Effect of Unbound Granular Materials Nonlinear Resilient Behavior on Pavement Response and Performance of Low Volume Roads
Structural analysis of flexible pavements has been and still is currently performed using multi-layer elastic theory. However, for thinly surfaced pavements subjected to low to medium volumes of traffics, the importance of non-linear stress-strain behavior of unbound granular materials (UGM) requires the use of more sophisticated numerical models for structural design and performance of such pavements. In the present work, nonlinear unbound aggregates constitutive model is implemented within an axisymmetric finite element code developed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of pavement structures including two local aggregates of different mineralogical nature, typically used in Algerian pavements. The performance of the mechanical model is examined about its capability of representing adequately, under various conditions, the granular material non-linearity in pavement analysis. In addition, deflection data collected by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) are incorporated into the analysis in order to assess the sensitivity of critical pavement design criteria and pavement design life to the constitutive model. Finally, conclusions of engineering significance are formulated.
[1] CTTP-Direction des Routes, Ministère des Travaux Publics, Catalogue
de Dimensionnement des Chaussées, 2001, Algeria.
[2] Huang, Y. H., Pavement Design and Analysis. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, USA, 2004.
[3] COST 337, Unbound granular materials for road pavements, Final
report. EC, Directorate General for Research and Technological
Development, 2002, Belgium.
[4] Jouve, P., Elhannani, M., Application des modèles non-lineaires au
calcul des chaussées souples, Bull. Liaison. Labo. P. et Ch., 1994, N°.
190, Paris, France.
[5] Paute, P.L, Hornych, P., Benaben, J.P, Comportement mécanique des
graves non-traitées, Bull. Liaison. Labo. P. et Ch., 1994, N°. 190, Paris,
France.
[6] Gonzalez, A., Saleh, M. F, Ali, A., Evaluating Nonlinear Elastic Models
for Unbound Granular Materials in Accelerated Testing Facility,
Transportation Research Record, 2007, N°. 1990, pp. 141-149.
[7] Sandjak, K., Tiliouine, B., Experimental evaluation of non-linear
resilient deformations of some Algerian aggregates under cyclic
loading, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2013, DOI:
10.1007/s13369-013-0737-4.
[8] NCHRP, Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and
Rehabilitated Pavement Structures, Part2. Design Inputs. NCHRP
Final Report, 2004.
[9] Ekblad, J., Statistical evaluation of resilient models characterizing coarse
granular materials, Mater Struct, 2008, N°. 41, pp. 509-525, DOI:
10.1617/s11527-007-9262-9.
[10] Umesh, C.S. and Kusam S.R., Effect of nonlinearity in granular layer on
critical pavement responses of low volume roads, Int. J. Pavement Res.
Technol, vol.3, 2010, N°. 6, pp. 320-325.
[11] Uzan, J., Characterization of granular materials, Trans. Res. Rec. 1022,
Transportation Research Board, (1985), 52-59.
[12] Tiliouine, B., Sandjak, K., Numerical simulation of granular materials
behaviour for unbound base layers used in Algerian flexible pavement
structures, Int. Journal of civil and structural engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3,
2014, doi:10.6088/ijcser.201304010040.
[13] Azzouni, A., Simulation numerique des bassins de deflexion issus du
système FWD, Thèse de Magister ENSTP, 2010, Alger, Algérie.
[14] Ji, R., Siddiki, N., Nantung, T., Kim, D., Evaluation of resilient
Modulus of subgrade and base materials in Indiana and its
implementation in MEPDG, The scientific World Journal, Vol. 2014,
Article ID 372838, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/372838
[15] AASHTO: Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide: a Manual of
Practice. American Association of State and Highway Transportation
Officials, Washington DC, ISBN Number: 1-56051-423-7, 2008, 212 p.
[16] Almassy, K., Examination of mechanical properties in unbound road
bases, Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 46/1,(2002), 53-69.
[17] Rondon, H.A., Wichtman, T., Triantafyllidis, Th. and Lizcano, A.,
Comparison of cyclic triaxial behavior of unbound granular material
under constant and variable confining pressure. Journal of
Transportation Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 135, No. 7, 2009, 467-478.
[18] Lekarp, F., Dawson, A., State of the Art I: Resilient Response of
Unbound Aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 126, No. 1, 2000, pp. 66-75.
[19] Witczak, M.W. and J. Uzan, The Universal Airport Pavement Design
System, Report I of IV:Granular Material Characterization. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, 1988.
[20] Tiliouine, B., Sandjak, K., Non-linear finite element modelling of
unbound granular materials in flexible pavement analysis, Euro. Conf.
Compt. Mechanics, 2001, Crakow, Poland.
[21] Zienkiewicz, O.C., Taylor, R.L., The finite element method, Oxford, 6th
edition, 2005.
[22] Bocz, P., The effect of stiffness and duration parameters to the service
life of the pavement structure, Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering,
53/1,(2009), 53-69, doi: 10.331/pp.ci.2009-1.05.
[23] Sadrnejad, S.A, Ghanizadeh, A.R, Fakhri, M., Evaluation of the three
constitutive models to characterize granular base for pavement analysis
using finite element method, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 5/1, (2011), 778-786.
[24] Ekwulo, E.O and Eme, D.B, Fatigue and rutting strain analysis of
flexible pavements designed using CBR methods, African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 3, 2009, pp. 412-421.
[25] Murana, A., Olowosulu, T., Distress model for Nigerian Empirical
Pavement analysis and design system, 4th Int. Conf. on Emerging Trends
In Engineering and Technology, 25th -27th October, 2013.
[1] CTTP-Direction des Routes, Ministère des Travaux Publics, Catalogue
de Dimensionnement des Chaussées, 2001, Algeria.
[2] Huang, Y. H., Pavement Design and Analysis. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, USA, 2004.
[3] COST 337, Unbound granular materials for road pavements, Final
report. EC, Directorate General for Research and Technological
Development, 2002, Belgium.
[4] Jouve, P., Elhannani, M., Application des modèles non-lineaires au
calcul des chaussées souples, Bull. Liaison. Labo. P. et Ch., 1994, N°.
190, Paris, France.
[5] Paute, P.L, Hornych, P., Benaben, J.P, Comportement mécanique des
graves non-traitées, Bull. Liaison. Labo. P. et Ch., 1994, N°. 190, Paris,
France.
[6] Gonzalez, A., Saleh, M. F, Ali, A., Evaluating Nonlinear Elastic Models
for Unbound Granular Materials in Accelerated Testing Facility,
Transportation Research Record, 2007, N°. 1990, pp. 141-149.
[7] Sandjak, K., Tiliouine, B., Experimental evaluation of non-linear
resilient deformations of some Algerian aggregates under cyclic
loading, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2013, DOI:
10.1007/s13369-013-0737-4.
[8] NCHRP, Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and
Rehabilitated Pavement Structures, Part2. Design Inputs. NCHRP
Final Report, 2004.
[9] Ekblad, J., Statistical evaluation of resilient models characterizing coarse
granular materials, Mater Struct, 2008, N°. 41, pp. 509-525, DOI:
10.1617/s11527-007-9262-9.
[10] Umesh, C.S. and Kusam S.R., Effect of nonlinearity in granular layer on
critical pavement responses of low volume roads, Int. J. Pavement Res.
Technol, vol.3, 2010, N°. 6, pp. 320-325.
[11] Uzan, J., Characterization of granular materials, Trans. Res. Rec. 1022,
Transportation Research Board, (1985), 52-59.
[12] Tiliouine, B., Sandjak, K., Numerical simulation of granular materials
behaviour for unbound base layers used in Algerian flexible pavement
structures, Int. Journal of civil and structural engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3,
2014, doi:10.6088/ijcser.201304010040.
[13] Azzouni, A., Simulation numerique des bassins de deflexion issus du
système FWD, Thèse de Magister ENSTP, 2010, Alger, Algérie.
[14] Ji, R., Siddiki, N., Nantung, T., Kim, D., Evaluation of resilient
Modulus of subgrade and base materials in Indiana and its
implementation in MEPDG, The scientific World Journal, Vol. 2014,
Article ID 372838, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/372838
[15] AASHTO: Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide: a Manual of
Practice. American Association of State and Highway Transportation
Officials, Washington DC, ISBN Number: 1-56051-423-7, 2008, 212 p.
[16] Almassy, K., Examination of mechanical properties in unbound road
bases, Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 46/1,(2002), 53-69.
[17] Rondon, H.A., Wichtman, T., Triantafyllidis, Th. and Lizcano, A.,
Comparison of cyclic triaxial behavior of unbound granular material
under constant and variable confining pressure. Journal of
Transportation Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 135, No. 7, 2009, 467-478.
[18] Lekarp, F., Dawson, A., State of the Art I: Resilient Response of
Unbound Aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 126, No. 1, 2000, pp. 66-75.
[19] Witczak, M.W. and J. Uzan, The Universal Airport Pavement Design
System, Report I of IV:Granular Material Characterization. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, 1988.
[20] Tiliouine, B., Sandjak, K., Non-linear finite element modelling of
unbound granular materials in flexible pavement analysis, Euro. Conf.
Compt. Mechanics, 2001, Crakow, Poland.
[21] Zienkiewicz, O.C., Taylor, R.L., The finite element method, Oxford, 6th
edition, 2005.
[22] Bocz, P., The effect of stiffness and duration parameters to the service
life of the pavement structure, Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering,
53/1,(2009), 53-69, doi: 10.331/pp.ci.2009-1.05.
[23] Sadrnejad, S.A, Ghanizadeh, A.R, Fakhri, M., Evaluation of the three
constitutive models to characterize granular base for pavement analysis
using finite element method, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 5/1, (2011), 778-786.
[24] Ekwulo, E.O and Eme, D.B, Fatigue and rutting strain analysis of
flexible pavements designed using CBR methods, African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 3, 2009, pp. 412-421.
[25] Murana, A., Olowosulu, T., Distress model for Nigerian Empirical
Pavement analysis and design system, 4th Int. Conf. on Emerging Trends
In Engineering and Technology, 25th -27th October, 2013.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:71025", author = "K. Sandjak and B. Tiliouine", title = "Effect of Unbound Granular Materials Nonlinear Resilient Behavior on Pavement Response and Performance of Low Volume Roads", abstract = "Structural analysis of flexible pavements has been and still is currently performed using multi-layer elastic theory. However, for thinly surfaced pavements subjected to low to medium volumes of traffics, the importance of non-linear stress-strain behavior of unbound granular materials (UGM) requires the use of more sophisticated numerical models for structural design and performance of such pavements. In the present work, nonlinear unbound aggregates constitutive model is implemented within an axisymmetric finite element code developed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of pavement structures including two local aggregates of different mineralogical nature, typically used in Algerian pavements. The performance of the mechanical model is examined about its capability of representing adequately, under various conditions, the granular material non-linearity in pavement analysis. In addition, deflection data collected by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) are incorporated into the analysis in order to assess the sensitivity of critical pavement design criteria and pavement design life to the constitutive model. Finally, conclusions of engineering significance are formulated.
", keywords = "Nonlinear resilient behavior, unbound granular materials, RLT test results, FWD backcalculations, finite element simulations, pavement response and performance.
", volume = "9", number = "10", pages = "1302-7", }
