Effect of Natural Animal Fillers on Polymer Rheology Behaviour
This paper deals with the evaluation of flow properties
of polymeric matrix with natural animal fillers. Technical university
of Liberec cooperates on the long-term development of “green
materials“ that should replace conventionally used materials
(especially in automotive industry). Natural fibres (of animal and
plant origin) from all over the world are collected and adapted
(drying, cutting etc.) for extrusion processing. Inside the extruder
these natural additives are blended with polymeric (synthetic and
biodegradable - PLA) matrix and created compound is subsequently
cut for pellets in the wet way. These green materials with unique
recipes are then studied and their mechanical, physical and
processing properties are determined. The main goal of this research
is to develop new ecological materials very similar to unfilled
polymers. In this article the rheological behaviour of chosen natural
animal fibres is introduced considering their shape and surface that
were observed with use of SEM microscopy.
[1] CARRAHER, Charles E. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry. 7th
edition. Florida : CRC Press, 2008. Rheology and physical tests, pp.
459-465. ISBN 978-1-4200-5102-5, ISBN 1-4200-5102-4.
[2] HAN, Chang De. Rheology and processing of polymeric materials :
Polymer rheology. vol. 1. Oxford : CRC Oxford university press, 2007.
Relationship between polymer rheology and polymer processing, pp. 3-
10. ISBN 978-0-19-518782-3.
[3] ROSATO, Dominic V.; ROSATO, Donald V.; ROSATO, Marlene G.
Injection molding handbook. 3rd edition. Boston : Kluwer Academic
Publisher, 2000. Rheology and melt flow, pp. 530-536. ISBN 0-7923-
8619-1.
[4] CRAWFORD, Roy J. Plastics engineering. 3rd edition. London :
Butterworth Heinemann, 2002. Analysis of polymer melts, pp. 343-346.
ISBN 0-7506-3764-1.
[5] VAN DER VEGT, A.K. From polymers to plastics. Delft : Delft
university pressHeinemann, 2006. Viscosity, pp.103-112. ISBN 978-90-
71301-62-9.
[6] VASILIEV, Valery V.; MOROZOV, Evgeny V. Mechanics and
analysis of composite materials. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2001. Time and
time-dependent loading effects, pp. 1,319-332,365. ISBN 0-08-042702-
2.
[7] BARNES, Howard A.; HUTTON, John F.; WALTERS, Kenneth. An
introduction to rheology. 3rd edition. London : Elsevier, 1993. Linera
viscoelasity, pp. 37-46. ISBN 0444871403.
[8] HUILQOL, R.R.; PHAN-THIEN, N. Fluid Mechanics of viscoelasticity
: Volume 6: General Principles, Constitutive Modelling, Analytical and
Numerical Techniques (Rheology Series). 1st edition. Amsterodam :
Elsevier, 1997. Viscometric floes, pp. 40-47. ISBN 0-444-82661-9.
[9] HORNSBY, P. R. Rheology, Compounding and Processing of Filled
Thermoplastics. In JANCAR, J. Mineral Fillers in Thermoplastics I :
Raw materials and processing. 1st edition. Berlin : Springer, 1999. pp.
155-217. ISBN 978-3-540-6421-1.
[10] KUMAR, Anil; GUPTA, Rakesh K. Fundamentals of polymer
engineering. 2nd edition. New York : Marcel Dekker, 2003. Step-
Growth Polymerization, pp. 103-107. ISBN 0-8247-0867-9.
[11] ROTHON, Roger N. ; HANCOCK, Michael . General principles guiding
selection and use of particulate materials. In ROTHON, Roger N.
Particulate-filled polymer composites. 2nd edition. UK : Rapra
technology limited, 2003. pp. 17-19. ISBN 1-85957-382-7.
[12] CAIN, Rebecca; PINFOLD, Martyn K.; LINDSEY, Kevin A. General
Properties of Composites : Stiffness, Strength and Toughness. In
TUCKER, Nick; LINDSEY, Kevin. An introduction to automotive
composites. 1st edition. UK : Rapra technology limited, 2002. pp. 59-61.
ISBN 1-85957-279-0.
[13] BERGLUND, Lars A. Polymeric matrix system : Thermoplastics resins.
In PETERS, S.T. Handbook of composites. 2nd edition. London :
Chapman & Hall, 1998. pp. 115-131. ISBN 0-412-54020-7.
[14] CHUNG, Deborah D. L. Carbon fiber composites. 2nd edition.
Massachusetts : Butterworth Heinemann, 1994. Polymer matrix
composites, pp. 85-102. ISBN 0-7506-9169-7.
[15] SAIELLO, S.; KENNY, J.; NICOLAIS, L. Interface morphology of
carbon fibre/PEEK composites. Journal of materials science. 1990, 25,
pp. 3496-3496. ISSN 1573-4803.
[16] SCHRAMM, Gebhard. A practical approach to rheology and
rheometry. 2nd edition. Germany : Thermo electro (Karlsruhe), 2004.
Types of rheometers/viscosimeters, pp. 28-73. ASIN B000BWY1WA.
[17] ISO 1133:2005. Plastics -- Determination of the melt mass-flow rate
(MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics. Prague :
Czech Standards Institute, 2005. 15 p.
[18] BRYDSON, J. A. Plastics materials. 7th edition. Oxford : Butterworth
Heinemann, 1999. Aliphatic polyolefins other than polyethylene and
diene rubbers, pp. 247-268. ISBN 0-7506-4132-0.
[19] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-08-28 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Mohair. Accessible WWW: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohair>.
[20] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-08-21 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Angora rabbit. Accessible WWW:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbit>.
[21] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-08-31 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Camel. Accessible WWW: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel>.
[22] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-06-11 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Lama Alpaca. Accessible WWW:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpaca>.
[1] CARRAHER, Charles E. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry. 7th
edition. Florida : CRC Press, 2008. Rheology and physical tests, pp.
459-465. ISBN 978-1-4200-5102-5, ISBN 1-4200-5102-4.
[2] HAN, Chang De. Rheology and processing of polymeric materials :
Polymer rheology. vol. 1. Oxford : CRC Oxford university press, 2007.
Relationship between polymer rheology and polymer processing, pp. 3-
10. ISBN 978-0-19-518782-3.
[3] ROSATO, Dominic V.; ROSATO, Donald V.; ROSATO, Marlene G.
Injection molding handbook. 3rd edition. Boston : Kluwer Academic
Publisher, 2000. Rheology and melt flow, pp. 530-536. ISBN 0-7923-
8619-1.
[4] CRAWFORD, Roy J. Plastics engineering. 3rd edition. London :
Butterworth Heinemann, 2002. Analysis of polymer melts, pp. 343-346.
ISBN 0-7506-3764-1.
[5] VAN DER VEGT, A.K. From polymers to plastics. Delft : Delft
university pressHeinemann, 2006. Viscosity, pp.103-112. ISBN 978-90-
71301-62-9.
[6] VASILIEV, Valery V.; MOROZOV, Evgeny V. Mechanics and
analysis of composite materials. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2001. Time and
time-dependent loading effects, pp. 1,319-332,365. ISBN 0-08-042702-
2.
[7] BARNES, Howard A.; HUTTON, John F.; WALTERS, Kenneth. An
introduction to rheology. 3rd edition. London : Elsevier, 1993. Linera
viscoelasity, pp. 37-46. ISBN 0444871403.
[8] HUILQOL, R.R.; PHAN-THIEN, N. Fluid Mechanics of viscoelasticity
: Volume 6: General Principles, Constitutive Modelling, Analytical and
Numerical Techniques (Rheology Series). 1st edition. Amsterodam :
Elsevier, 1997. Viscometric floes, pp. 40-47. ISBN 0-444-82661-9.
[9] HORNSBY, P. R. Rheology, Compounding and Processing of Filled
Thermoplastics. In JANCAR, J. Mineral Fillers in Thermoplastics I :
Raw materials and processing. 1st edition. Berlin : Springer, 1999. pp.
155-217. ISBN 978-3-540-6421-1.
[10] KUMAR, Anil; GUPTA, Rakesh K. Fundamentals of polymer
engineering. 2nd edition. New York : Marcel Dekker, 2003. Step-
Growth Polymerization, pp. 103-107. ISBN 0-8247-0867-9.
[11] ROTHON, Roger N. ; HANCOCK, Michael . General principles guiding
selection and use of particulate materials. In ROTHON, Roger N.
Particulate-filled polymer composites. 2nd edition. UK : Rapra
technology limited, 2003. pp. 17-19. ISBN 1-85957-382-7.
[12] CAIN, Rebecca; PINFOLD, Martyn K.; LINDSEY, Kevin A. General
Properties of Composites : Stiffness, Strength and Toughness. In
TUCKER, Nick; LINDSEY, Kevin. An introduction to automotive
composites. 1st edition. UK : Rapra technology limited, 2002. pp. 59-61.
ISBN 1-85957-279-0.
[13] BERGLUND, Lars A. Polymeric matrix system : Thermoplastics resins.
In PETERS, S.T. Handbook of composites. 2nd edition. London :
Chapman & Hall, 1998. pp. 115-131. ISBN 0-412-54020-7.
[14] CHUNG, Deborah D. L. Carbon fiber composites. 2nd edition.
Massachusetts : Butterworth Heinemann, 1994. Polymer matrix
composites, pp. 85-102. ISBN 0-7506-9169-7.
[15] SAIELLO, S.; KENNY, J.; NICOLAIS, L. Interface morphology of
carbon fibre/PEEK composites. Journal of materials science. 1990, 25,
pp. 3496-3496. ISSN 1573-4803.
[16] SCHRAMM, Gebhard. A practical approach to rheology and
rheometry. 2nd edition. Germany : Thermo electro (Karlsruhe), 2004.
Types of rheometers/viscosimeters, pp. 28-73. ASIN B000BWY1WA.
[17] ISO 1133:2005. Plastics -- Determination of the melt mass-flow rate
(MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics. Prague :
Czech Standards Institute, 2005. 15 p.
[18] BRYDSON, J. A. Plastics materials. 7th edition. Oxford : Butterworth
Heinemann, 1999. Aliphatic polyolefins other than polyethylene and
diene rubbers, pp. 247-268. ISBN 0-7506-4132-0.
[19] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-08-28 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Mohair. Accessible WWW: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohair>.
[20] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-08-21 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Angora rabbit. Accessible WWW:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora_rabbit>.
[21] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-08-31 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Camel. Accessible WWW: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel>.
[22] Wikipedia : The free encyclopedia [online]. 2011-06-11 [cit. 2011-08-
22]. Lama Alpaca. Accessible WWW:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpaca>.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:61186", author = "M. Seidl and J. Bobek and P. Lenfeld and L. Běhálek and A. Ausperger", title = "Effect of Natural Animal Fillers on Polymer Rheology Behaviour", abstract = "This paper deals with the evaluation of flow properties
of polymeric matrix with natural animal fillers. Technical university
of Liberec cooperates on the long-term development of “green
materials“ that should replace conventionally used materials
(especially in automotive industry). Natural fibres (of animal and
plant origin) from all over the world are collected and adapted
(drying, cutting etc.) for extrusion processing. Inside the extruder
these natural additives are blended with polymeric (synthetic and
biodegradable - PLA) matrix and created compound is subsequently
cut for pellets in the wet way. These green materials with unique
recipes are then studied and their mechanical, physical and
processing properties are determined. The main goal of this research
is to develop new ecological materials very similar to unfilled
polymers. In this article the rheological behaviour of chosen natural
animal fibres is introduced considering their shape and surface that
were observed with use of SEM microscopy.", keywords = "Polypropylene matrix, Green polymers, Rheology,
Natural animal fibres.", volume = "5", number = "10", pages = "2043-4", }