Classification and Resolving Urban Problems by Means of Fuzzy Approach
Urban problems are problems of organized complexity. Thus, many models and scientific methods to resolve urban problems are failed. This study is concerned with proposing of a fuzzy system driven approach for classification and solving urban problems. The proposed study investigated mainly the selection of the inputs and outputs of urban systems for classification of urban problems. In this research, five categories of urban problems, respect to fuzzy system approach had been recognized: control, polytely, optimizing, open and decision making problems. Grounded Theory techniques were then applied to analyze the data and develop new solving method for each category. The findings indicate that the fuzzy system methods are powerful processes and analytic tools for helping planners to resolve urban complex problems. These tools can be successful where as others have failed because both incorporate or address uncertainty and risk; complexity and systems interacting with other systems.
[1] R. Horn, R. Weber, "New tools for resolving wicked problems, Mess
Mapping and Resolution Mapping processes," Macro VU Inc and
Strategy Kinetics UC, 2007.
[2] D. B. Lee, "Retrospective on large-scale urban models," J. of the
American Planning Association, 60, 35 - 40, 1994.
[3] M. Batty, "Cities and complexity," The MIT Press, London, 2005, p.3-
15.
[4] G. F. Chadwick, C. A. Francisco, "Systems view of planning: towards a
theory of the urban planning process," pergamon press, Oxford, 1978.
[5] J. Jacobs, "The death and life of great American cities," Vintage Books,
New York, 1961.
[6] J. L. Casti, "Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world
through the science of surprise," Harper Collins, New York, 1994.
[7] J. L. Casti, "Would-be worlds: How simulation is changing the frontiers of
science," John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1997.
[8] J. L. Casti, "Searching for certainty: What scientists can know about the
future," William Morrow, New York, 1991.
[9] D. S. Dendrinos, "Chaos and socio-spatial dynamics," Springer-Verlag,
New York, 1990.
[10] D. S. Dendrinos, "The dynamics of cities: Ecological determinism,
dualism and chaos," Routledge, New York, 1992.
[11] P. Nijkamp, A. Reggiani, "Interaction, evolution, and chaos in space,"
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
[12] J. D. Phillips, "Spatial domain chaos in landscapes," Geographical
Analysis, 25, 101- 117, 1993.
[13] J. D. Phillips, "Self-organization and landscape evolution," Progress in
Physical Geography, 19, 309-321, 1995.
[14] B. Alexander, "The definition of system," Cybernetics, 29 (4), 444-451,
2000.
[15] L. V. Bertalanffy, "An outline of general systems theory," British J.
Philosophy Sci., 1(2), 1950.
[16] M. Bunge, "A world of systems," Dordrecht, Boston, 1979.
[17] W. Weaver, "Science and complexity," American Scientist, 36, 536,
1948.
[18] P. Cilliers, "Complexity and postmodernism: Understanding complex
systems," Routledge, London, 1998
[19] D. Mackenzie, "The science of surprise," Discover Magazine, 32(2), 59-
63, 2002.
[20] M. L. Commons, "A quantitative behavioral model of development stage
based upon hierarchical complexity theory," Behavior Analyst Today,
2(3), 222 - 240, 2001.
[21] R. Ulanowicz, "Ecology, the ascendant perspective," Columbia, 1997.
[22] E. Morin, J. Moigne, "The intelligence of complexity," L' Harmattan,
Paris, 1999.
[23] H. Rittle, M. Webber, "Dilemmas in a general theory of planning,"
Policy sci., Elsevier scientific publishing company, 4, Amsterdam,
1973.
[24] G. Polya, "How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method," 2nd
ed., Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1957.
[25] R. Ackoff, "The art of problem solving," John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1978.
[26] T. Gelder, "Dynamic approaches to cognition," the MIT Encyclopedia
of Cognitive Sci., Cambridge, 244-6, 1999.
[27] J. Conklin, "Wicked problems and social complexity," chapter 1 of
"Dialogue Mapping: Building shared Understanding of Wicked
Problems", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2006.
[28] T. Richey, "Wicked problems: Structuring social messes with
morphological analysis," Swedish Morphological Society, Sweden,
2007.
[29] L. A. Zadeh, "Fuzzy sets and systems," Polytechnic Press, Brooklyn,
NY, 29-39, 1965.
[30] Strauss, J. Corbin, "Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory
procedures and techniques," Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990.
[31] L. A. Zadeh, "Making computers think like people," IEEE, Spectrum, 8,
26-32, 1984.
[32] E. W. Soja, "Post metropolis, critical studies of cities and regions,"
Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1577180011, 2000.
[33] F. Guerin, "Rank-size distribution and the process of urban growth,"
Urban Studies, 32(3), 551-562, 1995.
[34] K. Soo, "Zipf-s law for cities: A cross country investigation," Center for
economic performance, CEP discussion paper, 641, 2002.
[35] D. Cuberes, "The rise and decline of cities," University of Chicago,
September 29, 2004.
[36] T. Yang, "The role of space in the emergence of conceived urban
areas," In: Spatial Cognition '06: Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition
Workshop, 24-28 September 2006, Bremen, Germany, 2006.
[37] Shokoohi, F. Noorian, "Site selection of urban services with a Fuzzy
GIS," A thesis submitted to the Graduate Studies Office in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.A. in urban
planning, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
2004.
[38] J. Jantzen, "Design of Fuzzy controllers," Tech. report no 98-E 864
(design), Technical University of Denmark, Department of Automation,
Bldg 326, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark, 1998.
[39] R. R. Yager, L. A. Zadeh, "An introduction to Fuzzy logic
applications in intelligent systems," Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
[40] D. Driankov, "An introduction to fuzzy control," second ed., Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
[41] T. J. Cartwright, "Problems, solutions and strategies: A contribution to
the theory and practice of planning," J. A.I.P, 1973.
[42] L. Wang, "Adaptive fuzzy systems and control: design and stability
analysis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., NJ, USA, 1994.
[43] J. Xu, "Complex problem solving: Identity matching based on social
contextual information," J. of the association for Information system,
8(10), 525-545, 2007.
[44] R. E. Belaman, L. A. Zadeh, "Decision making in a fuzzy environment,"
Management Sci., 141-164, 1970.
[45] G. Bojadziev, "Fuzzy logic for business, finance, and management,"
World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore, 2007.
[46] B. W. Taylor, "Introduction to management science," Pearson
Education Inc., 2004.
[47] T. L. Saaty, "The Analytical Hierarchy Process," Mc Grow Hill, New
York, 1980.
[48] H. A. Taha, "Operations Research," Pearson Education Inc.,
Fayetteville, 2003.
[49] D. Bouyssou, T. Marchant, M. Pirlot, P. Perny, A. Tsoukias and P.
Vincke, "Evaluation models: A critical perspective," Kluwer, Boston,
2000.
[50] A. Ozdagoglu, "Comparison of AHP and fuzzy AHP for the
multicriteria decision making processes with linguistic evaluations,"
Istanbul Commerce University, J. Sci., 6(11), 65-85, 2007.
[51] L. Silva, J. Haddad, "Application of fuzzy optimization in energy
saving," Revista Exatas J., 8, 21-34, 2002.
[52] C. D. Stylios, V. C. Georgopoulos, and P. P. Groumpos, "The use of
fuzzy cognitive maps in modeling systems," 17th IEEE Mediterranean
Conference on Control and Automation (MED '09), June 24-26 2009,
Makedonia Palace, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2009.
[1] R. Horn, R. Weber, "New tools for resolving wicked problems, Mess
Mapping and Resolution Mapping processes," Macro VU Inc and
Strategy Kinetics UC, 2007.
[2] D. B. Lee, "Retrospective on large-scale urban models," J. of the
American Planning Association, 60, 35 - 40, 1994.
[3] M. Batty, "Cities and complexity," The MIT Press, London, 2005, p.3-
15.
[4] G. F. Chadwick, C. A. Francisco, "Systems view of planning: towards a
theory of the urban planning process," pergamon press, Oxford, 1978.
[5] J. Jacobs, "The death and life of great American cities," Vintage Books,
New York, 1961.
[6] J. L. Casti, "Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world
through the science of surprise," Harper Collins, New York, 1994.
[7] J. L. Casti, "Would-be worlds: How simulation is changing the frontiers of
science," John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1997.
[8] J. L. Casti, "Searching for certainty: What scientists can know about the
future," William Morrow, New York, 1991.
[9] D. S. Dendrinos, "Chaos and socio-spatial dynamics," Springer-Verlag,
New York, 1990.
[10] D. S. Dendrinos, "The dynamics of cities: Ecological determinism,
dualism and chaos," Routledge, New York, 1992.
[11] P. Nijkamp, A. Reggiani, "Interaction, evolution, and chaos in space,"
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.
[12] J. D. Phillips, "Spatial domain chaos in landscapes," Geographical
Analysis, 25, 101- 117, 1993.
[13] J. D. Phillips, "Self-organization and landscape evolution," Progress in
Physical Geography, 19, 309-321, 1995.
[14] B. Alexander, "The definition of system," Cybernetics, 29 (4), 444-451,
2000.
[15] L. V. Bertalanffy, "An outline of general systems theory," British J.
Philosophy Sci., 1(2), 1950.
[16] M. Bunge, "A world of systems," Dordrecht, Boston, 1979.
[17] W. Weaver, "Science and complexity," American Scientist, 36, 536,
1948.
[18] P. Cilliers, "Complexity and postmodernism: Understanding complex
systems," Routledge, London, 1998
[19] D. Mackenzie, "The science of surprise," Discover Magazine, 32(2), 59-
63, 2002.
[20] M. L. Commons, "A quantitative behavioral model of development stage
based upon hierarchical complexity theory," Behavior Analyst Today,
2(3), 222 - 240, 2001.
[21] R. Ulanowicz, "Ecology, the ascendant perspective," Columbia, 1997.
[22] E. Morin, J. Moigne, "The intelligence of complexity," L' Harmattan,
Paris, 1999.
[23] H. Rittle, M. Webber, "Dilemmas in a general theory of planning,"
Policy sci., Elsevier scientific publishing company, 4, Amsterdam,
1973.
[24] G. Polya, "How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method," 2nd
ed., Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1957.
[25] R. Ackoff, "The art of problem solving," John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1978.
[26] T. Gelder, "Dynamic approaches to cognition," the MIT Encyclopedia
of Cognitive Sci., Cambridge, 244-6, 1999.
[27] J. Conklin, "Wicked problems and social complexity," chapter 1 of
"Dialogue Mapping: Building shared Understanding of Wicked
Problems", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2006.
[28] T. Richey, "Wicked problems: Structuring social messes with
morphological analysis," Swedish Morphological Society, Sweden,
2007.
[29] L. A. Zadeh, "Fuzzy sets and systems," Polytechnic Press, Brooklyn,
NY, 29-39, 1965.
[30] Strauss, J. Corbin, "Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory
procedures and techniques," Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990.
[31] L. A. Zadeh, "Making computers think like people," IEEE, Spectrum, 8,
26-32, 1984.
[32] E. W. Soja, "Post metropolis, critical studies of cities and regions,"
Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1577180011, 2000.
[33] F. Guerin, "Rank-size distribution and the process of urban growth,"
Urban Studies, 32(3), 551-562, 1995.
[34] K. Soo, "Zipf-s law for cities: A cross country investigation," Center for
economic performance, CEP discussion paper, 641, 2002.
[35] D. Cuberes, "The rise and decline of cities," University of Chicago,
September 29, 2004.
[36] T. Yang, "The role of space in the emergence of conceived urban
areas," In: Spatial Cognition '06: Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition
Workshop, 24-28 September 2006, Bremen, Germany, 2006.
[37] Shokoohi, F. Noorian, "Site selection of urban services with a Fuzzy
GIS," A thesis submitted to the Graduate Studies Office in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.A. in urban
planning, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
2004.
[38] J. Jantzen, "Design of Fuzzy controllers," Tech. report no 98-E 864
(design), Technical University of Denmark, Department of Automation,
Bldg 326, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark, 1998.
[39] R. R. Yager, L. A. Zadeh, "An introduction to Fuzzy logic
applications in intelligent systems," Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
[40] D. Driankov, "An introduction to fuzzy control," second ed., Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
[41] T. J. Cartwright, "Problems, solutions and strategies: A contribution to
the theory and practice of planning," J. A.I.P, 1973.
[42] L. Wang, "Adaptive fuzzy systems and control: design and stability
analysis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., NJ, USA, 1994.
[43] J. Xu, "Complex problem solving: Identity matching based on social
contextual information," J. of the association for Information system,
8(10), 525-545, 2007.
[44] R. E. Belaman, L. A. Zadeh, "Decision making in a fuzzy environment,"
Management Sci., 141-164, 1970.
[45] G. Bojadziev, "Fuzzy logic for business, finance, and management,"
World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore, 2007.
[46] B. W. Taylor, "Introduction to management science," Pearson
Education Inc., 2004.
[47] T. L. Saaty, "The Analytical Hierarchy Process," Mc Grow Hill, New
York, 1980.
[48] H. A. Taha, "Operations Research," Pearson Education Inc.,
Fayetteville, 2003.
[49] D. Bouyssou, T. Marchant, M. Pirlot, P. Perny, A. Tsoukias and P.
Vincke, "Evaluation models: A critical perspective," Kluwer, Boston,
2000.
[50] A. Ozdagoglu, "Comparison of AHP and fuzzy AHP for the
multicriteria decision making processes with linguistic evaluations,"
Istanbul Commerce University, J. Sci., 6(11), 65-85, 2007.
[51] L. Silva, J. Haddad, "Application of fuzzy optimization in energy
saving," Revista Exatas J., 8, 21-34, 2002.
[52] C. D. Stylios, V. C. Georgopoulos, and P. P. Groumpos, "The use of
fuzzy cognitive maps in modeling systems," 17th IEEE Mediterranean
Conference on Control and Automation (MED '09), June 24-26 2009,
Makedonia Palace, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:64614", author = "F. Habib and A. Shokoohi", title = "Classification and Resolving Urban Problems by Means of Fuzzy Approach", abstract = "Urban problems are problems of organized complexity. Thus, many models and scientific methods to resolve urban problems are failed. This study is concerned with proposing of a fuzzy system driven approach for classification and solving urban problems. The proposed study investigated mainly the selection of the inputs and outputs of urban systems for classification of urban problems. In this research, five categories of urban problems, respect to fuzzy system approach had been recognized: control, polytely, optimizing, open and decision making problems. Grounded Theory techniques were then applied to analyze the data and develop new solving method for each category. The findings indicate that the fuzzy system methods are powerful processes and analytic tools for helping planners to resolve urban complex problems. These tools can be successful where as others have failed because both incorporate or address uncertainty and risk; complexity and systems interacting with other systems.
", keywords = "Classification, complexity, Fuzzy theory, urban problems.", volume = "3", number = "12", pages = "501-8", }
