Current Density Effect on Nickel Electroplating Using Post Supercritical CO2 Mixed Watts Electrolyte
In this study, a nickel film with nano-crystalline grains,
high hardness and smooth surface was electrodeposited using a post
supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) mixed Watts electrolyte. Although
the hardness was not as high as its Sc-CO2 counterpart, the thin coating
contained significantly less number of nano-sized pinholes. By
measuring the escape concentration of the dissolved CO2 in post
Sc-CO2 mixed electrolyte with the elapsed time, it was believed that
the residue of dissolved CO2 bubbles should closely relate to the
improvement in hardness and surface roughness over its conventional
plating counterpart. Therefore, shortening the duration of
electroplating with the raise of current density up to 0.5 A/cm2 could
effectively retain more post Sc-CO2 mixing effect. This study not only
confirms the roles of dissolved CO2 bubbles in electrolyte but also
provides a potential process to overcome most issues associated with
the cost in building high-pressure chamber for large size products and
continuous plating using supercritical method.
<p>[1] H. Yoshida, M. Sone, A. Mizushima, K. Abe, X.T. Tao, S. Ichihara, S.
Miyata, Electroplating of nanostructured nickel in emulsion of
supercritical carbon dioxide in electrolyte solution, Chemistry Letters, vol.
11, pp. 1086-1087, 2002.
[2] T.F.M. Chang, M. Sone, A. Shibata, C. Ishiyama, Y. Higo, Bright nickel
film deposited by supercritical carbon dioxide emulsion using
additive-free Watts bath, Electrochimica Acta, vol. 55, pp. 6469-6475,
2010.
[3] T.F.M. Chang, M. Sone, Function and mechanism of supercritical carbon
dioxide emulsified electrolyte in nickel electroplating reaction, Surface
and Coatings Technology, vol. 205, pp. 3890-3899, 2011.
[4] S.T. Chung, H.C. Huang, S.J. Pan, W.T. Tsai, P.Y. Lee, C.H. Yang, M.B.
Wu, Material characterization and corrosion performance of nickel
electroplated in supercritical CO2 fluid, Corrosion Science, vol. 50, pp.
2614-2619, 2008.
[5] S.T. Chung, W.T. Tsai, Nanocrystalline Ni-C electrodeposits prepared in
electrolytes containing supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, vol. 156, pp. D457-D461, 2009.
[6] N. Shinoda, T. Shimizu, T.F.M. Chang, A. Shibata, M. Sone, Filling of
nanoscale holes with high aspect ratio by Cu electroplating using
suspension of supercritical carbon dioxide in electrolyte with Cu particles,
Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 126-129, 2012.
[7] V.V. Dhanuka, J.L. Dickson, W. Ryoo, K.P. Johnston, High internal
phase CO2-in-water emulsions stabilized with a branched nonionic
hydrocarbon surfactant, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 298,
pp. 406-418, 2006.
[8] V.C. Nguyen, C.Y. Lee, F.J. Chen, C.S. Lin, T.Y. Liu, Study on the
internal stress of nickel coating electrodeposited in an electrolyte mixed
with supercritical carbon dioxide, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.
206, pp. 3201-3207, 2012.
[9] V.C. Nguyen, C.Y. Lee, L. Chang, F.J. Chen, C.S. Lin, The relationship
between nano crystallite structure and internal stress in Ni coatings
electrodeposited by Watts bath electrolyte mixed with supercritical CO2,
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 159, pp. D393-D399, 2012.
[10] C.V. Nguyen, C.Y. Lee, F.J. Chen, C.S. Lin, L. Chang, An electroplating
technique using the post supercritical carbon dioxide mixed electrolyte,
Surface & Coating Technology, in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016
/j.surfcoat.2013.05.016, 2013.
[11] J. Eigeldinger, H. Vogt, The bubble coverage of gas-evolving electrodes
in a flowing electrolyte, Electrochimica Acta, vol. 45, pp. 4449-4456,
2000.
[12] R. Weil, Origins of stress in electrodeposits- part I, Plating, vol. 57, pp.
1231-1237, 1970.
[13] S.H. Kim, H.J. Sohn, Y.C. Joo, Y.W. Kim, T.H. Yim, H.Y. Lee, and T.
Kang, Effect of saccharin addition on the microstructure of
electrodeposited Fe-36 wt% Ni alloy, Surface and Coating Technology,
vol. 199, pp. 43-48, 2005.
[14] C.V. Thompson, Structure evolution during processing of polycrystalline
films, Annual Review of Materials Science, vol. 30, pp. 159-190, 2000.
[15] J.K. Dennis, and T.E. Such, Nickel and Chromium Plating, Wiley, 1972.</p>
<p>[1] H. Yoshida, M. Sone, A. Mizushima, K. Abe, X.T. Tao, S. Ichihara, S.
Miyata, Electroplating of nanostructured nickel in emulsion of
supercritical carbon dioxide in electrolyte solution, Chemistry Letters, vol.
11, pp. 1086-1087, 2002.
[2] T.F.M. Chang, M. Sone, A. Shibata, C. Ishiyama, Y. Higo, Bright nickel
film deposited by supercritical carbon dioxide emulsion using
additive-free Watts bath, Electrochimica Acta, vol. 55, pp. 6469-6475,
2010.
[3] T.F.M. Chang, M. Sone, Function and mechanism of supercritical carbon
dioxide emulsified electrolyte in nickel electroplating reaction, Surface
and Coatings Technology, vol. 205, pp. 3890-3899, 2011.
[4] S.T. Chung, H.C. Huang, S.J. Pan, W.T. Tsai, P.Y. Lee, C.H. Yang, M.B.
Wu, Material characterization and corrosion performance of nickel
electroplated in supercritical CO2 fluid, Corrosion Science, vol. 50, pp.
2614-2619, 2008.
[5] S.T. Chung, W.T. Tsai, Nanocrystalline Ni-C electrodeposits prepared in
electrolytes containing supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, vol. 156, pp. D457-D461, 2009.
[6] N. Shinoda, T. Shimizu, T.F.M. Chang, A. Shibata, M. Sone, Filling of
nanoscale holes with high aspect ratio by Cu electroplating using
suspension of supercritical carbon dioxide in electrolyte with Cu particles,
Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 126-129, 2012.
[7] V.V. Dhanuka, J.L. Dickson, W. Ryoo, K.P. Johnston, High internal
phase CO2-in-water emulsions stabilized with a branched nonionic
hydrocarbon surfactant, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 298,
pp. 406-418, 2006.
[8] V.C. Nguyen, C.Y. Lee, F.J. Chen, C.S. Lin, T.Y. Liu, Study on the
internal stress of nickel coating electrodeposited in an electrolyte mixed
with supercritical carbon dioxide, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.
206, pp. 3201-3207, 2012.
[9] V.C. Nguyen, C.Y. Lee, L. Chang, F.J. Chen, C.S. Lin, The relationship
between nano crystallite structure and internal stress in Ni coatings
electrodeposited by Watts bath electrolyte mixed with supercritical CO2,
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 159, pp. D393-D399, 2012.
[10] C.V. Nguyen, C.Y. Lee, F.J. Chen, C.S. Lin, L. Chang, An electroplating
technique using the post supercritical carbon dioxide mixed electrolyte,
Surface & Coating Technology, in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016
/j.surfcoat.2013.05.016, 2013.
[11] J. Eigeldinger, H. Vogt, The bubble coverage of gas-evolving electrodes
in a flowing electrolyte, Electrochimica Acta, vol. 45, pp. 4449-4456,
2000.
[12] R. Weil, Origins of stress in electrodeposits- part I, Plating, vol. 57, pp.
1231-1237, 1970.
[13] S.H. Kim, H.J. Sohn, Y.C. Joo, Y.W. Kim, T.H. Yim, H.Y. Lee, and T.
Kang, Effect of saccharin addition on the microstructure of
electrodeposited Fe-36 wt% Ni alloy, Surface and Coating Technology,
vol. 199, pp. 43-48, 2005.
[14] C.V. Thompson, Structure evolution during processing of polycrystalline
films, Annual Review of Materials Science, vol. 30, pp. 159-190, 2000.
[15] J.K. Dennis, and T.E. Such, Nickel and Chromium Plating, Wiley, 1972.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:55507", author = "Chun-Ying Lee and Mei-Wen Wu and Van Cuong Nguyen and Hung-Wei Chuang", title = "Current Density Effect on Nickel Electroplating Using Post Supercritical CO2 Mixed Watts Electrolyte", abstract = "In this study, a nickel film with nano-crystalline grains,
high hardness and smooth surface was electrodeposited using a post
supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) mixed Watts electrolyte. Although
the hardness was not as high as its Sc-CO2 counterpart, the thin coating
contained significantly less number of nano-sized pinholes. By
measuring the escape concentration of the dissolved CO2 in post
Sc-CO2 mixed electrolyte with the elapsed time, it was believed that
the residue of dissolved CO2 bubbles should closely relate to the
improvement in hardness and surface roughness over its conventional
plating counterpart. Therefore, shortening the duration of
electroplating with the raise of current density up to 0.5 A/cm2 could
effectively retain more post Sc-CO2 mixing effect. This study not only
confirms the roles of dissolved CO2 bubbles in electrolyte but also
provides a potential process to overcome most issues associated with
the cost in building high-pressure chamber for large size products and
continuous plating using supercritical method.
", keywords = "Additive-free electrolyte, electroplating, nickel,
supercritical CO2.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "1499-6", }
