This work attempts to improve the permselectivity of poly-ortho-phenylenediamine (PPD) coating for glutamate biosensor applications on Pt microelectrode, using constant potential amperometry and cyclic voltammetry. Percentage permeability of the modified PPD microelectrode was carried out towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA) whereas permselectivity represents the percentage interference by AA in H2O2 detection. The 50-μm diameter Pt disk microelectrode showed a good permeability value toward H2O2 (95%) and selectivity against AA (0.01%) compared to other sizes of electrode studied here. The electrode was further modified with glutamate oxidase (GluOx) that was immobilized and cross linked with glutaraldehyde (GA, 0.125%), resulting in Pt/PPD/GluOx-GA electrode design. The maximum current density Jmax and apparent Michaelis constant, KM, obtained on Pt/PPD/GluOx-GA electrodes were 48 μA cm-2 and 50 μM, respectively. The linear region slope (LRS) was 0.96 μA cm-2 mM-1. The detection limit (LOD) for glutamate was 3.0 ± 0.6 μM. This study shows a promising glutamate microbiosensor for brain glutamate detection.
<p>[1] S. Baltan, “Ischemic injury to white matter: an age-dependent process,”
Neuroscientist, 15(2), 2009, pp. 126-33.
[2] A. Camacho, and L. Massieu, “Role of glutamate transporters in the
clearance and release of glutamate during ischemia and its relation to
neuronal death,” Archives of medical research, 37(1), 2006, pp. 11-8.
[3] C. R. Breese, R. Freedman, S. S. Leonard, “Research report: Glutamate
receptor subtype expression in human postmortem brain tissue from
schizophrenics and alcohol abusers,” Brain Research, 674, 1995, pp. 82-
90.
[4] T. L. Babb, Z. Ying, J. Hadam, and C. Penrod, “Glutamate receptor
mechanisms in human epileptic dysplastic cortex,” Epilepsy Research,
32, 1998, pp. 24-33.
[5] S. C. Buckingham, and S. Robel, “Glutamate and tumor-associated
epilepsy: Glial cell dysfunction in the peritumoral environment,”
Neurochemistry International, 2013.
[6] N. Fayed, P. J. Modrego, and G. Rojas-Salinas, and K. Aguilar, “Brain
Glutamate Levels Are Decreased in Alzheimer's Disease : A Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy Study,” American Journal of Alzheimer's
Disease and Other Dementias, 26 (6), 2011, pp. 450-456.
[7] Y. Gong, C. F. Lippa, J. Zhu, Q. Lin, and A. L. Rosso, “Disruption of
glutamate receptors at Shank-postsynaptic platform in Alzheimer's
disease,” Brain Research, 1292, 2009, pp. 191-298.
[8] A. W. Amara, R. L. Watts, , and H. C. Walker, “The effects of deep
brain stimulation on sleep in Parkinson's disease,” Therapeutic Advances
in Neurological Disorders, 4(1), 2011, pp. 15-24.
[9] T. S. Rao, K. D. Lariosa-Willingham, and N. Yu, “Glutamate-dependent
glutamine, aspartate and serine release from rat cortical glial cell
cultures,” Brain Research, 978, 2003, pp. 213-222.
[10] N. Kang, J. Xu, Q. Xu, M. Nedergaard, and J. Kang, “Astrocytic
Glutamate Release-Induced Transient Depolarization and Epileptiform
Discharges in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons,” J. Neurophysiol,
94, 2005, pp. 4121-4130.
[11] B. Benz, G. Grima, and K. Q. Do, “Glutamate-induced homocysteic acid
release from astrocytes: Possible implication in glia-neuron signalling,”
Neuroscience, 124, 2004, pp. 377–386.
[12] W. H. Church, C. S. Lee, and K. M. Dranchak, “Capillary
electrophoresis of glutamate and aspartate in rat brain dialysate:
Improvements in detection and analysis time using cyclodextrins,”
Journal of Chromatography B, 700, 1997, pp. 67-7.
[13] S. Tucci, C. Pinto J. Goyo, P. Rada, and L. Hernandez, “Measurement of
Glutamine and Glutamate by Capillary Electrophoresis and Laser
Induced Fluorescence Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Meningitis
Sick Children,” Clinical Biochemistry, 31(3), 1998, pp. 143-150.
[14] F. Xu, M. Gao, L. Wang, and L. Jin, “Study on the effect of
electromagnetic impulse on neurotransmitter metabolism in nerve cells
by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection
coupled with microdialysis,” Analytical Biochemistry, 307, 2002, pp. 33-
39.
[15] S. Tucci, P. Rada, M. J. Sepulveda, and L. Hernandez, “Glutamate
measured by 6-s resolution brain microdialysis: Capillary electrophoretic
and laser-induced fluorescence detection application,” Journal of
Chromatography B, 694, 1997, pp. 343-349.
[16] Y. Yu, Q. Sun, T. Zhou, M. Zhu, L. Jin, and G. Shi, “On-line
microdialysis system with poly(amidoamine)-encapsulated Pt
nanoparticles biosensor for glutamate sensing in vivo,”
Bioelectrochemistry, 81, 2011, pp. 53-5.
[17] N. Wahono, P. Qin, P. Oomen, T. I. F. Cremers, M. G. de Vries, and B.
H. C. Westerink, “Evaluation of permselective membranes for
optimization of intracerebral amperometric glutamate biosensors,”
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 33(1), 2012, pp. 260-266.
[18] M. G. Garguilo, and A. C. Michael, “Amperometric microsensors for
monitoring choline in the extracellular fluid of brain,” Journal of
Neuroscience Methods, 70(1), 1996, pp. 73-82.
[19] J. P. Lowry, M. Miele, R. D. O'Neill, M. G. Boutelle, and M. Fillenz,
“An amperometric glucose-oxidase/poly(o-phenylenediamine) biosensor
for monitoring brain extracellular glucose: in vivo characterisation in the
striatum of freely-moving rats,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 79,
1998, pp. 65-74.
[20] C. P. McMahon, S. J. Killoran, S. M. Kirwan, and R. D. O'Neill, “The
selectivity of electrosynthesised polymer membranes depends on the
electrode dimensions: implications for biosensor applications,” Chem
Comm, 2004, pp. 2128-2130.
[21] N. Hamdi, J. Wang, and H. G. Monbouquette, “Polymer films as
permselective coatings for H2O2-sensing electrodes,” Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 581, 2005, pp. 258-264.
[22] S. Myler, S. Eaton, and S. P. J. Higson, “Poly (o-Phenylenediamine)
ultra thin polymer-film composite membranes for enzyme electrodes,”
Analytica Chimica Acta, 357, 1997,pp. 55-61.
[23] J. D. Craig, and R. D. O’Neill, “Electrosynthesis and permselective
characterisation of phenol-based polymers for biosensor applications,”
Analytica Chimica Acta, 495, 2003, pp. 33-43.
[24] S. A. Rothwell, C. P. McMahon, and R. D. O’Neill, “Effects of
polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(ophenylenediamine)
coatings deposited on Pt–Ir electrodes for biosensor
applications,” Electrochimica Acta, 55, 2010, pp. 1051-1060.
[25] C. P. McMahon, G. Rocchita, S. M. Kirwan, S. J. Killoran, P. A. Serra,
J. P. Lowry, and R. D. O'Neill, “Oxygen tolerance of an implantable
polymer/enzyme composite glutamate biosensor displaying polycationenhanced
substrate sensitivity,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22,
2007, pp. 1466-1473.
[26] S. J. Killoran, and R. D. O’Neill, “Characterization of permselective
coatings electrosynthesized on Pt–Ir from the three phenylenediamine
isomers for biosensor applications,” Electrochimica Acta, 53, 2008, pp.
7303-7312.
[27] B. M. Dixon, J. P. Lowry, R. D. O’Neill, “Characterization in vitro and
in vivo of the oxygen dependence of an enzyme/polymer biosensor for
monitoring brain glucose,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 119,
2002, pp. 135-142.
[28] J. C. Vidal, E. Garcia, and J. R. Castillo, “In situ preparation of
overoxidized PPyroPPD bilayer biosensors for the determination of
glucose and cholesterol in serum,” Sensors and Actuators B, 57, 1999,
pp. 219-226.
[29] Z. M. Zain, R. D. O'Neill, J. P. Lowry, K. W. Pierce, M. Tricklebank, A.
Dewa, and S. A. Ghani, “Development of an implantable D-serine
biosensor for in vivo monitoring using mammalian D-amino acid
oxidase on a poly (o-phenylenediamine) and Nafion-modified platinum–
iridium disk electrode,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 25, 2010, pp.
1454-1459.
[30] K. B. O'Brien, S. J. Killoran, R. D. O'Neill, and J. P. Lowry,
“Development and characterization in vitro of a catalase-based biosensor
for hydrogen peroxide monitoring,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22
(12), 2007, pp. 2994-3000.
[31] M. C. Angulo, A. S. Kozlov, S. Charpak and E. Audinat, “Glutamate
released from glial cells synchronizes neuronal activity in the
hippocampus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (31), 2004, pp. 6920-
6927.</p>
<p>[1] S. Baltan, “Ischemic injury to white matter: an age-dependent process,”
Neuroscientist, 15(2), 2009, pp. 126-33.
[2] A. Camacho, and L. Massieu, “Role of glutamate transporters in the
clearance and release of glutamate during ischemia and its relation to
neuronal death,” Archives of medical research, 37(1), 2006, pp. 11-8.
[3] C. R. Breese, R. Freedman, S. S. Leonard, “Research report: Glutamate
receptor subtype expression in human postmortem brain tissue from
schizophrenics and alcohol abusers,” Brain Research, 674, 1995, pp. 82-
90.
[4] T. L. Babb, Z. Ying, J. Hadam, and C. Penrod, “Glutamate receptor
mechanisms in human epileptic dysplastic cortex,” Epilepsy Research,
32, 1998, pp. 24-33.
[5] S. C. Buckingham, and S. Robel, “Glutamate and tumor-associated
epilepsy: Glial cell dysfunction in the peritumoral environment,”
Neurochemistry International, 2013.
[6] N. Fayed, P. J. Modrego, and G. Rojas-Salinas, and K. Aguilar, “Brain
Glutamate Levels Are Decreased in Alzheimer's Disease : A Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy Study,” American Journal of Alzheimer's
Disease and Other Dementias, 26 (6), 2011, pp. 450-456.
[7] Y. Gong, C. F. Lippa, J. Zhu, Q. Lin, and A. L. Rosso, “Disruption of
glutamate receptors at Shank-postsynaptic platform in Alzheimer's
disease,” Brain Research, 1292, 2009, pp. 191-298.
[8] A. W. Amara, R. L. Watts, , and H. C. Walker, “The effects of deep
brain stimulation on sleep in Parkinson's disease,” Therapeutic Advances
in Neurological Disorders, 4(1), 2011, pp. 15-24.
[9] T. S. Rao, K. D. Lariosa-Willingham, and N. Yu, “Glutamate-dependent
glutamine, aspartate and serine release from rat cortical glial cell
cultures,” Brain Research, 978, 2003, pp. 213-222.
[10] N. Kang, J. Xu, Q. Xu, M. Nedergaard, and J. Kang, “Astrocytic
Glutamate Release-Induced Transient Depolarization and Epileptiform
Discharges in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons,” J. Neurophysiol,
94, 2005, pp. 4121-4130.
[11] B. Benz, G. Grima, and K. Q. Do, “Glutamate-induced homocysteic acid
release from astrocytes: Possible implication in glia-neuron signalling,”
Neuroscience, 124, 2004, pp. 377–386.
[12] W. H. Church, C. S. Lee, and K. M. Dranchak, “Capillary
electrophoresis of glutamate and aspartate in rat brain dialysate:
Improvements in detection and analysis time using cyclodextrins,”
Journal of Chromatography B, 700, 1997, pp. 67-7.
[13] S. Tucci, C. Pinto J. Goyo, P. Rada, and L. Hernandez, “Measurement of
Glutamine and Glutamate by Capillary Electrophoresis and Laser
Induced Fluorescence Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Meningitis
Sick Children,” Clinical Biochemistry, 31(3), 1998, pp. 143-150.
[14] F. Xu, M. Gao, L. Wang, and L. Jin, “Study on the effect of
electromagnetic impulse on neurotransmitter metabolism in nerve cells
by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection
coupled with microdialysis,” Analytical Biochemistry, 307, 2002, pp. 33-
39.
[15] S. Tucci, P. Rada, M. J. Sepulveda, and L. Hernandez, “Glutamate
measured by 6-s resolution brain microdialysis: Capillary electrophoretic
and laser-induced fluorescence detection application,” Journal of
Chromatography B, 694, 1997, pp. 343-349.
[16] Y. Yu, Q. Sun, T. Zhou, M. Zhu, L. Jin, and G. Shi, “On-line
microdialysis system with poly(amidoamine)-encapsulated Pt
nanoparticles biosensor for glutamate sensing in vivo,”
Bioelectrochemistry, 81, 2011, pp. 53-5.
[17] N. Wahono, P. Qin, P. Oomen, T. I. F. Cremers, M. G. de Vries, and B.
H. C. Westerink, “Evaluation of permselective membranes for
optimization of intracerebral amperometric glutamate biosensors,”
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 33(1), 2012, pp. 260-266.
[18] M. G. Garguilo, and A. C. Michael, “Amperometric microsensors for
monitoring choline in the extracellular fluid of brain,” Journal of
Neuroscience Methods, 70(1), 1996, pp. 73-82.
[19] J. P. Lowry, M. Miele, R. D. O'Neill, M. G. Boutelle, and M. Fillenz,
“An amperometric glucose-oxidase/poly(o-phenylenediamine) biosensor
for monitoring brain extracellular glucose: in vivo characterisation in the
striatum of freely-moving rats,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 79,
1998, pp. 65-74.
[20] C. P. McMahon, S. J. Killoran, S. M. Kirwan, and R. D. O'Neill, “The
selectivity of electrosynthesised polymer membranes depends on the
electrode dimensions: implications for biosensor applications,” Chem
Comm, 2004, pp. 2128-2130.
[21] N. Hamdi, J. Wang, and H. G. Monbouquette, “Polymer films as
permselective coatings for H2O2-sensing electrodes,” Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 581, 2005, pp. 258-264.
[22] S. Myler, S. Eaton, and S. P. J. Higson, “Poly (o-Phenylenediamine)
ultra thin polymer-film composite membranes for enzyme electrodes,”
Analytica Chimica Acta, 357, 1997,pp. 55-61.
[23] J. D. Craig, and R. D. O’Neill, “Electrosynthesis and permselective
characterisation of phenol-based polymers for biosensor applications,”
Analytica Chimica Acta, 495, 2003, pp. 33-43.
[24] S. A. Rothwell, C. P. McMahon, and R. D. O’Neill, “Effects of
polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(ophenylenediamine)
coatings deposited on Pt–Ir electrodes for biosensor
applications,” Electrochimica Acta, 55, 2010, pp. 1051-1060.
[25] C. P. McMahon, G. Rocchita, S. M. Kirwan, S. J. Killoran, P. A. Serra,
J. P. Lowry, and R. D. O'Neill, “Oxygen tolerance of an implantable
polymer/enzyme composite glutamate biosensor displaying polycationenhanced
substrate sensitivity,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22,
2007, pp. 1466-1473.
[26] S. J. Killoran, and R. D. O’Neill, “Characterization of permselective
coatings electrosynthesized on Pt–Ir from the three phenylenediamine
isomers for biosensor applications,” Electrochimica Acta, 53, 2008, pp.
7303-7312.
[27] B. M. Dixon, J. P. Lowry, R. D. O’Neill, “Characterization in vitro and
in vivo of the oxygen dependence of an enzyme/polymer biosensor for
monitoring brain glucose,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 119,
2002, pp. 135-142.
[28] J. C. Vidal, E. Garcia, and J. R. Castillo, “In situ preparation of
overoxidized PPyroPPD bilayer biosensors for the determination of
glucose and cholesterol in serum,” Sensors and Actuators B, 57, 1999,
pp. 219-226.
[29] Z. M. Zain, R. D. O'Neill, J. P. Lowry, K. W. Pierce, M. Tricklebank, A.
Dewa, and S. A. Ghani, “Development of an implantable D-serine
biosensor for in vivo monitoring using mammalian D-amino acid
oxidase on a poly (o-phenylenediamine) and Nafion-modified platinum–
iridium disk electrode,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 25, 2010, pp.
1454-1459.
[30] K. B. O'Brien, S. J. Killoran, R. D. O'Neill, and J. P. Lowry,
“Development and characterization in vitro of a catalase-based biosensor
for hydrogen peroxide monitoring,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22
(12), 2007, pp. 2994-3000.
[31] M. C. Angulo, A. S. Kozlov, S. Charpak and E. Audinat, “Glutamate
released from glial cells synchronizes neuronal activity in the
hippocampus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (31), 2004, pp. 6920-
6927.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:61336", author = "Kartika S. Hamdan and Zainiharyati M. Zain and Mohamed I. A. Halim and Jafri M. Abdullah and Robert D. O'Neill", title = "Development of a Brain Glutamate Microbiosensor", abstract = "This work attempts to improve the permselectivity of poly-ortho-phenylenediamine (PPD) coating for glutamate biosensor applications on Pt microelectrode, using constant potential amperometry and cyclic voltammetry. Percentage permeability of the modified PPD microelectrode was carried out towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA) whereas permselectivity represents the percentage interference by AA in H2O2 detection. The 50-μm diameter Pt disk microelectrode showed a good permeability value toward H2O2 (95%) and selectivity against AA (0.01%) compared to other sizes of electrode studied here. The electrode was further modified with glutamate oxidase (GluOx) that was immobilized and cross linked with glutaraldehyde (GA, 0.125%), resulting in Pt/PPD/GluOx-GA electrode design. The maximum current density Jmax and apparent Michaelis constant, KM, obtained on Pt/PPD/GluOx-GA electrodes were 48 μA cm-2 and 50 μM, respectively. The linear region slope (LRS) was 0.96 μA cm-2 mM-1. The detection limit (LOD) for glutamate was 3.0 ± 0.6 μM. This study shows a promising glutamate microbiosensor for brain glutamate detection.
", keywords = "Brain, Glutamate, Microbiosensor.", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "304-5", }
