The objective of this paper is to investigate a new
approach based on the idea of pictograms for food portion size. This
approach adopts the model of the United States Pharmacopeia- Drug
Information (USP-DI). The representation of each food portion size
composed of three parts: frame, the connotation of dietary portion
sizes and layout. To investigate users- comprehension based on this
approach, two experiments were conducted, included 122 Taiwanese
people, 60 male and 62 female with ages between 16 and 64 (divided
into age groups of 16-30, 31-45 and 46-64). In Experiment 1, the mean
correcting rate of the understanding level of food items is 48.54%
(S.D.= 95.08) and the mean response time 2.89sec (S.D.=2.14). The
difference on the correct rates for different age groups is significant
(P*=0.00<0.05). In Experiment 2, the correcting rate of selecting the
right life-size measurement aid is 65.02% (S.D.=21.31). The result
showed the potential of the approach for certain food potion sizes.
Issues raised for discussions including comprehension on numerous
food varieties in an open environment, selection of photograph or
drawing, reasons of different correcting rates for the measurement aid.
This research also could be used for those interested in systematic and
pictorial representation of dietary portion size information.
[1] M.R. Lehto, "Designing warning signs and warning labels Part II -
Scientific basis for initial guidelines," Applied Ergon., vol. 10, pp.
115-138, 2000.
[2] S. C. Tiju, J. Barcenilla, B. C. de Lavalette, and J. G. Meunier, "The
design, understanding and usage of pictograms," Students in Writing, vol.
21, pp. 17-32, 2007.
[3] D. A. Norman, The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Doubleday,
1990.
[4] M. S. Wogalter, "Factors influencing the effectiveness of warnings," in
Visual Information for Everyday Use- Design and Research Perspectives.
Part 3: Warnings. 1999, pp. 93-109. London: Taylor & Francis.
[5] I. Steenhuis, W. M. Vermeer, "Portion size: review and framework for
interventions," Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phy. Act., vol. 6:58, 2009.
[6] C. Byrd-Bredbenner, and J. Schwartz, "The effect of practical portion size
measurement aids on the accuracy of portion size estimates made by
young adults," J. Hum. Nutr. Diet., 17(4), pp. 351-357, 2004.
[7] M. Kirkcaldy-Hargreaves, "Assessment of the validity of four food
models," J. Can. Diet. Assoc. 41, pp. 102- 110, 1980.
[8] B. McGuire, E. Chambers, S. Godwin, and S. Brenner, "Size categories
most effective for estimating portion size of muffins," J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
101, pp. 470-472, 2001.
[9] M. Nelson, M. Atkinson, S. Darbyshire, "Food photography I: the
perception of food portion size from photographs," Br. J. Nutr., vol. 72,
pp. 649-663, 1994.
[10] L. E. Mansoor, and R. Dowse, "Design and evaluation of a new
pharmaceutical pictogram sequence to convey medicine usage," Ergon.
SA., vol. 16 (2), pp. 29-41, 2004.
[11] R. Dowse, and M. Ehlers, "The evaluation of pharmaceutical pictograms
in a low-literate South African population," Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 45
(2), pp. 87-99, 2001.
[12] R. Dowse, and M. S. Ehlers, "Pictograms for conveying medicine
instructions: comprehension in various South African language groups,"
S. Afr. J. Sci., vol. 100, pp. 687-693.
[13] K. Hameen-Antila, K. Kemppainen, H. Enlund, J. B. Patricia, and A.
Marja, "Do pictograms improve children-s understanding of medicine
leaflet information?" Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 55, pp. 371-378, 2004.
[14] The United States Pharmacopeia. (2000). USP Pictograms. Web site:
http://www.usp.org/audiences/consumers/pictograms/
[15] M. J. Kalsher, M. S. Wogalter, B. M. Racicot, "Pharmaceutical container
labels: enhancing preference perceptions with alternative designs and
pictorials," Int. J. Ind. Ergon., vol. 18, pp. 83-90, 1996.
[16] S. S. Sangsiry, P. S. Cady, B. A. Adamcik, "Consumer comprehension of
information on over-the-counter medication labels: effects of picture
superiority and individual differences based on age," J. Pharm. Mark.
Manage., vol. 11, pp. 63-76, 1997.
[17] E. C. Hanson, "Evaluating cognitive services for non-literate and visually
impaired patients in community pharmacy rotation sites," Am. J. Pharm.
Educ., vol. 59, pp. 48-55, 1995.
[18] L. N. Ngoh, M. D. Shepherd, "Design, development and evaluation of
visual aids for communicating prescription drug instructions to
nonliterate patients in rural Cameroon," Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 30, pp.
245- 61, 1997.
[19] Division of Food Health, Department of Health, Executive Yuan,
Republic of China. Food Information network, the Exchange Food List.
Retrieved May 03, 2009, from
http://food.doh.gov.tw/foodnew/MenuThird.aspx?SecondMenuID=16&
ThirdMenuID=109
[20] J. E. Readance, and D. W. Moore, "A meta-analytic reviewof the effect of
adjunct pictures on reading comprehension," Psycho. Sch., vol. 18, pp.
218-24, 1981.
[21] K. Ensle, L. Lytle, and C. Collins, Getting to Know Portion Sizes (No. FS
993). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 2002.
[22] T. J. McDermott, "Cartooning: a humorous approach to medical and
health education," J. Biocommun., vol. 16(4), pp. 20-27, 1989.
[23] C. Delp, and J. Jones, "Communicating information to patients: the use of
cartoon illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions,"
Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 264-270, 1996.
[24] J. M. Moll, V. Wright, M. R. Jeffrey, J. D. Gopode, P. M. Humberstone,
"The cartoon in doctor-patient communication. Further study of the
arthritis and rheumatism council handbook on gout," Ann. Rheum. Dis.,
vol. 36, pp. 225-31, 1977.
[25] E. Valveny, and C. Dosch, "Performance evaluation of symbol
recognition," in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3163, 2004, pp.
354-365.
[26] J. Persson, L. Nyberg, J. Lind, A. Larsson, L. Nilsson, M. Ingvar, and R. L.
Buckner, "Structure--function correlates of cognitive decline in aging,"
Cereb. Cortex, vol. 16(7), pp. 907-915, 2006.
[27] M. Gonzalez-Gross, A. Marcos, and K. Pietrzik, "Nutrition and cognitive
impairment in the elderly," Br. J. Nutr., vol. 86, pp. 313-321, 2001.
[28] M. L. Blum, and J. C. Naylor, "Training and Learning. Industrial
Psychology: Its Theoretical and Social Foundations," pp. 237-275. New
York: Harper & Row, 1968.
[29] P. Houts, C. Doak, L. Doak, and M. Loscalzo, "The role of pictures in
improving health communication: a review of research on attention,
comprehension, recall, and adherence." Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 61, pp.
173-190, 2006.
[30] D. Fillippatou, and P. D. Pumfrey, "Pictures, titles, reading accuracy and
reading comprehension: a research review (1973-95)," Educ. Res., vol. 38,
pp. 259-291, 1996.
[1] M.R. Lehto, "Designing warning signs and warning labels Part II -
Scientific basis for initial guidelines," Applied Ergon., vol. 10, pp.
115-138, 2000.
[2] S. C. Tiju, J. Barcenilla, B. C. de Lavalette, and J. G. Meunier, "The
design, understanding and usage of pictograms," Students in Writing, vol.
21, pp. 17-32, 2007.
[3] D. A. Norman, The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Doubleday,
1990.
[4] M. S. Wogalter, "Factors influencing the effectiveness of warnings," in
Visual Information for Everyday Use- Design and Research Perspectives.
Part 3: Warnings. 1999, pp. 93-109. London: Taylor & Francis.
[5] I. Steenhuis, W. M. Vermeer, "Portion size: review and framework for
interventions," Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phy. Act., vol. 6:58, 2009.
[6] C. Byrd-Bredbenner, and J. Schwartz, "The effect of practical portion size
measurement aids on the accuracy of portion size estimates made by
young adults," J. Hum. Nutr. Diet., 17(4), pp. 351-357, 2004.
[7] M. Kirkcaldy-Hargreaves, "Assessment of the validity of four food
models," J. Can. Diet. Assoc. 41, pp. 102- 110, 1980.
[8] B. McGuire, E. Chambers, S. Godwin, and S. Brenner, "Size categories
most effective for estimating portion size of muffins," J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
101, pp. 470-472, 2001.
[9] M. Nelson, M. Atkinson, S. Darbyshire, "Food photography I: the
perception of food portion size from photographs," Br. J. Nutr., vol. 72,
pp. 649-663, 1994.
[10] L. E. Mansoor, and R. Dowse, "Design and evaluation of a new
pharmaceutical pictogram sequence to convey medicine usage," Ergon.
SA., vol. 16 (2), pp. 29-41, 2004.
[11] R. Dowse, and M. Ehlers, "The evaluation of pharmaceutical pictograms
in a low-literate South African population," Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 45
(2), pp. 87-99, 2001.
[12] R. Dowse, and M. S. Ehlers, "Pictograms for conveying medicine
instructions: comprehension in various South African language groups,"
S. Afr. J. Sci., vol. 100, pp. 687-693.
[13] K. Hameen-Antila, K. Kemppainen, H. Enlund, J. B. Patricia, and A.
Marja, "Do pictograms improve children-s understanding of medicine
leaflet information?" Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 55, pp. 371-378, 2004.
[14] The United States Pharmacopeia. (2000). USP Pictograms. Web site:
http://www.usp.org/audiences/consumers/pictograms/
[15] M. J. Kalsher, M. S. Wogalter, B. M. Racicot, "Pharmaceutical container
labels: enhancing preference perceptions with alternative designs and
pictorials," Int. J. Ind. Ergon., vol. 18, pp. 83-90, 1996.
[16] S. S. Sangsiry, P. S. Cady, B. A. Adamcik, "Consumer comprehension of
information on over-the-counter medication labels: effects of picture
superiority and individual differences based on age," J. Pharm. Mark.
Manage., vol. 11, pp. 63-76, 1997.
[17] E. C. Hanson, "Evaluating cognitive services for non-literate and visually
impaired patients in community pharmacy rotation sites," Am. J. Pharm.
Educ., vol. 59, pp. 48-55, 1995.
[18] L. N. Ngoh, M. D. Shepherd, "Design, development and evaluation of
visual aids for communicating prescription drug instructions to
nonliterate patients in rural Cameroon," Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 30, pp.
245- 61, 1997.
[19] Division of Food Health, Department of Health, Executive Yuan,
Republic of China. Food Information network, the Exchange Food List.
Retrieved May 03, 2009, from
http://food.doh.gov.tw/foodnew/MenuThird.aspx?SecondMenuID=16&
ThirdMenuID=109
[20] J. E. Readance, and D. W. Moore, "A meta-analytic reviewof the effect of
adjunct pictures on reading comprehension," Psycho. Sch., vol. 18, pp.
218-24, 1981.
[21] K. Ensle, L. Lytle, and C. Collins, Getting to Know Portion Sizes (No. FS
993). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Cooperative Extension, 2002.
[22] T. J. McDermott, "Cartooning: a humorous approach to medical and
health education," J. Biocommun., vol. 16(4), pp. 20-27, 1989.
[23] C. Delp, and J. Jones, "Communicating information to patients: the use of
cartoon illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions,"
Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 264-270, 1996.
[24] J. M. Moll, V. Wright, M. R. Jeffrey, J. D. Gopode, P. M. Humberstone,
"The cartoon in doctor-patient communication. Further study of the
arthritis and rheumatism council handbook on gout," Ann. Rheum. Dis.,
vol. 36, pp. 225-31, 1977.
[25] E. Valveny, and C. Dosch, "Performance evaluation of symbol
recognition," in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3163, 2004, pp.
354-365.
[26] J. Persson, L. Nyberg, J. Lind, A. Larsson, L. Nilsson, M. Ingvar, and R. L.
Buckner, "Structure--function correlates of cognitive decline in aging,"
Cereb. Cortex, vol. 16(7), pp. 907-915, 2006.
[27] M. Gonzalez-Gross, A. Marcos, and K. Pietrzik, "Nutrition and cognitive
impairment in the elderly," Br. J. Nutr., vol. 86, pp. 313-321, 2001.
[28] M. L. Blum, and J. C. Naylor, "Training and Learning. Industrial
Psychology: Its Theoretical and Social Foundations," pp. 237-275. New
York: Harper & Row, 1968.
[29] P. Houts, C. Doak, L. Doak, and M. Loscalzo, "The role of pictures in
improving health communication: a review of research on attention,
comprehension, recall, and adherence." Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 61, pp.
173-190, 2006.
[30] D. Fillippatou, and P. D. Pumfrey, "Pictures, titles, reading accuracy and
reading comprehension: a research review (1973-95)," Educ. Res., vol. 38,
pp. 259-291, 1996.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:63472", author = "Y.C. Liu and S.J. Lu and Y.C. Weng and H. Su", title = "Designing Pictogram for Food Portion Size", abstract = "The objective of this paper is to investigate a new
approach based on the idea of pictograms for food portion size. This
approach adopts the model of the United States Pharmacopeia- Drug
Information (USP-DI). The representation of each food portion size
composed of three parts: frame, the connotation of dietary portion
sizes and layout. To investigate users- comprehension based on this
approach, two experiments were conducted, included 122 Taiwanese
people, 60 male and 62 female with ages between 16 and 64 (divided
into age groups of 16-30, 31-45 and 46-64). In Experiment 1, the mean
correcting rate of the understanding level of food items is 48.54%
(S.D.= 95.08) and the mean response time 2.89sec (S.D.=2.14). The
difference on the correct rates for different age groups is significant
(P*=0.00", keywords = "Comprehension, Food Portion Size, Model of DietaryInformation, Pictogram Design, USP-DI.", volume = "4", number = "12", pages = "1463-6", }
