Effects of Additives on Thermal Decompositions of Carbon Black/High Density Polyethylene Compounds
In the present work, the effects of additives, including
contents of the added antioxidants and type of the selected metallic
stearates (either calcium stearate (CaSt) or zinc stearate (ZnSt)), on
the thermal stabilities of carbon black (CB)/high density polyethylene
(HDPE) compounds were studied. The results showed that the AO
contents played a key role in the thermal stabilities of the CB/HDPE
compounds — the higher the AO content, the higher the thermal
stabilities. Although the CaSt-containing compounds were slightly
superior to those with ZnSt in terms of the thermal stabilities, the
remaining solid residue of CaSt after heated to the temperature of 600
°C (mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as characterized by the X-ray
diffraction (XRD) technique) seemed to catalyze the decomposition
of CB in the HDPE-based compounds. Hence, the quantification of
CB in the CaSt-containing compounds with a muffle furnace gave an
inaccurate CB content — much lower than actual value. However,
this phenomenon was negligible in the ZnSt-containing system.
[1] N. S. Allen, E. Hoang, C. M. Liauw, M. Edge, and E. Fontan, “Influence
of processing aids on the thermal and photostabilisation of HDPE with
antioxidant blends,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 72, pp. 367-376, May
2001.
[2] J.M. Peña, N.S. Allen, M. Edge, C.M. Liauw, and B. Valange, “Studies
of synergism between carbon black and stabilisers in LDPE
photodegradation,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 72, pp. 259-270, May
2001.
[3] T. L. Phease, N. C. Billingham, and S. W. Bigger, “The effect of carbon
black on the oxidative induction time of medium-density polyethylene,”
Polymer, vol. 41, pp. 9123-9130, December 2000.
[4] R. Benavides, B.M. Castillo, A.O. Castañeda, G.M. López, and G. Arias,
“Different thermo-oxidative degradation routes in poly(vinyl chloride),”
Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 73, pp. 417-423, 2001.
[5] J.M. Peña, N.S. Allen, M. Edge, C.M. Liauw, I. Roberts, and B.
Valange, “Triplet quenching and antioxidant effect of several carbon
black grades in the photodegradation of LDPE doped with benzophenone
as a photosensitizer,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 70, pp. 437-
454, 2000.
[6] E. Jakaband M.Omastová, “Thermal decomposition of polyolefin/
carbon black composites,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 74, pp. 204-214,
August 2005.
[7] E. Kovács and Z. Wolkober, “The effect of the chemical and physical
properties of carbon black on the thermal and photooxidation of
polyethylene,” J. Polym. Sci.,Polym. Sym. Ser., vol. 57, pp. 171-180,
1970.
[8] M. Gönen, D. Balköse, F. Đnal, and S. Ülkü,“The effect of zinc stearate
on thermal degradation of paraffin wax,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol.
94, pp. 737-742, December 2008.
[9] P. K. Roy, P. Surekha, C. Rajagopal, and V. Choudhary, “Thermal
degradation studies of LDPE containing cobalt stearate as prooxidant,”
Express Polym. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 208-216, April 2007.
[10] Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics,
ASTM D1603, 2012.
[11] T.Witoon, “Characterization of calcium oxide derived from waste
eggshell and its application as CO2 sorbent,” Ceram. Int., vol. 37, pp.
3291-3298, December 2011.
[12] S.Paisoonsin, O. Pornsunthorntawee, and R.Rujiravanit, “Preparation
and characterization of ZnO-deposited DBD plasma-treated PP
packaging film with antibacterial activities,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 273,
pp. 824-835, May 2013.
[13] D. Cazorla-Amorós, A. Linares-Solano, C.Salinas-Martínez de Lecea,
and F. Kapteijn, “Assessment of the CO2-carbon gasification catalyzed
by calcium,” Carbon, vol. 32, pp. 423-430, 1994.
[14] R. Jiménez, X. Garćia, and A. L. Gordon, “CaO-MgO catalysts for soot
combustion: KNO3 as source for doping with potassium,” J. Chil. Chem.
Soc., vol. 50, pp. 651-665, December 2005.
[15] J. P.A. Neeft, M.Makkee, and J. A. Moulijn, “Metal oxides as catalysts
for the oxidation of soot,” Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J., vol. 64, pp.
295-302, November 1996.
[1] N. S. Allen, E. Hoang, C. M. Liauw, M. Edge, and E. Fontan, “Influence
of processing aids on the thermal and photostabilisation of HDPE with
antioxidant blends,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 72, pp. 367-376, May
2001.
[2] J.M. Peña, N.S. Allen, M. Edge, C.M. Liauw, and B. Valange, “Studies
of synergism between carbon black and stabilisers in LDPE
photodegradation,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 72, pp. 259-270, May
2001.
[3] T. L. Phease, N. C. Billingham, and S. W. Bigger, “The effect of carbon
black on the oxidative induction time of medium-density polyethylene,”
Polymer, vol. 41, pp. 9123-9130, December 2000.
[4] R. Benavides, B.M. Castillo, A.O. Castañeda, G.M. López, and G. Arias,
“Different thermo-oxidative degradation routes in poly(vinyl chloride),”
Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 73, pp. 417-423, 2001.
[5] J.M. Peña, N.S. Allen, M. Edge, C.M. Liauw, I. Roberts, and B.
Valange, “Triplet quenching and antioxidant effect of several carbon
black grades in the photodegradation of LDPE doped with benzophenone
as a photosensitizer,” Polym. Degrad. Stabil., vol. 70, pp. 437-
454, 2000.
[6] E. Jakaband M.Omastová, “Thermal decomposition of polyolefin/
carbon black composites,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 74, pp. 204-214,
August 2005.
[7] E. Kovács and Z. Wolkober, “The effect of the chemical and physical
properties of carbon black on the thermal and photooxidation of
polyethylene,” J. Polym. Sci.,Polym. Sym. Ser., vol. 57, pp. 171-180,
1970.
[8] M. Gönen, D. Balköse, F. Đnal, and S. Ülkü,“The effect of zinc stearate
on thermal degradation of paraffin wax,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol.
94, pp. 737-742, December 2008.
[9] P. K. Roy, P. Surekha, C. Rajagopal, and V. Choudhary, “Thermal
degradation studies of LDPE containing cobalt stearate as prooxidant,”
Express Polym. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 208-216, April 2007.
[10] Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics,
ASTM D1603, 2012.
[11] T.Witoon, “Characterization of calcium oxide derived from waste
eggshell and its application as CO2 sorbent,” Ceram. Int., vol. 37, pp.
3291-3298, December 2011.
[12] S.Paisoonsin, O. Pornsunthorntawee, and R.Rujiravanit, “Preparation
and characterization of ZnO-deposited DBD plasma-treated PP
packaging film with antibacterial activities,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 273,
pp. 824-835, May 2013.
[13] D. Cazorla-Amorós, A. Linares-Solano, C.Salinas-Martínez de Lecea,
and F. Kapteijn, “Assessment of the CO2-carbon gasification catalyzed
by calcium,” Carbon, vol. 32, pp. 423-430, 1994.
[14] R. Jiménez, X. Garćia, and A. L. Gordon, “CaO-MgO catalysts for soot
combustion: KNO3 as source for doping with potassium,” J. Chil. Chem.
Soc., vol. 50, pp. 651-665, December 2005.
[15] J. P.A. Neeft, M.Makkee, and J. A. Moulijn, “Metal oxides as catalysts
for the oxidation of soot,” Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J., vol. 64, pp.
295-302, November 1996.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:68275", author = "Orathai Pornsunthorntawee and Wareerom Polrut and Nopphawan Phonthammachai", title = "Effects of Additives on Thermal Decompositions of Carbon Black/High Density Polyethylene Compounds", abstract = "In the present work, the effects of additives, including
contents of the added antioxidants and type of the selected metallic
stearates (either calcium stearate (CaSt) or zinc stearate (ZnSt)), on
the thermal stabilities of carbon black (CB)/high density polyethylene
(HDPE) compounds were studied. The results showed that the AO
contents played a key role in the thermal stabilities of the CB/HDPE
compounds — the higher the AO content, the higher the thermal
stabilities. Although the CaSt-containing compounds were slightly
superior to those with ZnSt in terms of the thermal stabilities, the
remaining solid residue of CaSt after heated to the temperature of 600
°C (mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as characterized by the X-ray
diffraction (XRD) technique) seemed to catalyze the decomposition
of CB in the HDPE-based compounds. Hence, the quantification of
CB in the CaSt-containing compounds with a muffle furnace gave an
inaccurate CB content — much lower than actual value. However,
this phenomenon was negligible in the ZnSt-containing system.
", keywords = "Antioxidant, Stearate, Carbon black, Polyethylene.", volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "1238-5", }
