Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines
There is growing interest in biodiesel (fatty acid
methyl ester or FAME) because of the similarity in its properties
when compared to those of diesel fuels. Diesel engines operated on
biodiesel have lower emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned
hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and air toxics than when operated
on petroleum-based diesel fuel. Production of fatty acid methyl ester
(FAME) from rapeseed (nonedible oil) fatty acid distillate having
high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in this work. Conditions
for esterification process of rapeseed oil were 1.8 % H2SO4 as
catalyst, MeOH/oil of molar ratio 2 : 0.1 and reaction temperature
65 °C, for a period of 3h. The yield of methyl ester was > 90 % in 1
h.
The amount of FFA was reduced from 93 wt % to less than 2 wt %
at the end of the esterification process. The FAME was pureed by
neutralization with 1 M sodium hydroxide in water solution at a
reaction temperature of 62 °C. The final FAME product met with the
biodiesel quality standard, and ASTM D 6751.
[1] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Use of vegetable
oils as I.C. engine fuel - A Rview." Renewable Energy, vol. 29, pp. 727-
742, 2004.
[2] H. Fukuda, A. Kondo, and H. Noda, "Biodiesel fuel production by
transesterification of oils." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,
vol. 92, pp. 405-416, 2001.
[3] C. Carraretto, A. Macor, A. Mirandola, A. Stoppato, and S. Tonon,
"Biodiesel as alternative fuel: experimental analysis and energetic
evaluations." Energy, vol. 29, pp. 2195-2211, 2004.
[4] P. E. Dick Talley, (2004, February). "Biodiesel." Biosource Fuels Inc.,
Available: http://www.rendermagazine.com.
[5] G. S. Peace, Taguchi methods. 2nd ed. The United States of America:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1993.
[6] A. Demirbas, "Current advances in alternative motor fuels." Energy
Explor Exploit; vol. 21, pp. 475-487, 2003.
[7] A. Demirbas, "Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and noncatalytic
supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a
survey." Energy Convers Manage, vol. 44, pp. 2093-3109, 2003.
[8] Y. Wan, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, and S. Tang, "Comparison of two
different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil."
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 252, pp. 107-112,
2006.
[9] P. K. Srivastava, and M. Verma, "Methyl ester of karanja oil as an
alternative renewable source energy." Fuel, vol. 87, pp. 1673-1677,
2008.
[10] V. G. Shashikant, and H. Raheman, "Process optimization for biodiesel
production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil using response surface
methodology." Bioresource Technology, vol. 97, pp. 379-384, 2006.
[11] V. G. Shashikant, and H. Raheman, "Biodiesel production from mahua
oil having high free fatty acids." Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 28, pp.
601-605, 2005.
[12] M. Di Serio, R. Tesser, M. Dimiccoli, F. Cammarota, M. Nastasi, and E.
Santacesaria, "Synthesis of biodiesel via homogeneous Lewis acid
catalyst." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 239, pp.
111-115, 2005.
[13] S. Zheng, M. Kates, M. A. Dube, and D. D. McLean, "Acid-catalyzed
production of biodiesel from waste frying oil." Biomass and Bioenergy,
vol. 30, pp. 267-272, 2006.
[14] V. B. Veljkovic, S. H. Lakicevic, O. S. Stamenkovic, Z. B. Todorovi,
and M. L. Lazic, "Biodiesel production from tobacco seed oil with a
high content of free fatty acids." Fuel, vol. 85, pp. 2671-2675, 2006.
[15] L. C. Meher, V. S. S. Dharmagadda, and S. N. Naik, "Optimization of
alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for
production of biodiesel." Bioresource Technology; vol. 97, pp. 1392-
1397, 2003.
[16] Y. M. Choo and A. N. Ma, "Production technology of methyl esters
from palm and palm kernel oils." PORIM Technology 18. Malaysia:
Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, 1996.
[17] R. Brand, "Greening of policies-policy integration and interlinkages"
Networks in renewable energy policies in Germany and France Berlin
conference on the human dimension of global environmental change,
Berlin, 3-4 December, 2004.
[18] V. Hofman, Biodiesel Fuel, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota
State University of Agriculture, Applied Science and US Department of
Agriculture cooperating, Fargo, North Dakota, 2003.
[19] G. Vicente, M. Martinez and J. Aracil, "Integrated biodiesel production:
a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems." Bioresource
Technology, vol. 92, pp. 297-305, 2004.
[20] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj and C. Muraleedharan, "Biodiesel production
from high FFA rubber seed oil." Fuel, vol. 84, pp. 335-340, 2004.
[1] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Use of vegetable
oils as I.C. engine fuel - A Rview." Renewable Energy, vol. 29, pp. 727-
742, 2004.
[2] H. Fukuda, A. Kondo, and H. Noda, "Biodiesel fuel production by
transesterification of oils." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,
vol. 92, pp. 405-416, 2001.
[3] C. Carraretto, A. Macor, A. Mirandola, A. Stoppato, and S. Tonon,
"Biodiesel as alternative fuel: experimental analysis and energetic
evaluations." Energy, vol. 29, pp. 2195-2211, 2004.
[4] P. E. Dick Talley, (2004, February). "Biodiesel." Biosource Fuels Inc.,
Available: http://www.rendermagazine.com.
[5] G. S. Peace, Taguchi methods. 2nd ed. The United States of America:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1993.
[6] A. Demirbas, "Current advances in alternative motor fuels." Energy
Explor Exploit; vol. 21, pp. 475-487, 2003.
[7] A. Demirbas, "Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and noncatalytic
supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a
survey." Energy Convers Manage, vol. 44, pp. 2093-3109, 2003.
[8] Y. Wan, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, and S. Tang, "Comparison of two
different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil."
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 252, pp. 107-112,
2006.
[9] P. K. Srivastava, and M. Verma, "Methyl ester of karanja oil as an
alternative renewable source energy." Fuel, vol. 87, pp. 1673-1677,
2008.
[10] V. G. Shashikant, and H. Raheman, "Process optimization for biodiesel
production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil using response surface
methodology." Bioresource Technology, vol. 97, pp. 379-384, 2006.
[11] V. G. Shashikant, and H. Raheman, "Biodiesel production from mahua
oil having high free fatty acids." Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 28, pp.
601-605, 2005.
[12] M. Di Serio, R. Tesser, M. Dimiccoli, F. Cammarota, M. Nastasi, and E.
Santacesaria, "Synthesis of biodiesel via homogeneous Lewis acid
catalyst." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 239, pp.
111-115, 2005.
[13] S. Zheng, M. Kates, M. A. Dube, and D. D. McLean, "Acid-catalyzed
production of biodiesel from waste frying oil." Biomass and Bioenergy,
vol. 30, pp. 267-272, 2006.
[14] V. B. Veljkovic, S. H. Lakicevic, O. S. Stamenkovic, Z. B. Todorovi,
and M. L. Lazic, "Biodiesel production from tobacco seed oil with a
high content of free fatty acids." Fuel, vol. 85, pp. 2671-2675, 2006.
[15] L. C. Meher, V. S. S. Dharmagadda, and S. N. Naik, "Optimization of
alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil for
production of biodiesel." Bioresource Technology; vol. 97, pp. 1392-
1397, 2003.
[16] Y. M. Choo and A. N. Ma, "Production technology of methyl esters
from palm and palm kernel oils." PORIM Technology 18. Malaysia:
Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, 1996.
[17] R. Brand, "Greening of policies-policy integration and interlinkages"
Networks in renewable energy policies in Germany and France Berlin
conference on the human dimension of global environmental change,
Berlin, 3-4 December, 2004.
[18] V. Hofman, Biodiesel Fuel, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota
State University of Agriculture, Applied Science and US Department of
Agriculture cooperating, Fargo, North Dakota, 2003.
[19] G. Vicente, M. Martinez and J. Aracil, "Integrated biodiesel production:
a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems." Bioresource
Technology, vol. 92, pp. 297-305, 2004.
[20] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj and C. Muraleedharan, "Biodiesel production
from high FFA rubber seed oil." Fuel, vol. 84, pp. 335-340, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:57490", author = "F. Halek and A. Kavousi and M. Banifatemi", title = "Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines", abstract = "There is growing interest in biodiesel (fatty acid
methyl ester or FAME) because of the similarity in its properties
when compared to those of diesel fuels. Diesel engines operated on
biodiesel have lower emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned
hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and air toxics than when operated
on petroleum-based diesel fuel. Production of fatty acid methyl ester
(FAME) from rapeseed (nonedible oil) fatty acid distillate having
high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in this work. Conditions
for esterification process of rapeseed oil were 1.8 % H2SO4 as
catalyst, MeOH/oil of molar ratio 2 : 0.1 and reaction temperature
65 °C, for a period of 3h. The yield of methyl ester was > 90 % in 1
h.
The amount of FFA was reduced from 93 wt % to less than 2 wt %
at the end of the esterification process. The FAME was pureed by
neutralization with 1 M sodium hydroxide in water solution at a
reaction temperature of 62 °C. The final FAME product met with the
biodiesel quality standard, and ASTM D 6751.", keywords = "Alternative Fuels, Biodiesel, Fatty Acid, MethylEster, Seed Oil, Transesterification.", volume = "3", number = "9", pages = "488-3", }
