Combustion Improvements by C4/C5 Bio-Alcohol Isomer Blended Fuels Combined with Supercharging and EGR in a Diesel Engine
Next generation bio-alcohols produced from non-food based sources like cellulosic biomass are promising renewable energy sources. The present study investigates engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of a small single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled by four kinds of next generation bio-alcohol isomer and diesel fuel blends with a constant blending ratio of 3:7 (mass). The tested bio-alcohol isomers here are n-butanol and iso-butanol (C4 alcohol), and n-pentanol and iso-pentanol (C5 alcohol). To obtain simultaneous reductions in NOx and smoke emissions, the experiments employed supercharging combined with EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The boost pressures were fixed at two conditions, 100 kPa (naturally aspirated operation) and 120 kPa (supercharged operation) provided with a roots blower type supercharger. The EGR rates were varied from 0 to 25% using a cooled EGR technique. The results showed that both with and without supercharging, all the bio-alcohol blended diesel fuels improved the trade-off relation between NOx and smoke emissions at all EGR rates while maintaining good engine performance, when compared with diesel fuel operation. It was also found that regardless of boost pressure and EGR rate, the ignition delays of the tested bio-alcohol isomer blends are in the order of iso-butanol > n-butanol > iso-pentanol > n-pentanol. Overall, it was concluded that, except for the changes in the ignition delays the influence of bio-alcohol isomer blends on the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions are relatively small.
[1] K. Yamane, A. Ueta, and Y. Shimamoto, "Influence of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuels on injection, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition engine," Int. J. of Eng. Res., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 249-261, 2001.
[2] Y. Yoshimoto, and H. Tamaki, "Reduction of NOx and smoke emissions in a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel emulsion combined with EGR," SAE Trans., vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 467-475, 2001.
[3] E. Kinoshita, T. Myo, K. Hamasaki, H. Yajima, and Z. R. Kun, "Diesel combustion characteristics of coconut oil and palm oil biodiesels," SAE Paper, no. 2006-01-3251, pp. 1-10, 2006.
[4] Y. Yoshimoto, "Performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel derived from different vegetable oils and the characteristics of combustion of single droplets," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. no. 1, pp. 827-838, 2009.
[5] N. Mizushima, D. Kawano, H. Ishii, Y. Goto, and H. Arai, "Effect of fuel properties of biodiesel on its combustion and emission characteristics," SAE Paper, no. 2011-01-1939, pp. 1-11, 2011.
[6] E. Kinoshita, K. Fushimi, and Y. Yoshimoto, "Combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine with short and medium chain saturated fatty acid methyl esters," SAE Paper, no. 2013-32-9080, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[7] S. Lee, J. Jang, S. Oh, J. Kim, and K. Lee, "Comparative study on effect of intake pressure on diesel and biodiesel low temperature combustion characteristics in a compression ignition engine," SAE Paper, no. 2013-01-2533, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[8] H. G. How, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, Y.H. Teoh, and M.A. Abdullah, "Effect of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fuelled with coconut oil methyl ester," SAE Paper, no. 2013-01-2663, pp. 1-13, 2013.
[9] E. Kinoshita, A. Itakura, T. Otaka, K. Koide, Y. Yoshimoto, and T. Myo, "Diesel combustion characteristics of coconut oil ester fuels," SAE Paper, no. 2014-32-0084, pp. 1-6, 2014.
[10] Y. Yoshimoto, E. Kinoshita, and K. Fushimi, "Influence of the kind of fatty acid methyl esters on diesel combustion and the characteristics of soot formation in single droplet combustion," SAE Paper, no. 2014-32-0086, pp. 1-9 , 2014.
[11] C. D. Racopoulos, A. M. Dimaratos, E. G. Giakoumis, and D. C. Racopoulos, "Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends," Energy, vol. 35, pp. 5173-5184, 2010.
[12] F. Lujaji, L. Kristóf, A. Bereczky, and M. Mbarawa, "Experimental investigation of fuel properties, engine performance, combustion and emissions of blends containing croton oil, butanol, and diesel on a CI engine," Fuel, vol. 90, pp. 505–510, 2011.
[13] E. Kinoshita, K. Hamasaki, and R. Imabayashi, "Diesel combustion characteristics of biodiesel with 1-butanol," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 558-565, 2012.
[14] S. Yamamoto, Y. Agui, N. Kawaharada, N. Ueki, D. Sakaguti, and M. Ishida, "Comparison of diesel combustion between ethanol and butanol blended with gas oil," SAE Paper, no. 2012-32-0020, pp. 2012.
[15] H. Ogawa, H. Setiapraja, K. Hara, and G. Shibata, "Combustion and emissions with bio-alcohol and nonesterified vegetable oil blend fuels in a small diesel engine," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1395-1403, 2012.
[16] Y. Yoshimoto, E. Kinoshita, L. Shanbu, and T. Ohmura, "Influence of 1-butanol addition on diesel combustion with palm oil methyl ester/gas oil blends," Energy, vol. 61, pp. 44-51, 2013.
[17] K. Fushimi, E. Kinoshita, and Y. Yoshimoto, "Effect of butanol isomer on diesel combustion characteristics of butanol/gas oil blend," SAE Paper, no. 2013-32-9097, pp. 1-8, 2013.
[18] S. Yamamoto, S. Watanabe, K. Komada, D. Sakaguchi, H. Ueki, and M. Ishida, "Study on combustion and soot emission of ethanol or butanol blended with gas oil in a direct injection diesel engine," SAE Paper, no. 2013-32-9112, pp. 1-11, 2013.
[19] T. Otaka, K. Fushimi, E. Kinoshita, and Y. Yoshimoto, "Diesel combustion characteristics of palm oil methyl ester with 1-butanol," SAE Paper, no. 2014-32-0085, pp. 1-8, 2014.
[20] P. Pamela, Y. Peralta, and J. D. Keasling, “Advanced biofuel production in microbes,” Biotechnol. J., vol. 5, pp. 147-162, 2010.
[21] J. Zheng, Y. Tashiro, Q. Wang, and K. Sonomoto, “Recent advances to improve fermentative butanol production: Genetic engineering and fermentation technology,” J. of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2015.
[22] Z. Zheng, C. Li, H. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Zhong, and M. Yao, “Experimental study on diesel conventional and low temperature combustion by fueling four isomers of butanol,” Fuel, vol. 141, pp. 109-119, 2015.
[23] L. Li, W. Jianxin, W. Zhi, and X. Jianhua, “Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends,” Fuel, vol. 156, pp. 211-218, 2015.
[24] B. R. Kumar, and S. Saravanan, “Effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emissions of a constant speed DI diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel blends,” Fuel, vol. 160, pp. 217-226, 2015.
[25] L. Li, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and H. Liu, “Combustion and emissions of compression ignition in a direct injection diesel engine fueled with pentanol,” Energy, vol. 80, pp. 575-581, 2015.
[26] V. Kumar, D. Gupta, M. W. N. Siddiquee, A. Nagpal, and N. Kumar, “Performance and emission characteristics of n-butanol and iso-butanol diesel blend comparison,” SAE paper, no. 2015-01-2819, pp. 1-6, 2015.
[27] B. R. Kumar, and S. Saravanan, “Effects of iso-butanol/diesel and n-pentanol/diesel blends on performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine under premixed LTC (low temperature combustion) mode,” Fuel, vol. 170, pp. 49-59, 2016.
[28] A. Atmanli, “Comparative analyses of diesel–waste oil biodiesel and propanol, n-butanol or 1-pentanol blends in a diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 176, pp. 209-215, 2016.
[29] H. K. Imdadul, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Alabdulkarem, M. Kamruzzaman, and M. M. Rashed, “A comparative study of C4 and C5 alcohol treated diesel–biodiesel blends in terms of diesel engine performance and exhaust emission,” Fuel, vol. 179, pp. 281-288, 2016.
[30] H. K. Imdadul, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Alabdulkarem, M. M. Rashed, Y. H. Teoh, and H. G. How, “Higher alcohol–biodiesel–diesel blends: An approach for improving the performance, emission, and combustion of a light-duty diesel engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 111, pp. 174-185, 2016.
[31] E. Ileri, “Experimental study of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with n-butanol or 1-pentanol diesel–sunflower oil blends,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 118, pp. 320-330, 2016.
[32] B. R. Kumar, S. Saravanan, D. Rana, and A. Nagendran, “A comparative analysis on combustion and emissions of some next generation higher-alcohol/diesel blends in a direct-injection diesel engine” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 119, pp. 246-256, 2016.
[33] X. Cheng, S. Li, J. Yang, and B. Liu, “Investigation into partially premixed combustion fueled with N-butanol-diesel blends,” Renewable Energy, vol. 86, pp. 723-732, 2016.
[34] B. R. Kumar, S. Saravanan, D. Rana, and A. Nagendran, “Use of some advanced biofuels for overcoming smoke/NOx trade-off in a light-duty DI diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 96, pp. 687-699, 2016.
[35] L. Zhu, Y. Xiao, C. S. Cheung, C. Guan, and Z. Huang, “Combustion, gaseous and particulate emission of a diesel engine fueled with n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 102, pp.73-79, 2016.
[36] A. Ibrahim, “Performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 103, pp.651-659, 2016.
[37] Z. H. Zhang, and R. Balasubramanian, “Investigation of particulate emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohols/biodiesel blends,” Applied Energy, vol. 163, pp.71-80, 2016.
[38] N. Yilmaz, and A. Atmanli, “Experimental assessment of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-1-pentanol blends,” Fuel, Vol. 191, pp.190- 197, 2017.
[39] H. K. Imdadul, M. M. Rashed, M. M. Shahin, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, M. Kamruzzaman, and H. K. Rashedul, “Quality improvement of biodiesel blends using different promising fuel additives to reduce fuel consumption and NO emission from CI engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 138, pp. 327-337, 2017.
[40] X. Han, Z. Yang, M. Wang, J. Tjong, and M. Zheng, “Clean combustion of n-butanol as a next generation biofuel for diesel engines,” Applied Energy, vol. 198, pp.347-359, 2017.
[41] Y. Yoshimoto, M. Yamada, E. Kinoshita, and T. Otaka, “Influence of supercharging on biodiesel combustion in a small single cylinder DI diesel engine,” SAE paper no. 2015-32-0733, pp. 1-10, 2015.
[42] T. Shiozaki, H. Nakajima, Y. Kudo, A. Miyashita, and Y. Aoyagi, “The analysis of combustion flame under EGR conditions in a DI diesel engine, SAE Paper, no. 960323, pp. 1-14, 1996.
[1] K. Yamane, A. Ueta, and Y. Shimamoto, "Influence of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuels on injection, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition engine," Int. J. of Eng. Res., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 249-261, 2001.
[2] Y. Yoshimoto, and H. Tamaki, "Reduction of NOx and smoke emissions in a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel emulsion combined with EGR," SAE Trans., vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 467-475, 2001.
[3] E. Kinoshita, T. Myo, K. Hamasaki, H. Yajima, and Z. R. Kun, "Diesel combustion characteristics of coconut oil and palm oil biodiesels," SAE Paper, no. 2006-01-3251, pp. 1-10, 2006.
[4] Y. Yoshimoto, "Performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel derived from different vegetable oils and the characteristics of combustion of single droplets," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. no. 1, pp. 827-838, 2009.
[5] N. Mizushima, D. Kawano, H. Ishii, Y. Goto, and H. Arai, "Effect of fuel properties of biodiesel on its combustion and emission characteristics," SAE Paper, no. 2011-01-1939, pp. 1-11, 2011.
[6] E. Kinoshita, K. Fushimi, and Y. Yoshimoto, "Combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine with short and medium chain saturated fatty acid methyl esters," SAE Paper, no. 2013-32-9080, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[7] S. Lee, J. Jang, S. Oh, J. Kim, and K. Lee, "Comparative study on effect of intake pressure on diesel and biodiesel low temperature combustion characteristics in a compression ignition engine," SAE Paper, no. 2013-01-2533, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[8] H. G. How, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, Y.H. Teoh, and M.A. Abdullah, "Effect of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fuelled with coconut oil methyl ester," SAE Paper, no. 2013-01-2663, pp. 1-13, 2013.
[9] E. Kinoshita, A. Itakura, T. Otaka, K. Koide, Y. Yoshimoto, and T. Myo, "Diesel combustion characteristics of coconut oil ester fuels," SAE Paper, no. 2014-32-0084, pp. 1-6, 2014.
[10] Y. Yoshimoto, E. Kinoshita, and K. Fushimi, "Influence of the kind of fatty acid methyl esters on diesel combustion and the characteristics of soot formation in single droplet combustion," SAE Paper, no. 2014-32-0086, pp. 1-9 , 2014.
[11] C. D. Racopoulos, A. M. Dimaratos, E. G. Giakoumis, and D. C. Racopoulos, "Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends," Energy, vol. 35, pp. 5173-5184, 2010.
[12] F. Lujaji, L. Kristóf, A. Bereczky, and M. Mbarawa, "Experimental investigation of fuel properties, engine performance, combustion and emissions of blends containing croton oil, butanol, and diesel on a CI engine," Fuel, vol. 90, pp. 505–510, 2011.
[13] E. Kinoshita, K. Hamasaki, and R. Imabayashi, "Diesel combustion characteristics of biodiesel with 1-butanol," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 558-565, 2012.
[14] S. Yamamoto, Y. Agui, N. Kawaharada, N. Ueki, D. Sakaguti, and M. Ishida, "Comparison of diesel combustion between ethanol and butanol blended with gas oil," SAE Paper, no. 2012-32-0020, pp. 2012.
[15] H. Ogawa, H. Setiapraja, K. Hara, and G. Shibata, "Combustion and emissions with bio-alcohol and nonesterified vegetable oil blend fuels in a small diesel engine," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1395-1403, 2012.
[16] Y. Yoshimoto, E. Kinoshita, L. Shanbu, and T. Ohmura, "Influence of 1-butanol addition on diesel combustion with palm oil methyl ester/gas oil blends," Energy, vol. 61, pp. 44-51, 2013.
[17] K. Fushimi, E. Kinoshita, and Y. Yoshimoto, "Effect of butanol isomer on diesel combustion characteristics of butanol/gas oil blend," SAE Paper, no. 2013-32-9097, pp. 1-8, 2013.
[18] S. Yamamoto, S. Watanabe, K. Komada, D. Sakaguchi, H. Ueki, and M. Ishida, "Study on combustion and soot emission of ethanol or butanol blended with gas oil in a direct injection diesel engine," SAE Paper, no. 2013-32-9112, pp. 1-11, 2013.
[19] T. Otaka, K. Fushimi, E. Kinoshita, and Y. Yoshimoto, "Diesel combustion characteristics of palm oil methyl ester with 1-butanol," SAE Paper, no. 2014-32-0085, pp. 1-8, 2014.
[20] P. Pamela, Y. Peralta, and J. D. Keasling, “Advanced biofuel production in microbes,” Biotechnol. J., vol. 5, pp. 147-162, 2010.
[21] J. Zheng, Y. Tashiro, Q. Wang, and K. Sonomoto, “Recent advances to improve fermentative butanol production: Genetic engineering and fermentation technology,” J. of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2015.
[22] Z. Zheng, C. Li, H. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Zhong, and M. Yao, “Experimental study on diesel conventional and low temperature combustion by fueling four isomers of butanol,” Fuel, vol. 141, pp. 109-119, 2015.
[23] L. Li, W. Jianxin, W. Zhi, and X. Jianhua, “Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends,” Fuel, vol. 156, pp. 211-218, 2015.
[24] B. R. Kumar, and S. Saravanan, “Effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emissions of a constant speed DI diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel blends,” Fuel, vol. 160, pp. 217-226, 2015.
[25] L. Li, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and H. Liu, “Combustion and emissions of compression ignition in a direct injection diesel engine fueled with pentanol,” Energy, vol. 80, pp. 575-581, 2015.
[26] V. Kumar, D. Gupta, M. W. N. Siddiquee, A. Nagpal, and N. Kumar, “Performance and emission characteristics of n-butanol and iso-butanol diesel blend comparison,” SAE paper, no. 2015-01-2819, pp. 1-6, 2015.
[27] B. R. Kumar, and S. Saravanan, “Effects of iso-butanol/diesel and n-pentanol/diesel blends on performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine under premixed LTC (low temperature combustion) mode,” Fuel, vol. 170, pp. 49-59, 2016.
[28] A. Atmanli, “Comparative analyses of diesel–waste oil biodiesel and propanol, n-butanol or 1-pentanol blends in a diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 176, pp. 209-215, 2016.
[29] H. K. Imdadul, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Alabdulkarem, M. Kamruzzaman, and M. M. Rashed, “A comparative study of C4 and C5 alcohol treated diesel–biodiesel blends in terms of diesel engine performance and exhaust emission,” Fuel, vol. 179, pp. 281-288, 2016.
[30] H. K. Imdadul, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Alabdulkarem, M. M. Rashed, Y. H. Teoh, and H. G. How, “Higher alcohol–biodiesel–diesel blends: An approach for improving the performance, emission, and combustion of a light-duty diesel engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 111, pp. 174-185, 2016.
[31] E. Ileri, “Experimental study of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with n-butanol or 1-pentanol diesel–sunflower oil blends,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 118, pp. 320-330, 2016.
[32] B. R. Kumar, S. Saravanan, D. Rana, and A. Nagendran, “A comparative analysis on combustion and emissions of some next generation higher-alcohol/diesel blends in a direct-injection diesel engine” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 119, pp. 246-256, 2016.
[33] X. Cheng, S. Li, J. Yang, and B. Liu, “Investigation into partially premixed combustion fueled with N-butanol-diesel blends,” Renewable Energy, vol. 86, pp. 723-732, 2016.
[34] B. R. Kumar, S. Saravanan, D. Rana, and A. Nagendran, “Use of some advanced biofuels for overcoming smoke/NOx trade-off in a light-duty DI diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 96, pp. 687-699, 2016.
[35] L. Zhu, Y. Xiao, C. S. Cheung, C. Guan, and Z. Huang, “Combustion, gaseous and particulate emission of a diesel engine fueled with n-pentanol (C5 alcohol) blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 102, pp.73-79, 2016.
[36] A. Ibrahim, “Performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 103, pp.651-659, 2016.
[37] Z. H. Zhang, and R. Balasubramanian, “Investigation of particulate emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohols/biodiesel blends,” Applied Energy, vol. 163, pp.71-80, 2016.
[38] N. Yilmaz, and A. Atmanli, “Experimental assessment of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-1-pentanol blends,” Fuel, Vol. 191, pp.190- 197, 2017.
[39] H. K. Imdadul, M. M. Rashed, M. M. Shahin, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, M. Kamruzzaman, and H. K. Rashedul, “Quality improvement of biodiesel blends using different promising fuel additives to reduce fuel consumption and NO emission from CI engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 138, pp. 327-337, 2017.
[40] X. Han, Z. Yang, M. Wang, J. Tjong, and M. Zheng, “Clean combustion of n-butanol as a next generation biofuel for diesel engines,” Applied Energy, vol. 198, pp.347-359, 2017.
[41] Y. Yoshimoto, M. Yamada, E. Kinoshita, and T. Otaka, “Influence of supercharging on biodiesel combustion in a small single cylinder DI diesel engine,” SAE paper no. 2015-32-0733, pp. 1-10, 2015.
[42] T. Shiozaki, H. Nakajima, Y. Kudo, A. Miyashita, and Y. Aoyagi, “The analysis of combustion flame under EGR conditions in a DI diesel engine, SAE Paper, no. 960323, pp. 1-14, 1996.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:78078", author = "Yasufumi Yoshimoto and Enkhjargal Tserenochir and Eiji Kinoshita and Takeshi Otaka", title = "Combustion Improvements by C4/C5 Bio-Alcohol Isomer Blended Fuels Combined with Supercharging and EGR in a Diesel Engine", abstract = "Next generation bio-alcohols produced from non-food based sources like cellulosic biomass are promising renewable energy sources. The present study investigates engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of a small single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled by four kinds of next generation bio-alcohol isomer and diesel fuel blends with a constant blending ratio of 3:7 (mass). The tested bio-alcohol isomers here are n-butanol and iso-butanol (C4 alcohol), and n-pentanol and iso-pentanol (C5 alcohol). To obtain simultaneous reductions in NOx and smoke emissions, the experiments employed supercharging combined with EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The boost pressures were fixed at two conditions, 100 kPa (naturally aspirated operation) and 120 kPa (supercharged operation) provided with a roots blower type supercharger. The EGR rates were varied from 0 to 25% using a cooled EGR technique. The results showed that both with and without supercharging, all the bio-alcohol blended diesel fuels improved the trade-off relation between NOx and smoke emissions at all EGR rates while maintaining good engine performance, when compared with diesel fuel operation. It was also found that regardless of boost pressure and EGR rate, the ignition delays of the tested bio-alcohol isomer blends are in the order of iso-butanol > n-butanol > iso-pentanol > n-pentanol. Overall, it was concluded that, except for the changes in the ignition delays the influence of bio-alcohol isomer blends on the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions are relatively small.
", keywords = "Alternative fuel, Butanol, Diesel engine, EGR, Next generation bio-alcohol isomer blended fuel, Pentanol, Supercharging.", volume = "12", number = "10", pages = "961-9", }
