Characterisation of Wind-Driven Ventilation in Complex Terrain Conditions
The physical effects of upstream flow obstructions such
as vegetation on cross-ventilation phenomena of a building are
important for issues such as indoor thermal comfort. Modelling such
effects in Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations may also be
challenging. The aim of this work is to establish the cross-ventilation
jet behaviour in such complex terrain conditions as well as to provide
guidelines on the implementation of CFD numerical simulations in
order to model complex terrain features such as vegetation in an
efficient manner. The methodology consists of onsite measurements
on a test cell coupled with numerical simulations. It was found
that the cross-ventilation flow is highly turbulent despite the very
low velocities encountered internally within the test cells. While no
direct measurement of the jet direction was made, the measurements
indicate that flow tends to be reversed from the leeward to the
windward side. Modelling such a phenomenon proves challenging
and is strongly influenced by how vegetation is modelled. A solid
vegetation tends to predict better the direction and magnitude of the
flow than a porous vegetation approach. A simplified terrain model
was also shown to provide good comparisons with observation. The
findings have important implications on the study of cross-ventilation
in complex terrain conditions since the flow direction does not remain
trivial, as with the traditional isolated building case.
[1] M. Shirzadi, M. Naghashzadegan, and P. A. Mirzaei,
“Improving the CFD modelling of cross-ventilation in
highly-packed urban areas,” Sustainable Cities and Society,
vol. 37, pp. 451–465, 2018. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670717312891.
[2] R. Ramponi and B. Blocken, “CFD simulation of cross-ventilation for a
generic isolated building: Impact of computational parameters,” Building
and Environment, vol. 53, pp. 34–48, jul 2012. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132312000133.
[3] L. Wang and N. H. Wong, “Coupled simulations for
naturally ventilated rooms between building simulation (BS)
and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for better prediction
of indoor thermal environment,” Building and Environment,
vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 95–112, jan 2009. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132308000231.
[4] A. H. Abdullah and F. Wang, “Design and low energy
ventilation solutions for atria in the tropics,” Sustainable Cities
and Society, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8–28, 2012. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670711000606.
[5] A. Mochida, H. Yoshino, S. Miyauchi, and T. Mitamura,
“Total analysis of cooling effects of cross-ventilation
affected by microclimate around a building,” Solar Energy,
vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 371–382, 2006. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X05003075.
[6] X.-Y. Ma, Y. Peng, F.-Y. Zhao, C.-W. Liu, and S.-J. Mei,
“Full Numerical Investigations on the Wind Driven Natural
Ventilation: Cross Ventilation and Single-sided Ventilation,” Procedia
Engineering, vol. 205, pp. 3797–3803, 2017. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705817346842.
[7] H. Wang, P. Karava, and Q. Chen, “Development of simple
semiempirical models for calculating airflow through hopper, awning,
and casement windows for single-sided natural ventilation,” Energy
and Buildings, vol. 96, pp. 373–384, 2015. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778815002509.
[8] T. Clima, “Ultrasonic anemometer 3D operating
instructions,” Tech. Rep., 2012. (Online). Available:
http://www.novalynx.com/images/200-81000.jpg.
[9] W. Ltd., “www.windspeed.co.uk.” (Online). Available:
www.windspeed.co.uk.
[10] T. van Hooff, B. Blocken, and Y. Tominaga, “On the accuracy of
CFD simulations of cross-ventilation flows for a generic isolated
building: Comparison of RANS, LES and experiments,” Building
and Environment, vol. 114, pp. 148–165, 2016. (Online). Available:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S036013231630511X.
[11] D. Micallef, V. Buhagiar, and S. P. Borg, “Cross-ventilation
of a room in a courtyard building,” Energy and
Buildings, vol. 133, pp. 658–669, 2016. (Online). Available:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778816309124.
[12] F. Jørgensen, “How to measure turbulence with hot-wire anemometersa
practical guide,” Dantec Dynamics, p. 3244, 2002.
[13] I. Ansys, “ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide,” vol. 15317, no. November, p.
514, 2013. [14] B. C. J¨org Franke, Antti Hellsten, Heinke Schl¨unzen, Best Practice
Guideline for the Cfd Simulation of Flows in the Urban Environment
Quality Assurance and Improvement of, 2007, no. May.
[15] Y. Tominaga, A. Mochida, R. Yoshie, H. Kataoka, T. Nozu,
M. Yoshikawa, and T. Shirasawa, “AIJ guidelines for practical
applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around
buildings,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,
vol. 96, no. 10-11, pp. 1749–1761, oct 2008. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610508000445.
[16] M. Ray, A. Rogers, and J. McGowan, “Analysis of Wind Shear Models
and Trends in Different Terrains,” AWEA Wind Power 2005 Conference,
no. June 2006, pp. 4–7, 2006.
[17] H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction
to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume
Method. Pearson Education Limited, 2007. (Online). Available:
http://books.google.com.mt/books?id=RvBZ-UMpGzIC.
[18] L. Manickathan, T. Defraeye, J. Allegrini, D. Derome, and J. Carmeliet,
“Aerodynamic characterisation of model vegetation by wind tunnel
experiments,” no. June, pp. 30–31, 2016.
[19] C. Gromke, “Modeling vegetation in Wind Engineering wind tunnel
studies,” The Seventh International Colloquium on Bluff Body
Aerodynamics and Applications, pp. 1421–1428, 2012.
[20] K. Grunert, F., Benndorf, D., Klingbeil, “Neuere Ergebnisse zum Aufbau
von Schutzpflanzungen,” in Beitr¨age f¨ur die Forstwissenschaft 18, 1984,
pp. 108–115.
[21] V. Yakhot, S. A. Orszag, S. Thangam, T. B. Gatski, and C. G.
Speziale, “Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a
double expansion technique,” Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics
(1989-1993), vol. 4, no. 7, 1992.
[22] G. Evola and V. Popov, “Computational analysis of wind
driven natural ventilation in buildings,” Energy and Buildings,
vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 491–501, may 2006. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778805001702.
[23] P. Karava, T. Stathopoulos, and A. K. Athienitis, “Airflow assessment
in cross-ventilated buildings with operable fac¸ade elements,” Building
and Environment, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 266–279, 2011.
[24] B. A. Kader, “Temperature and concentration profiles in fully
turbulent boundary layers,” International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1541–1544, 1981. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0017931081902209.
[25] H. C. CHEN and V. C. PATEL, “Near-wall turbulence models for
complex flows including separation,” AIAA Journal, vol. 26, no. 6, pp.
641–648, jun 1988. (Online). Available: https://doi.org/10.2514/3.9948.
[26] M. Wolfshtein, “The velocity and temperature distribution in
one-dimensional flow with turbulence augmentation and pressure
gradient,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,
vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 301–318, 1969. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001793106990012X.
[27] P. J. Roache, K. N. Ghia, and F. M. White, “Editorial Policy Statement
on the Control of Numerical Accuracy,” Journal of Fluids Engineering,
vol. 108, no. 1, p. 1, 1986.
[28] P. J. Roache, “Verification and Validation in Computational Science and
Engineering.” Hermosa Publishers, 1998, pp. 107–141.
[1] M. Shirzadi, M. Naghashzadegan, and P. A. Mirzaei,
“Improving the CFD modelling of cross-ventilation in
highly-packed urban areas,” Sustainable Cities and Society,
vol. 37, pp. 451–465, 2018. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670717312891.
[2] R. Ramponi and B. Blocken, “CFD simulation of cross-ventilation for a
generic isolated building: Impact of computational parameters,” Building
and Environment, vol. 53, pp. 34–48, jul 2012. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132312000133.
[3] L. Wang and N. H. Wong, “Coupled simulations for
naturally ventilated rooms between building simulation (BS)
and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for better prediction
of indoor thermal environment,” Building and Environment,
vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 95–112, jan 2009. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132308000231.
[4] A. H. Abdullah and F. Wang, “Design and low energy
ventilation solutions for atria in the tropics,” Sustainable Cities
and Society, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8–28, 2012. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670711000606.
[5] A. Mochida, H. Yoshino, S. Miyauchi, and T. Mitamura,
“Total analysis of cooling effects of cross-ventilation
affected by microclimate around a building,” Solar Energy,
vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 371–382, 2006. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X05003075.
[6] X.-Y. Ma, Y. Peng, F.-Y. Zhao, C.-W. Liu, and S.-J. Mei,
“Full Numerical Investigations on the Wind Driven Natural
Ventilation: Cross Ventilation and Single-sided Ventilation,” Procedia
Engineering, vol. 205, pp. 3797–3803, 2017. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705817346842.
[7] H. Wang, P. Karava, and Q. Chen, “Development of simple
semiempirical models for calculating airflow through hopper, awning,
and casement windows for single-sided natural ventilation,” Energy
and Buildings, vol. 96, pp. 373–384, 2015. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778815002509.
[8] T. Clima, “Ultrasonic anemometer 3D operating
instructions,” Tech. Rep., 2012. (Online). Available:
http://www.novalynx.com/images/200-81000.jpg.
[9] W. Ltd., “www.windspeed.co.uk.” (Online). Available:
www.windspeed.co.uk.
[10] T. van Hooff, B. Blocken, and Y. Tominaga, “On the accuracy of
CFD simulations of cross-ventilation flows for a generic isolated
building: Comparison of RANS, LES and experiments,” Building
and Environment, vol. 114, pp. 148–165, 2016. (Online). Available:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S036013231630511X.
[11] D. Micallef, V. Buhagiar, and S. P. Borg, “Cross-ventilation
of a room in a courtyard building,” Energy and
Buildings, vol. 133, pp. 658–669, 2016. (Online). Available:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778816309124.
[12] F. Jørgensen, “How to measure turbulence with hot-wire anemometersa
practical guide,” Dantec Dynamics, p. 3244, 2002.
[13] I. Ansys, “ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide,” vol. 15317, no. November, p.
514, 2013. [14] B. C. J¨org Franke, Antti Hellsten, Heinke Schl¨unzen, Best Practice
Guideline for the Cfd Simulation of Flows in the Urban Environment
Quality Assurance and Improvement of, 2007, no. May.
[15] Y. Tominaga, A. Mochida, R. Yoshie, H. Kataoka, T. Nozu,
M. Yoshikawa, and T. Shirasawa, “AIJ guidelines for practical
applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around
buildings,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,
vol. 96, no. 10-11, pp. 1749–1761, oct 2008. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610508000445.
[16] M. Ray, A. Rogers, and J. McGowan, “Analysis of Wind Shear Models
and Trends in Different Terrains,” AWEA Wind Power 2005 Conference,
no. June 2006, pp. 4–7, 2006.
[17] H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction
to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume
Method. Pearson Education Limited, 2007. (Online). Available:
http://books.google.com.mt/books?id=RvBZ-UMpGzIC.
[18] L. Manickathan, T. Defraeye, J. Allegrini, D. Derome, and J. Carmeliet,
“Aerodynamic characterisation of model vegetation by wind tunnel
experiments,” no. June, pp. 30–31, 2016.
[19] C. Gromke, “Modeling vegetation in Wind Engineering wind tunnel
studies,” The Seventh International Colloquium on Bluff Body
Aerodynamics and Applications, pp. 1421–1428, 2012.
[20] K. Grunert, F., Benndorf, D., Klingbeil, “Neuere Ergebnisse zum Aufbau
von Schutzpflanzungen,” in Beitr¨age f¨ur die Forstwissenschaft 18, 1984,
pp. 108–115.
[21] V. Yakhot, S. A. Orszag, S. Thangam, T. B. Gatski, and C. G.
Speziale, “Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a
double expansion technique,” Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics
(1989-1993), vol. 4, no. 7, 1992.
[22] G. Evola and V. Popov, “Computational analysis of wind
driven natural ventilation in buildings,” Energy and Buildings,
vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 491–501, may 2006. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778805001702.
[23] P. Karava, T. Stathopoulos, and A. K. Athienitis, “Airflow assessment
in cross-ventilated buildings with operable fac¸ade elements,” Building
and Environment, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 266–279, 2011.
[24] B. A. Kader, “Temperature and concentration profiles in fully
turbulent boundary layers,” International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1541–1544, 1981. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0017931081902209.
[25] H. C. CHEN and V. C. PATEL, “Near-wall turbulence models for
complex flows including separation,” AIAA Journal, vol. 26, no. 6, pp.
641–648, jun 1988. (Online). Available: https://doi.org/10.2514/3.9948.
[26] M. Wolfshtein, “The velocity and temperature distribution in
one-dimensional flow with turbulence augmentation and pressure
gradient,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,
vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 301–318, 1969. (Online). Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001793106990012X.
[27] P. J. Roache, K. N. Ghia, and F. M. White, “Editorial Policy Statement
on the Control of Numerical Accuracy,” Journal of Fluids Engineering,
vol. 108, no. 1, p. 1, 1986.
[28] P. J. Roache, “Verification and Validation in Computational Science and
Engineering.” Hermosa Publishers, 1998, pp. 107–141.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:77307", author = "Daniel Micallef and Damien Bounaudet and Robert N. Farrugia and Simon P. Borg and Vincent Buhagiar and Tonio Sant", title = "Characterisation of Wind-Driven Ventilation in Complex Terrain Conditions", abstract = "The physical effects of upstream flow obstructions such
as vegetation on cross-ventilation phenomena of a building are
important for issues such as indoor thermal comfort. Modelling such
effects in Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations may also be
challenging. The aim of this work is to establish the cross-ventilation
jet behaviour in such complex terrain conditions as well as to provide
guidelines on the implementation of CFD numerical simulations in
order to model complex terrain features such as vegetation in an
efficient manner. The methodology consists of onsite measurements
on a test cell coupled with numerical simulations. It was found
that the cross-ventilation flow is highly turbulent despite the very
low velocities encountered internally within the test cells. While no
direct measurement of the jet direction was made, the measurements
indicate that flow tends to be reversed from the leeward to the
windward side. Modelling such a phenomenon proves challenging
and is strongly influenced by how vegetation is modelled. A solid
vegetation tends to predict better the direction and magnitude of the
flow than a porous vegetation approach. A simplified terrain model
was also shown to provide good comparisons with observation. The
findings have important implications on the study of cross-ventilation
in complex terrain conditions since the flow direction does not remain
trivial, as with the traditional isolated building case.", keywords = "Complex terrain, cross-ventilation, wind driven
ventilation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), wind resource.", volume = "12", number = "3", pages = "297-9", }
