Depression and Its Effects on a Cognitive Performance Test
In this study, participants with adjustment disorder with depressed mood (aged 18-54 years) with mild depression (N=18), severe depression (N=12) were compared with healthy controls (N=20) on the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) a cognitive performance test. Using One Way Analysis of Variance and Matched Sample t-test. The results of the analysis shows that severely depressed participants performed poorly on the cognitive performance test relative to controls, however there were no significant differences on the cognitive performance test scores between the severely depressed and the mildly depressed. In addition, performance on the non-verbal performance subtest was poorer than that of the verbal subtest, suggesting that depression affects the executive functions of the person.
[1] World Health Organization. The health report 2002. Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002.
[2] R. E. Lauer, B. Giordani, M. J. Boivin, N. Halle, B. Glasgow, N. E.
Alessi, and S. Berent, Effects of depression on memory performance
and metamemory in children. Journal of American Academy of Child
Adolescent Psychiatry vol. 33 no.5, pp. 679-85, 1994.
[3] M.P. Austin, P. Mitchell, and G. M. Godwin, Cognitive deficits in
depression. Possible implications for functional neuropathology, British
Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 178, 200-206, 2001.
[4] E.M. Haines, P. M. Norris, and A.D. Kashy, The effects of depressed
mood on academic performance in college students. Journal of College
Student Development, vol. 37, pp. 519-526,1996.
[5] A Hysenbegasi, S. L. Hass, and C.R. Rowland. The impact of
depression on the academic productivity of university students. The
Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics vol 8. pp. 145-151,
2005.
[6] M.P. Austin, M. Ross, C. Murray, R.E. O-Carroll, K.P. Ebmeier, and
G.M. Godwin, Cognitive function in major depression, Journal of
Affective Disorders, vol. 25, no. 1, 21-9,1992.
[7] P.J. Portegijs, F.G. Vander-Horst, I.M. Proot H.F. Kraan, N.C. Gunther,
and J.A. Knottnerus, Somatization in frequent attenders of general
practice. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, vol.31, pp.29-37, 1996.
[8] Counseling Centre. Referrals for the year 2009. University of Education,
Winneba, 2009.
[9] V. Elderkin-Thompson, A. Kumar, W. B. Bilker, J.J. Dukin, J. Mintz,
P.J. Moberrg, R. I. Mesholam, and R. E. Gur, Neuropsychological
deficits among patients with late-onset minor and major depression,
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.18, no.5, pp. 529-549, 2003.
[10] J.E. Ilsley, A.P.R. Moffoot, and R.E. O-Carroll, An analysis of memory
dysfunction in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.
35, pp. 1-9, 1995.
[11] R. Purcell, P. Maruff, M. Kyrios, and C. Pantellis, Neuropsychological
function in young patients with unipolar major depression,
Psychological Medicine, vol 27, 1277-1285, 1997.
[12] J.F. Gumnick, and C.B. Nemeroff, Problems with currently available
antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 61 (supplement
10), pp. 5-15. [in reserve], 2000.
[13] H. Davis, and W.R. Unruh, Word memory in non-psychotic depression
Perceptual Motor Skills, vol. 51, (3Pt 1), 699-705, 1980.
[14] M. Kovacs, and D. Goldston, Cognitive and Social Cognitive
development of depressed children and adolescents. Journal of
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 30, pp.
388-392, 1991.
[15] H. Kalska, R. L. Punamaki, T. Makinen-Pelli, M. Saarinen, Memory and
metamemory functioning among depressed patients. Applied
Neuropsychology, vol.6, no.2, pp. 96-107, 1999.
[16] A. F. Schatzberg, J. A. Posener, C. DeBattista, M. Kalehzan, A. J.
Rothschild,and P.K. Shear, Neuropsychological deficits in Psychotic
versus Nonpsychotic Major Depression and no Mental Illness. American
Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, pp. 1095-1100, 2000.
[17] N. Bazin, P. Perruchet, M. De Bonis, A. Feline, The dissociation of
explicit and implicit memory in depressed patients, Psychological
Medicine vol. 24 no.1, 239-345, 1994.
[18] M. First, L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, and J. Williams, Structured interview
for Axis 1 DSM-IV Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychology
Press, 1995.
[19] A.T. Beck, A. J. Rush, B. E.Shaw, and G. Emery, Cognitive therapy of
depression. New York: Guilford, 1979.
[20] N. Dua," Cognitive style in depression. A study of Symptomatic and
remitted unipolar major depression at the Accra Psychiatric Hospital.
(Unpublished work style)" Unpublished, 1998, Department of
Psychology, University of Ghana.
[21] D.N Jackson, Multidimensional Aptitude battery-11. Sigma Assessment
systems Inc. 1998.
[22] L. Debra, "Standardization of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery
(Unpublished work style)" Unpublished, 2002.Department of
Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon.
[23] H. Christensen, K. Griffiths, A. Makinnon, and P. Jacomb, A
quantitative review of Cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimertype
dementia, Journal of International Neuropsychological society,
vol.3 no.6, 631-51, 1997.
[24] R. D. Nebes, M. A. Butters, J. T. Becker, B. S. Zmuda, B.H. Mulsant, B.
G. Pollock, and C. F. Reynolds III, Changes in Cognitive Functioning
Following Treatment of Late-Life Depression. American Journal of
Psychiatry,Vol.157, pp. 1949-1954, 2000.
[25] J. Sweeney, S. Wetzler, P. Stokes, and J. Kocsis, Cognitive functioning
in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 45, pp. 836 -
842,1989.
[26] R. Katz, B. F. Shaw, M. T. Vallis, and S. A. Kaiser, The assessment of
severity patterns and symptoms in depression.In Handbook of
depression, 2nd ed.,Guilford Press, NY, 1995pp.61-85.
[27] J. H. Jenkins, A. R. Kleinman, and B. J. Good, Cross cultural studies of
depression. In J. Becker 7 A. Kleinman (Eds.), Psychosocial Aspects of
Depression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991.
[28] V. Patel, M. Abas, J. Broadhead, C. Todd, and Reeler, Depression in
developing countries: lessons from Zimbabwe. British Medical Journal,
vol. 322, pp. 482-484, 2001.
[29] S.Chanon, Executive dysfunction in depression: the Wisconsin Card
Sorting Test. Journal of affective Disorders, vol. 39 no.2, 107-14, 1996.
[30] J. B. Henriques, and R. J. Davidson, Brain electrical asymmetries during
cognitive task performance in depressed and nondepressed subjects.
Biological Psychiatry, vol. 42, no.11, pp. 1039-1050, 1997.
[31] S. Blackmun, Is it Depression or is it Dementia? Psychiatric
Times vol 15, no. 2, 2004.
[1] World Health Organization. The health report 2002. Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002.
[2] R. E. Lauer, B. Giordani, M. J. Boivin, N. Halle, B. Glasgow, N. E.
Alessi, and S. Berent, Effects of depression on memory performance
and metamemory in children. Journal of American Academy of Child
Adolescent Psychiatry vol. 33 no.5, pp. 679-85, 1994.
[3] M.P. Austin, P. Mitchell, and G. M. Godwin, Cognitive deficits in
depression. Possible implications for functional neuropathology, British
Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 178, 200-206, 2001.
[4] E.M. Haines, P. M. Norris, and A.D. Kashy, The effects of depressed
mood on academic performance in college students. Journal of College
Student Development, vol. 37, pp. 519-526,1996.
[5] A Hysenbegasi, S. L. Hass, and C.R. Rowland. The impact of
depression on the academic productivity of university students. The
Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics vol 8. pp. 145-151,
2005.
[6] M.P. Austin, M. Ross, C. Murray, R.E. O-Carroll, K.P. Ebmeier, and
G.M. Godwin, Cognitive function in major depression, Journal of
Affective Disorders, vol. 25, no. 1, 21-9,1992.
[7] P.J. Portegijs, F.G. Vander-Horst, I.M. Proot H.F. Kraan, N.C. Gunther,
and J.A. Knottnerus, Somatization in frequent attenders of general
practice. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, vol.31, pp.29-37, 1996.
[8] Counseling Centre. Referrals for the year 2009. University of Education,
Winneba, 2009.
[9] V. Elderkin-Thompson, A. Kumar, W. B. Bilker, J.J. Dukin, J. Mintz,
P.J. Moberrg, R. I. Mesholam, and R. E. Gur, Neuropsychological
deficits among patients with late-onset minor and major depression,
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.18, no.5, pp. 529-549, 2003.
[10] J.E. Ilsley, A.P.R. Moffoot, and R.E. O-Carroll, An analysis of memory
dysfunction in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.
35, pp. 1-9, 1995.
[11] R. Purcell, P. Maruff, M. Kyrios, and C. Pantellis, Neuropsychological
function in young patients with unipolar major depression,
Psychological Medicine, vol 27, 1277-1285, 1997.
[12] J.F. Gumnick, and C.B. Nemeroff, Problems with currently available
antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 61 (supplement
10), pp. 5-15. [in reserve], 2000.
[13] H. Davis, and W.R. Unruh, Word memory in non-psychotic depression
Perceptual Motor Skills, vol. 51, (3Pt 1), 699-705, 1980.
[14] M. Kovacs, and D. Goldston, Cognitive and Social Cognitive
development of depressed children and adolescents. Journal of
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 30, pp.
388-392, 1991.
[15] H. Kalska, R. L. Punamaki, T. Makinen-Pelli, M. Saarinen, Memory and
metamemory functioning among depressed patients. Applied
Neuropsychology, vol.6, no.2, pp. 96-107, 1999.
[16] A. F. Schatzberg, J. A. Posener, C. DeBattista, M. Kalehzan, A. J.
Rothschild,and P.K. Shear, Neuropsychological deficits in Psychotic
versus Nonpsychotic Major Depression and no Mental Illness. American
Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, pp. 1095-1100, 2000.
[17] N. Bazin, P. Perruchet, M. De Bonis, A. Feline, The dissociation of
explicit and implicit memory in depressed patients, Psychological
Medicine vol. 24 no.1, 239-345, 1994.
[18] M. First, L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, and J. Williams, Structured interview
for Axis 1 DSM-IV Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychology
Press, 1995.
[19] A.T. Beck, A. J. Rush, B. E.Shaw, and G. Emery, Cognitive therapy of
depression. New York: Guilford, 1979.
[20] N. Dua," Cognitive style in depression. A study of Symptomatic and
remitted unipolar major depression at the Accra Psychiatric Hospital.
(Unpublished work style)" Unpublished, 1998, Department of
Psychology, University of Ghana.
[21] D.N Jackson, Multidimensional Aptitude battery-11. Sigma Assessment
systems Inc. 1998.
[22] L. Debra, "Standardization of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery
(Unpublished work style)" Unpublished, 2002.Department of
Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon.
[23] H. Christensen, K. Griffiths, A. Makinnon, and P. Jacomb, A
quantitative review of Cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimertype
dementia, Journal of International Neuropsychological society,
vol.3 no.6, 631-51, 1997.
[24] R. D. Nebes, M. A. Butters, J. T. Becker, B. S. Zmuda, B.H. Mulsant, B.
G. Pollock, and C. F. Reynolds III, Changes in Cognitive Functioning
Following Treatment of Late-Life Depression. American Journal of
Psychiatry,Vol.157, pp. 1949-1954, 2000.
[25] J. Sweeney, S. Wetzler, P. Stokes, and J. Kocsis, Cognitive functioning
in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 45, pp. 836 -
842,1989.
[26] R. Katz, B. F. Shaw, M. T. Vallis, and S. A. Kaiser, The assessment of
severity patterns and symptoms in depression.In Handbook of
depression, 2nd ed.,Guilford Press, NY, 1995pp.61-85.
[27] J. H. Jenkins, A. R. Kleinman, and B. J. Good, Cross cultural studies of
depression. In J. Becker 7 A. Kleinman (Eds.), Psychosocial Aspects of
Depression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991.
[28] V. Patel, M. Abas, J. Broadhead, C. Todd, and Reeler, Depression in
developing countries: lessons from Zimbabwe. British Medical Journal,
vol. 322, pp. 482-484, 2001.
[29] S.Chanon, Executive dysfunction in depression: the Wisconsin Card
Sorting Test. Journal of affective Disorders, vol. 39 no.2, 107-14, 1996.
[30] J. B. Henriques, and R. J. Davidson, Brain electrical asymmetries during
cognitive task performance in depressed and nondepressed subjects.
Biological Psychiatry, vol. 42, no.11, pp. 1039-1050, 1997.
[31] S. Blackmun, Is it Depression or is it Dementia? Psychiatric
Times vol 15, no. 2, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:53580", author = "C. Noi-Okwei", title = "Depression and Its Effects on a Cognitive Performance Test", abstract = "In this study, participants with adjustment disorder with depressed mood (aged 18-54 years) with mild depression (N=18), severe depression (N=12) were compared with healthy controls (N=20) on the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) a cognitive performance test. Using One Way Analysis of Variance and Matched Sample t-test. The results of the analysis shows that severely depressed participants performed poorly on the cognitive performance test relative to controls, however there were no significant differences on the cognitive performance test scores between the severely depressed and the mildly depressed. In addition, performance on the non-verbal performance subtest was poorer than that of the verbal subtest, suggesting that depression affects the executive functions of the person.
", keywords = "adjustment disorder, cognitive performance test,Depression,", volume = "4", number = "6", pages = "813-7", }
