Cessna Citation X Performances Improvement by an Adaptive Winglet during the Cruise Flight
As part of a ‘Morphing-Wing’ idea, this study consists
of measuring how a winglet, which is able to change its shape during
the flight, is efficient. Conventionally, winglets are fixed-vertical
platforms at the wingtips, optimized for a cruise condition that the
airplane should use most of the time. However, during a cruise, an
airplane flies through a lot of cruise conditions corresponding to
altitudes variations from 30,000 to 45,000 ft. The fixed winglets are
not optimized for these variations, and consequently, they are
supposed to generate some drag, and thus to deteriorate aircraft fuel
consumption. This research assumes that it exists a winglet position
that reduces the fuel consumption for each cruise condition. In this
way, the methodology aims to find these optimal winglet positions,
and to further simulate, and thus estimate the fuel consumption of an
aircraft wearing this type of adaptive winglet during several cruise
conditions. The adaptive winglet is assumed to have degrees of
freedom given by the various changes of following surfaces: the tip
chord, the sweep and the dihedral angles. Finally, results obtained
during cruise simulations are presented in this paper. These results
show that an adaptive winglet can reduce, thus improve up to 2.12%
the fuel consumption of an aircraft during a cruise.
[1] C. Footprint. Calculatrice du bilan carbone des vols. Available:
http://calculator.carbonfootprint.com.Accessed on January 2018.
[2] I. Secretariat, "Aviation’s Contribution to Climate Change," BAN Ki-
Moon, 2010.
[3] S. Barbarino, O. Bilgen, R. M. Ajaj, M. I. Friswell, and D. J. Inman, "A
Review of Morphing Aircraft," Journal of Intelligent Material Systems
and Structures, vol. 22, pp. 823-877, 2011.
[4] A. Koreanschi, O. Sugar-Gabor, and R. Botez, "Drag Optimisation of a
Wing Equipped with a Morphing Upper Surface," The Aeronautical
Journal, vol. 120, pp. 473-493, 2016.
[5] S. G. Olivu, "Validation of Morphing Wing Methodologies on an
Unmanned Aerial System and a Wind Tunnel Technology
Demonstrator," Ecole de technologie superieure, 2015.
[6] P. Santos, J. Sousa, and P. Gamboa, "Variable-Span Wing Development
for Improved Flight Performance," Journal of Intelligent Material
Systems and Structures, vol. 28, pp. 961-978, 2017.
[7] O. Sugar Gabor, A. Simon, A. Koreanschi, and R. M. Botez,
"Application of a Morphing Wing Technology on Hydra Technologies
Unmanned Aerial System UAS-S4," in The ASME 2014 International
Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, Montreal, Que.,
Canada, 2014.
[8] M. Segui, O. Sugar-Gabor, A. Koreanschi, and R. M. Botez, "Morphing
wing application on Hydra Technologies UAS-S4," in IASTED
Proceedings Modelling, Identification and Control (MIC), Innsbruck,
Austria, 2017.
[9] M. Freestone, "Aerodynamic Principles of Winglets," Engineering
Science Data Unit, 1998.
[10] A. Ning and I. Kroo, "Tip Extensions, Winglets, and C-Wings:
Conceptual Design and Optimization," in 26th AIAA Applied
Aerodynamics Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, US, August 18-21, 2008,
p. 7052.
[11] N. N. Gavrilović, B. P. Rašuo, G. S. Dulikravich, and V. B. Parezanović,
"Commercial Aircraft Performance Improvement using Winglets,"
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering FME Transactions, vol. 43, pp. 1-8,
2015.
[12] J. Roskam and C.-T. E. Lan, Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance:
DARcorporation, 1997.
[13] N. E. Haddad, "Aerodynamic and Structural Design of a Winglet for
Enhanced Performance of a Business Jet," Master of Applied Science
Thesis, Embry-Riddle University, 2015.
[14] Y. Boughari, R. Botez, G. Ghazi, and F. Theel, "Evolutionary algorithms
for robust Cessna Citation X Flight Control," SAE Technical Paper
0148-7191, 2014.
[15] Y. Boughari, G. Ghazi, and R. M. Botez, "Optimal Control New
Methodologies Validation On the Research Aircraft Flight Simulator of
the Cessna Citation X Business Aircaft," International Journal of
Contemporary Energy, vol. 3, 2017.
[16] C. Hamel, R. Botez, and M. Ruby, "Cessna Citation X Airplane Grey-
Box Model Identification without Preliminary Data," SAE Technical
Paper 0148-7191, 2014.
[17] M. Zaag and R. M. Botez, "Cessna Citation X Engine Model
Identification and Validation in the Cruise Regime from Flight Tests
based on Neural Networks combined with Extended Great Deluge
Algorithm," in AIAA SciTech 2017, AIAA Modeling and Simulation
Technologies Conference, Grapevine, TX, US, 2017, p. 1941.
[18] G. Ghazi, "Développement d'une plateforme de simulation et d'un pilote
automatique-application aux Cessna Citation X et Hawker 800XP,"
Master University of Quebec ÉTS-École Polytechnique de Montréal,
2014.
[19] G. Ghazi, M. Bosne, Q. Sammartano, and R. M. Botez, "Cessna Citation
X Stall Characteristics Identification from Flight Data using Neural
Networks," in AIAA SciTech 2017, Atmospheric Flight Mechanics
(AFM) Conference, Grapevine, TX, US, 2017, p. 0937.
[20] G. Ghazi, K. G. Rezk, and R. M. Botez, "Cessna Citation X Pitch Rate
Control Design using Guardian Maps," in International Conference on
Air Transport INAIR 2015, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 12-13 November,
2015.
[21] G. Ghazi, M. Tudor, and R. Botez, "Identification of a Cessna Citation X
Aero-Propulsive Model in Climb Regime from Flight Tests," in
International Conference on Air Transport INAIR, Amsterdam,
Netherlands, 12-13 November, 2015.
[22] G. Ghazi, A. Mennequin, and R. M. Botez, "Method to calculate Aircraft
Climb and Cruise Trajectory using an Aero-Propulsive Model," in AIAA
Aviation, Atmospheric Flight Mechanics (AFM) Conference, Grapevine,
TX, US, 2017, p. 3550.
[23] G. Ghazi, R. M. Botez, and M. Tudor, "Performance database creation
for Cessna Citation X Aircraft in Climb Regime using an Aero-
Propulsive Model developed from Flight Tests," AHS Sustainability,
Montreal, Que., Canada, 2015.
[24] R. M. Botez, C. Hamel, G. Ghazi, Y. Boughari, F. Theel, and A.
Murrieta Mendoza, "Level D Research Aircraft Flight Simulator use for
Novel Methodologies in Aircraft Modeling and Simulation," Third
International Workshop on Numerical Modelling in Aerospace Sciences
NMAS 2015, Bucharest, Romania, 2015.
[25] P. A. Bardela and R. M. Botez, "Identification and Validation of the
Cessna Citation X Business Aircraft Engine Component Level Modeling
with Flight Tests," in AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies
Conference, AIAA SciTech Forum, Grapevine, Texas, USA, 2017.
[26] P. A. Bardela, R. M. Botez, and P. Pageaud, "Cessna Citation X Engine
Model Experimental Validation, in IASTED Proceedings of the
Modelling, Identification and Control (MIC) Conference, Innsbruck,
Austria, 20-21 February, 2017.
[27] OpenVSP website. Available: http://openvsp.org. Accessed on January
2018.
[1] C. Footprint. Calculatrice du bilan carbone des vols. Available:
http://calculator.carbonfootprint.com.Accessed on January 2018.
[2] I. Secretariat, "Aviation’s Contribution to Climate Change," BAN Ki-
Moon, 2010.
[3] S. Barbarino, O. Bilgen, R. M. Ajaj, M. I. Friswell, and D. J. Inman, "A
Review of Morphing Aircraft," Journal of Intelligent Material Systems
and Structures, vol. 22, pp. 823-877, 2011.
[4] A. Koreanschi, O. Sugar-Gabor, and R. Botez, "Drag Optimisation of a
Wing Equipped with a Morphing Upper Surface," The Aeronautical
Journal, vol. 120, pp. 473-493, 2016.
[5] S. G. Olivu, "Validation of Morphing Wing Methodologies on an
Unmanned Aerial System and a Wind Tunnel Technology
Demonstrator," Ecole de technologie superieure, 2015.
[6] P. Santos, J. Sousa, and P. Gamboa, "Variable-Span Wing Development
for Improved Flight Performance," Journal of Intelligent Material
Systems and Structures, vol. 28, pp. 961-978, 2017.
[7] O. Sugar Gabor, A. Simon, A. Koreanschi, and R. M. Botez,
"Application of a Morphing Wing Technology on Hydra Technologies
Unmanned Aerial System UAS-S4," in The ASME 2014 International
Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, Montreal, Que.,
Canada, 2014.
[8] M. Segui, O. Sugar-Gabor, A. Koreanschi, and R. M. Botez, "Morphing
wing application on Hydra Technologies UAS-S4," in IASTED
Proceedings Modelling, Identification and Control (MIC), Innsbruck,
Austria, 2017.
[9] M. Freestone, "Aerodynamic Principles of Winglets," Engineering
Science Data Unit, 1998.
[10] A. Ning and I. Kroo, "Tip Extensions, Winglets, and C-Wings:
Conceptual Design and Optimization," in 26th AIAA Applied
Aerodynamics Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, US, August 18-21, 2008,
p. 7052.
[11] N. N. Gavrilović, B. P. Rašuo, G. S. Dulikravich, and V. B. Parezanović,
"Commercial Aircraft Performance Improvement using Winglets,"
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering FME Transactions, vol. 43, pp. 1-8,
2015.
[12] J. Roskam and C.-T. E. Lan, Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance:
DARcorporation, 1997.
[13] N. E. Haddad, "Aerodynamic and Structural Design of a Winglet for
Enhanced Performance of a Business Jet," Master of Applied Science
Thesis, Embry-Riddle University, 2015.
[14] Y. Boughari, R. Botez, G. Ghazi, and F. Theel, "Evolutionary algorithms
for robust Cessna Citation X Flight Control," SAE Technical Paper
0148-7191, 2014.
[15] Y. Boughari, G. Ghazi, and R. M. Botez, "Optimal Control New
Methodologies Validation On the Research Aircraft Flight Simulator of
the Cessna Citation X Business Aircaft," International Journal of
Contemporary Energy, vol. 3, 2017.
[16] C. Hamel, R. Botez, and M. Ruby, "Cessna Citation X Airplane Grey-
Box Model Identification without Preliminary Data," SAE Technical
Paper 0148-7191, 2014.
[17] M. Zaag and R. M. Botez, "Cessna Citation X Engine Model
Identification and Validation in the Cruise Regime from Flight Tests
based on Neural Networks combined with Extended Great Deluge
Algorithm," in AIAA SciTech 2017, AIAA Modeling and Simulation
Technologies Conference, Grapevine, TX, US, 2017, p. 1941.
[18] G. Ghazi, "Développement d'une plateforme de simulation et d'un pilote
automatique-application aux Cessna Citation X et Hawker 800XP,"
Master University of Quebec ÉTS-École Polytechnique de Montréal,
2014.
[19] G. Ghazi, M. Bosne, Q. Sammartano, and R. M. Botez, "Cessna Citation
X Stall Characteristics Identification from Flight Data using Neural
Networks," in AIAA SciTech 2017, Atmospheric Flight Mechanics
(AFM) Conference, Grapevine, TX, US, 2017, p. 0937.
[20] G. Ghazi, K. G. Rezk, and R. M. Botez, "Cessna Citation X Pitch Rate
Control Design using Guardian Maps," in International Conference on
Air Transport INAIR 2015, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 12-13 November,
2015.
[21] G. Ghazi, M. Tudor, and R. Botez, "Identification of a Cessna Citation X
Aero-Propulsive Model in Climb Regime from Flight Tests," in
International Conference on Air Transport INAIR, Amsterdam,
Netherlands, 12-13 November, 2015.
[22] G. Ghazi, A. Mennequin, and R. M. Botez, "Method to calculate Aircraft
Climb and Cruise Trajectory using an Aero-Propulsive Model," in AIAA
Aviation, Atmospheric Flight Mechanics (AFM) Conference, Grapevine,
TX, US, 2017, p. 3550.
[23] G. Ghazi, R. M. Botez, and M. Tudor, "Performance database creation
for Cessna Citation X Aircraft in Climb Regime using an Aero-
Propulsive Model developed from Flight Tests," AHS Sustainability,
Montreal, Que., Canada, 2015.
[24] R. M. Botez, C. Hamel, G. Ghazi, Y. Boughari, F. Theel, and A.
Murrieta Mendoza, "Level D Research Aircraft Flight Simulator use for
Novel Methodologies in Aircraft Modeling and Simulation," Third
International Workshop on Numerical Modelling in Aerospace Sciences
NMAS 2015, Bucharest, Romania, 2015.
[25] P. A. Bardela and R. M. Botez, "Identification and Validation of the
Cessna Citation X Business Aircraft Engine Component Level Modeling
with Flight Tests," in AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies
Conference, AIAA SciTech Forum, Grapevine, Texas, USA, 2017.
[26] P. A. Bardela, R. M. Botez, and P. Pageaud, "Cessna Citation X Engine
Model Experimental Validation, in IASTED Proceedings of the
Modelling, Identification and Control (MIC) Conference, Innsbruck,
Austria, 20-21 February, 2017.
[27] OpenVSP website. Available: http://openvsp.org. Accessed on January
2018.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:77272", author = "Marine Segui and Simon Bezin and Ruxandra Mihaela Botez", title = "Cessna Citation X Performances Improvement by an Adaptive Winglet during the Cruise Flight", abstract = "As part of a ‘Morphing-Wing’ idea, this study consists
of measuring how a winglet, which is able to change its shape during
the flight, is efficient. Conventionally, winglets are fixed-vertical
platforms at the wingtips, optimized for a cruise condition that the
airplane should use most of the time. However, during a cruise, an
airplane flies through a lot of cruise conditions corresponding to
altitudes variations from 30,000 to 45,000 ft. The fixed winglets are
not optimized for these variations, and consequently, they are
supposed to generate some drag, and thus to deteriorate aircraft fuel
consumption. This research assumes that it exists a winglet position
that reduces the fuel consumption for each cruise condition. In this
way, the methodology aims to find these optimal winglet positions,
and to further simulate, and thus estimate the fuel consumption of an
aircraft wearing this type of adaptive winglet during several cruise
conditions. The adaptive winglet is assumed to have degrees of
freedom given by the various changes of following surfaces: the tip
chord, the sweep and the dihedral angles. Finally, results obtained
during cruise simulations are presented in this paper. These results
show that an adaptive winglet can reduce, thus improve up to 2.12%
the fuel consumption of an aircraft during a cruise.", keywords = "Aerodynamics, Cessna Citation X, optimization,
winglet, adaptive, morphing, wing, aircraft.", volume = "12", number = "4", pages = "423-8", }
