Freedman, J .(2007). Differentiating emotional intelligence
in leadership.Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(2), 8-20.
[8] Edmondson, A., Roberto, M .A., & Watkins, M .(2003). A dynamic
model of top management team effectiveness :Managing unstructured
task streams .Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 297-325.
[9] Ferres, N., &Travaglione, T .& O-Neill, G .(2005). Role of emotional
intelligence within transactional-transformational leadership.Journal of
Business andLeadership :Research, Practice, and Teaching, 1:68-79.
[10] Fisher, H. (1999). The first sex :The natural talents of women and how
they are changing the world .New York :Ballantine Books.
[11] Gardner, L .&Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between
leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level
managers.Leadership and OrganizationDevelopment Journal, 23:68-78.
[12] Goleman, D .(1995). Emotional intelligence :Why it can matter more
than IQ for character, health and lifelong achievement. New York, NY :
Bantman press.
[13] Goleman, D .(1998). Working with emotional intelligence.New York,
NY :Bantman press.
[14] Goleman, D .(1998b) .What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review,
November -December.
[15] Gudykunst, W .B .(2005). An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM)
theory of effective communication :Making the mesh of the net finer .In
W .B .Gudykunst (Ed)., Theorizing about intercultural communication
(pp .281 -322). Thousand Oaks, CA :Sage.
[16] Hackman, M .Z., & Johnson, C .E .(1991). Leadership :A
Communication Perspective.Prospect Heights, Ill :.Waveland press.
[17] Helgeson, S .(1990). The female advantage :Women-s ways of
leadership .New York:Doubleday.
[18] Hersey, P., Blanchard, K., & Johnson, D .(2001). Management of
organizational behavior :Leading human resources (8th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ :Prentice Hall.
[19] Luftman, J .N .(2004). Managing the information technology resource :
Leadership in the information age.Upper Saddle River, NJ :Pearson
Education Inc.
[20] Marshak, R .(2004). Generative conversations :How to use deep
listening and transforming talk n coaching and consulting .OD
Practitioner, 3, 25-29.
[21] Matthews, G., Zeinder, M., & Roberts, R.D (2002). Emotional
Intelligence :Science and myth .Cambridge, MA :A Bradford Book.
[22] Mayer, J.D., &Salovey, P .(1997). What is emotional intelligence? In
P.Salovey& D.Sluyter (Eds)., Emotional development and emotional
intelligence :Educational implications (pp.3-31). New York :Basic
Books.
[23] Palmer, B., Walls, M., Burgess, Z., &Stough, C .(2001). Emotional
intelligence and effective leadership.Leadership and Organizational
Development Journal, 22:1-7.
[24] Rosete, D .&Ciarrochi, J .(2005). Emotional intelligence and its
relationship to workplace performance.Leadership and Organization
Development Journal,26(5), 388-399.
[25] Schermerhorn, J .R., Hunt, J .G .& Osborn, R .N .(2003). Organizational
behavior (8th ed. ) . New York :Wiley and Sons, Inc.
[26] Sosik, J .J., &Megerian, L .E .(1999). Understanding leader emotional
intelligence andperformance :The role of self-other agreement on
transformational leadership perceptions .Group & Organization
Management, 24 :367-390.
[27] Thamhain, H. (1992). Engineering management :Managing effectively in
technology-based organizations .New York :John Wiley & Sons.
[28] Webster-s Dictionary .(2001). Allied Publishing Group, Inc.
[29] Wood, J .(2003). Gendered lives :Communication, gender, and culture .
Belmont, CA :Thomson Wadsworth.
[30] Woolfolk, A.E .(1993). Educational Psychology.Boston :Allyn& Bacon
[31] Anthony, R.N., Govindarajan, V., (1998). Management Control
Systems. Richard D. Irwin.
[32] Scott, D. (2008). Effective VoIP Learning Experiences: The
Relationship between Adult Learners' Motivation, Multiple
Intelligences, and Learning Styles International Journal of Learning
15(3), 63-78.
[33] Lanser, E.G. (2000). Why you should care about your emotional
intelligence. Healthcare Executive,(Nov/Dec), 6-11.
[34] Dong, Q., Aden, T., Araisa, S., Armagnac, W., Cartwright, P., Domingo,
B., Kemper, M., and LaMay, B. The Impact of Self Esteem and Media
Information Seeking on Emotional Intelligence (May, 2005). The paper
presented at the International Communication Association Conference,
New York City, New York.
[35] Dulewicz, V., & Higgs, M. J. (2003). Design of a new instrument to
assess leadership dimensions and styles. Henley Working Paper Series
HWP 0311. Henley-on-Thames, UK: Henley Management College.
[36] Langley, A. (2000) ÔÇÿEmotional intelligenceÔÇöa new evaluation for
management development?-, Career Development International, vol. 5,
no. 3
[37] Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (1998). Bringing emotional intelligence to
the workplace (On-line). Available at:
http://www.eiconsortium.org/technical_report.htm (technical report).
Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University, The Consortium for Research on
Emotional Intelligence in Organizations.
[38] Dries, N., & Pepermans, R. (2008). "Real" high-potential careers: An
empirical study into the perspectives of organisations and high
potentials. Personnel Review, 37(1), 85 - 108.
[39] Diggins, C., ÔÇ×EI: The key to effective performance", Human Resource
Management International Digest, 12(1), 2004, pp. 33-35.
[40] Kernis, M. H., & Paradise, A. W. (2002). Distinguishing between fragile
and secure forms of high self-esteem. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan
(Eds.), Selfdetermination: Theoretical issues and practical applications.
Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
[41] Sternberg, R. & Vroom, V. (2002). The person versus the situation in
leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, pp. 301-323.
[42] Kernis, M.H., Paradise, A.W., Whitaker, D., Wheatman, S., & Goldman,
B. (2000). Master of one's psychological domain? Not likely ifone's selfesteem
is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26,
1297-1305.
[43] Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-
33.
[44] Gecas, V. & Schwalbe, M.L. (1983). Beyond the looking-glass self:
Social structure and self-efficacy based self-esteem. Social Psychology
Quarterly 46(2), 77-88.
[45] Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1990,
February). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: different
concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 60(1),
141-157.
[46] Swann, W. B., Jr., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Gilbert, D. T.
(1990). The fleeting gleam of praise: Cognitive processes underlying
behavioral reactions to self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 59, 17-26.
[47] Caldwell, R. M., Silverman, J., Lefforge, N., & Silver, N. C. (2004).
Familial emotional support, self-esteem, and emotional well-being as
predictors of delinquency among adjudicated Mexican American
adolescents. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 55-69.
[48] Patterson, C. J., Cohn, D. A., & Kao, B. T. (1989). Maternal warmth as a
protective factor against risks associated with peer rejection among
children. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 21-38.
[49] Snyder, J., & Patterson, G. (1987). Family interaction and delinquent
behavior. In H. C. Quay (Ed.), Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency. New
York: Wiley.
[50] Greenier, K. D., Kernis, M. H., McNamara, C. W., Waschull, S. B.,
Berry, A. J., Herlocker, C. E., & Abend, T. A. (1999). Individual
differences in reactivity to daily events: examining the roles of stability
and level of self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 67, 185-208.
[51] Kuncoro, Mudrajad. (2007). Ekonomi Industri Indonesia 2030.
Yogyakarta: ANDI.
[52] Qureshi, S., Liu, M. and Vogel, D. (2005) A grounded theory analysis of
e-collaboration effects for distributed project management, in R.
Sprague and J. Nunamaker (eds) Proceedings of the Thirty Eight Annual
Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, January 3-6,
2005, Waikoloa, Island of Hawaii, USA, IEEE Computer Society Press,
1- 10.
[53] H. R. Arkes and J. P. Garske, Psychological theories of motivation, 2nd
ed., 1982, ch. Optimal Level Theories, pp. 172-195.
[54] Johnson, R., Johnson, D.W., & Stanne, M. (1985). Effects of
cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on
computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77,
668-677.
[55] Gibson, C. B., & Gibbs, J. L. 2006. Unpacking the concept of virtuality:
The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic
structure, and national diversity on team innovation. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 51(3): 451-495.
[1] Abraham, R .(1999). Emotional intelligence in organizations :A
conceptualization .Genetic, Social, and General Psychology
Monographs, 125 :209-224.
[2] Asimov, I .(1987). Beginnings :The story of origins - of mankind, life,
the earth, the universe .New York :Berkley Books.
[3] Barbuto, J.E .Jr., &Burbach, M.E .(2006). The emotional intelligence of
transformational leaders :A field study of elected officials .The Journal
of SocialPsychology, 146, 51-64.
[4] Barling, J., Slater, F., &Kelloway, K .(2000). Transformational
leadership and emotional intelligence :An exploratory study .Leadership
and OrganizationalDevelopment Journal, 21:157-161.
[5] Bar-On R.(2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence
(ESI). Psicothema; 18 Suppl :13-25.
[6] Chen, L .(1996). Cognitive complexity, situational influence, and topic
selection in intercultural and intercultural dyadic
interactions.Communication Reports, 9(1), 1-12.
[7] Dijk, C., & Freedman, J .(2007). Differentiating emotional intelligence
in leadership.Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(2), 8-20.
[8] Edmondson, A., Roberto, M .A., & Watkins, M .(2003). A dynamic
model of top management team effectiveness :Managing unstructured
task streams .Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 297-325.
[9] Ferres, N., &Travaglione, T .& O-Neill, G .(2005). Role of emotional
intelligence within transactional-transformational leadership.Journal of
Business andLeadership :Research, Practice, and Teaching, 1:68-79.
[10] Fisher, H. (1999). The first sex :The natural talents of women and how
they are changing the world .New York :Ballantine Books.
[11] Gardner, L .&Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between
leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level
managers.Leadership and OrganizationDevelopment Journal, 23:68-78.
[12] Goleman, D .(1995). Emotional intelligence :Why it can matter more
than IQ for character, health and lifelong achievement. New York, NY :
Bantman press.
[13] Goleman, D .(1998). Working with emotional intelligence.New York,
NY :Bantman press.
[14] Goleman, D .(1998b) .What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review,
November -December.
[15] Gudykunst, W .B .(2005). An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM)
theory of effective communication :Making the mesh of the net finer .In
W .B .Gudykunst (Ed)., Theorizing about intercultural communication
(pp .281 -322). Thousand Oaks, CA :Sage.
[16] Hackman, M .Z., & Johnson, C .E .(1991). Leadership :A
Communication Perspective.Prospect Heights, Ill :.Waveland press.
[17] Helgeson, S .(1990). The female advantage :Women-s ways of
leadership .New York:Doubleday.
[18] Hersey, P., Blanchard, K., & Johnson, D .(2001). Management of
organizational behavior :Leading human resources (8th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ :Prentice Hall.
[19] Luftman, J .N .(2004). Managing the information technology resource :
Leadership in the information age.Upper Saddle River, NJ :Pearson
Education Inc.
[20] Marshak, R .(2004). Generative conversations :How to use deep
listening and transforming talk n coaching and consulting .OD
Practitioner, 3, 25-29.
[21] Matthews, G., Zeinder, M., & Roberts, R.D (2002). Emotional
Intelligence :Science and myth .Cambridge, MA :A Bradford Book.
[22] Mayer, J.D., &Salovey, P .(1997). What is emotional intelligence? In
P.Salovey& D.Sluyter (Eds)., Emotional development and emotional
intelligence :Educational implications (pp.3-31). New York :Basic
Books.
[23] Palmer, B., Walls, M., Burgess, Z., &Stough, C .(2001). Emotional
intelligence and effective leadership.Leadership and Organizational
Development Journal, 22:1-7.
[24] Rosete, D .&Ciarrochi, J .(2005). Emotional intelligence and its
relationship to workplace performance.Leadership and Organization
Development Journal,26(5), 388-399.
[25] Schermerhorn, J .R., Hunt, J .G .& Osborn, R .N .(2003). Organizational
behavior (8th ed. ) . New York :Wiley and Sons, Inc.
[26] Sosik, J .J., &Megerian, L .E .(1999). Understanding leader emotional
intelligence andperformance :The role of self-other agreement on
transformational leadership perceptions .Group & Organization
Management, 24 :367-390.
[27] Thamhain, H. (1992). Engineering management :Managing effectively in
technology-based organizations .New York :John Wiley & Sons.
[28] Webster-s Dictionary .(2001). Allied Publishing Group, Inc.
[29] Wood, J .(2003). Gendered lives :Communication, gender, and culture .
Belmont, CA :Thomson Wadsworth.
[30] Woolfolk, A.E .(1993). Educational Psychology.Boston :Allyn& Bacon
[31] Anthony, R.N., Govindarajan, V., (1998). Management Control
Systems. Richard D. Irwin.
[32] Scott, D. (2008). Effective VoIP Learning Experiences: The
Relationship between Adult Learners' Motivation, Multiple
Intelligences, and Learning Styles International Journal of Learning
15(3), 63-78.
[33] Lanser, E.G. (2000). Why you should care about your emotional
intelligence. Healthcare Executive,(Nov/Dec), 6-11.
[34] Dong, Q., Aden, T., Araisa, S., Armagnac, W., Cartwright, P., Domingo,
B., Kemper, M., and LaMay, B. The Impact of Self Esteem and Media
Information Seeking on Emotional Intelligence (May, 2005). The paper
presented at the International Communication Association Conference,
New York City, New York.
[35] Dulewicz, V., & Higgs, M. J. (2003). Design of a new instrument to
assess leadership dimensions and styles. Henley Working Paper Series
HWP 0311. Henley-on-Thames, UK: Henley Management College.
[36] Langley, A. (2000) ÔÇÿEmotional intelligenceÔÇöa new evaluation for
management development?-, Career Development International, vol. 5,
no. 3
[37] Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (1998). Bringing emotional intelligence to
the workplace (On-line). Available at:
http://www.eiconsortium.org/technical_report.htm (technical report).
Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University, The Consortium for Research on
Emotional Intelligence in Organizations.
[38] Dries, N., & Pepermans, R. (2008). "Real" high-potential careers: An
empirical study into the perspectives of organisations and high
potentials. Personnel Review, 37(1), 85 - 108.
[39] Diggins, C., ÔÇ×EI: The key to effective performance", Human Resource
Management International Digest, 12(1), 2004, pp. 33-35.
[40] Kernis, M. H., & Paradise, A. W. (2002). Distinguishing between fragile
and secure forms of high self-esteem. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan
(Eds.), Selfdetermination: Theoretical issues and practical applications.
Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
[41] Sternberg, R. & Vroom, V. (2002). The person versus the situation in
leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, pp. 301-323.
[42] Kernis, M.H., Paradise, A.W., Whitaker, D., Wheatman, S., & Goldman,
B. (2000). Master of one's psychological domain? Not likely ifone's selfesteem
is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26,
1297-1305.
[43] Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-
33.
[44] Gecas, V. & Schwalbe, M.L. (1983). Beyond the looking-glass self:
Social structure and self-efficacy based self-esteem. Social Psychology
Quarterly 46(2), 77-88.
[45] Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1990,
February). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: different
concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 60(1),
141-157.
[46] Swann, W. B., Jr., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Gilbert, D. T.
(1990). The fleeting gleam of praise: Cognitive processes underlying
behavioral reactions to self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 59, 17-26.
[47] Caldwell, R. M., Silverman, J., Lefforge, N., & Silver, N. C. (2004).
Familial emotional support, self-esteem, and emotional well-being as
predictors of delinquency among adjudicated Mexican American
adolescents. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 55-69.
[48] Patterson, C. J., Cohn, D. A., & Kao, B. T. (1989). Maternal warmth as a
protective factor against risks associated with peer rejection among
children. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 21-38.
[49] Snyder, J., & Patterson, G. (1987). Family interaction and delinquent
behavior. In H. C. Quay (Ed.), Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency. New
York: Wiley.
[50] Greenier, K. D., Kernis, M. H., McNamara, C. W., Waschull, S. B.,
Berry, A. J., Herlocker, C. E., & Abend, T. A. (1999). Individual
differences in reactivity to daily events: examining the roles of stability
and level of self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 67, 185-208.
[51] Kuncoro, Mudrajad. (2007). Ekonomi Industri Indonesia 2030.
Yogyakarta: ANDI.
[52] Qureshi, S., Liu, M. and Vogel, D. (2005) A grounded theory analysis of
e-collaboration effects for distributed project management, in R.
Sprague and J. Nunamaker (eds) Proceedings of the Thirty Eight Annual
Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, January 3-6,
2005, Waikoloa, Island of Hawaii, USA, IEEE Computer Society Press,
1- 10.
[53] H. R. Arkes and J. P. Garske, Psychological theories of motivation, 2nd
ed., 1982, ch. Optimal Level Theories, pp. 172-195.
[54] Johnson, R., Johnson, D.W., & Stanne, M. (1985). Effects of
cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on
computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77,
668-677.
[55] Gibson, C. B., & Gibbs, J. L. 2006. Unpacking the concept of virtuality:
The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic
structure, and national diversity on team innovation. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 51(3): 451-495.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:56210", author = "Hassan Jorfi and Saeid Jorfi and Hashim Fauzy Bin Yaccob and Ishak Mad Shah", title = "Emotional Intelligence: The Relationship between Self-Regard and Communication Effectiveness", abstract = "In today's complex global environment, emotional intelligence in educational administrations encompasses self-regard that is formed to utilize communication effectiveness. The paper is undertaken to understand the relationship between managers- emotional intelligence especially self-regard and employees to improve communication effectiveness in educational administrations of Iran. Data (N = 145) for this study were collected through questionnaires that participants were managers and employees educational administrations of Iran. The aim of this paper assess the emotional intelligence especially self-regard of managers and employees and its relationship with communication effectiveness in educational administrations of Iran. This paper explained self-regard that has a high relationship with communication especially communication effectiveness. Self-regard plays an important role in communication effectiveness. Individuals with high self-regard tend to have higher emotional intelligence and this action lead to improve communication effectiveness. The result of the paper shows a strong correspondence between self-regard and communication effectiveness in educational administrations.
", keywords = "Emotional intelligence, self-regard, communication effectiveness, motivation.", volume = "4", number = "9", pages = "1997-7", }
