Assessing and Managing Intellectual Capital to Support Open Innovation Paradigm
The objective of this paper is to support the application of Open Innovation practices in firms and organizations by the assessment and management of Intellectual Capital. Intellectual Capital constituents are analyzed in order to verify their capability of acting as key drivers of Open Innovation processes and, therefore, of creating value. A methodology is defined to settle a procedure which helps to select the most relevant Intellectual Capital value drivers and to provide Communities of Innovation with strategic and managerial guidelines in sustaining Open Innovation paradigm. An application of the methodology is developed within a specifically addressed project and its results are hereafter examined.
[1] Chesbrough, H., "The Era of Open Innovation", MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 44 (3 Spring), pp. 35-41, 2003.
[2] Chesbrough, H., "Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers", Long Range Planning, vol. 43, pp. 354-363, 2010.
[3] Wild, R. and Griggs, K., "A model of information technology opportunities for facilitating the practice of knowledge management", VINE: The Journal of Information Management Systems, Vol. 38, No4, 2008.
[4] Elmquist, M., Fredberg, T., Ollila, S., "Exploring the field of open innovation", European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 12 (3), pp. 326–345, 2009.
[5] Huizingh, E.K.R.E., "Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives", Technovation, vol. 31, pp. 2-9, 2011.
[6] van de Vrande, V., de Jong, J.P.J., Vanhaverbeke, W., de Rochemont, M., "Open innovation in SMEs: Trends, motives and management challenges", Technovation, vol. 29 (6-7), pp. 423-437, 2009.
[7] Kimble, C., Hildreth, P., "Dualities, Distributed Communities of Practice and Knowledge Management", Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 9 (4), pp. 102-113, 2005.
[8] Kodama, M., "Strategic Community Management with Customers: Case Study on Innovation Using IT and Multimedia Technology in Education, Medical and Welfare Fields", International Journal of Value-Based Management, vol. 15 (3), pp. 203-224, 2002.
[9] Bergman, J-P, Jantunen A., MSaksa, J., "Managing knowledge creation and sharing scenarios and dynamic capabilities in inter-industry knowledge networks", Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 8(6), pp. 63–76, 2004.
[10] Antikainen, M., Makipaa, M., Ahonen, M., "Motivating and supporting collaboration in open innovation", European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 13(1), pp. 100-119, 2010.
[11] West, R. E., What is shared? A framework for understanding shared innovation within communities, Educational Technology Research and Development, vol. 57 (3), pp. 315-332, 2009.
[12] Coakes, E. W., Smith, P. A. C., "Developing Communities of Innovation by Identifying Innovation Champions", The Learning Organization, vol. 14(1), pp. 74-85, 2007.
[13] Dahlander, L., Wallin, M. W., "A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets". Research Policy, vol. 35 (8), pp. 1243–1259, 2006.
[14] Kodama, M., "Innovation and knowledge creation through leadership based strategic community: Case study on high-tech company in Japan", Technovation, Vol. 27, pp. 115-132, 2007.
[15] Cross, R., Parker, A., Prusak, L. & Borgatti, S.P., "Knowing What We Know: Supporting Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Social Networks", Organizational Dynamics, vol. 30(2), pp. 100-120, 2001.
[16] Wenger, E. (1998), Communities of practice: learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[17] Huston, L. and Sakkab, N., "Implementing open innovation”, Research Technology Management, vol. 50(2), pp. 21-5, 2007.
[18] Galbraith, J.K., The New Industrial State, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1969.
[19] Nonaka I., Takeuchi H., The Knowledge Creating Company, University Press, Oxford 1995.
[20] Nonaka, I., Konno N., "The Concept of ‘Ba’: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation", California Management Review, vol. 40(3), pp. 40-55, 1998.
[21] Spender, J. C., "Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of thefirm", Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17 (Winter Special Issue), pp.45–62, 1996.
[22] Andriessen, D., "On the metaphorical nature of intellectual capital: a
textual analysis", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 7 Iss: 1, pp.93 –
110, 2006.
[23] Marr, B., 2008. Impacting Future Value: How to Manage your
Intellectual Capital, Management Accounting Guideline, jointly
published by AICPA, CMA, CIMA.
[24] Collins, D. W., Edward L. M., I., Weiss, S., "Changes in the valuerelevance
of earnings and book values over the past forty years, Journal
of Accounting and Economics, vol. 24(1), pp. 39-67, 1997.
[25] Lev, B., Intangibles: Management, measurement, and reporting.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
[26] Dostal, E., 2005. Biomatrix: A systems approach to organisational and
societal change. Cape Town: AFRICAN SUN MeDIA.
[27] Mertins, K., Will, M., "Strategic Relevance of Intellectual Capital in
European SMEs and Sectoral Differences. InCaS: Intellectual Capital
Statement – Made in Europe”, Proceedings of the 8th European
Conference on Knowledge Management, Barcelona, Spain, (2008).
[28] Edvinsson, L., Malone, M. S., Intellectual capital: The proven way to
establish your company’s real value by measuring its hidden values.
London: Piatkus, 1997.
[29] Roos, G., Roos, J., Dragonetti, N., Edvinsson, L., Intellectual Capital:
Navigating in the New Business Landscape, New York University Press,
New York, 1998.
[30] Stewart, T.A., Intellectual Capital: The new wealth of organizations,
Doubleday/New York, 1997.
[31] Sveiby, K. E., The Intangible Asset Monitor, Journal of Human
Resource Casting & Accounting, 1997.
[32] Bontis, N., "National Intellectual Capital Index: A United Nations
initiative for the Arab region", Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 5 No.
1, 2004, pp. 13-39, 2004.
[33] MERITUM, 2001. Guidelines for managing and reporting on
intangibles. European Commission under the Targeted Socio-Economic
Research (TSER).
[34] Dumay, J. C., "Intellectual capital measurement: a critical approach",
Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 10(2), pp.190 – 210, 2009.
[35] Senge, P., "The leader’s new work: Building learning organizations”,
Sloan Management Review, vol. 32(1), pp. 7 – 23, 1990.
[36] Wiig, K. M., "Roles of Knowledge-based Systems in Support of
Knowledge Management", In J. Liebowitz & L. C. Wilcox (Ed.),
Knowledge Management and Its Integrative Elements (pp. 69-87). CRC
Press, New York, 1993.
[37] Zack, M. H., "Managing Codified Knowledge", Sloan Management
Review, vol. 40(4-Summer), pp. 45-58, 1999.
[38] Malhotra, Y., "Integrating knowledge management technologies in
organizational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver
real business performance", Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol.
9(1), 2005.
[39] Hall, R., Andriani, P., "Managing knowledge for innovation", Long
Range Planning, Vol. 35(1), pp. 29-48, 2002.
[40] Quaratino L., Sala E., Serio L., "Enhancement of Human Resources:
Redescovering the New Competition Lever – The Valore Project”, The
31st European Small Business Seminar, 12-14 September, Dublin,
Ireland, 2001.
[41] Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S., "Social capital, intellectual capital and the
organization advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 23(2),
pp. 242-66, 1998.
[42] Boldizzoni D., Guerci M., Quaratino L., "Human resource Management
Trajectories of Evolution: A Longitudinal Analysis”, 25th Anniversary
Workshop on Strategic Human Resource Management, Barcelona,
Spain, April 19-20, 2010.
[43] Fleming, L., Waguespack, D.M., "Brokerage, Boundary Spanning, and
Leadership", Organization Science vol. 18(2), pp. 165–180, 2007.
[44] Fetterhoff, T.J., Voelkel, D., "Managing open innovation in
biotechnology", Research–Technology Management, vol. 49 (3), pp. 14–
18, 2006.
[45] Buijs, J., "Innovation leaders should be controlled schizophrenics”,
Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 16(2), pp. 203-10, 2007.
[46] Szulanski, G., Amin, K., "Learning to make strategy: balancing
discipline and imagination", long Range Planning, vol. 13, pp. 343-377,
2001
[47] Humphrey, R.H., "The many faces of emotional leadership", the
Leadership Quarterly, vol. 13, pp. 493-504, 2002
[48] Birch, P., Clegg, B., Imagination engineering. A toolkit for business
creativity, Pearson Education, Edimburgh, 2000.
[49] Stein, E.W., Zwass, V., "Actualizing Organizational Memory with
Information Systems", Information Systems Research, vol. 6(2), pp. 85-
117, 1995.
[50] Vanhaverbeke, W., Van De Vrande, V., Chesbrough, H.W.,
"Understanding the advantages of open innovation practices in corporate
venturing in term of real options", Creativity and Innovation
Management, vol. 17, pp. 251–258, 2008.
[51] Dahlander, L., Gann, D.M., "How open is innovation?", Research
Policy, vol. 39, pp. 699–709, 2010.
[52] Fernandez, R. M., Gould, R. V.,"A Dilemma of State Power: Brokerage
and Influence in the National Health Policy Domain", American Journal
of Sociology, vol. 99 (6-May), pp. 1455-1491, 1994.
[53] Blair, M.M., Wallman, S.M.H., Unseen wealth: report of Brookings
Task Force on Intangibles, Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
[54] Slater, S., Narver, J.,"Market Orientation and the Learning
Organization", Journal of Marketing, vol. 59 (July), pp. 63–741995.
[55] Moenaert, R.K., Caeldries, F., "Architectural redesign, interpersonal
communication, and learning in R&D”. Journal of Product Innovation
Management, vol. 13, pp. 296-310, 1996.
[56] Chiaromonte F., "Open innovation through alliances and partnership:
theory and practice", International Journal of Technology Management,
vol. 33(2-3), 2006.
[57] Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A., "Organizational Behavoiur". Toronto:
McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2004.
[58] Coleman, J., Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, MA, 1990.
[59] Markosky, B., Willer, D., Patton, T., "Power relations in exchange
networks", American Sociological Review, vol. 53, pp. 220-236, 1988.
[60] Di Maggio, P., "Nadel's Paradox Revisited: Relational and Cultural
Aspects of Organizational Structure" In Networks and Organizations
edited by Nohria, N., Eccles, R.G. Boston. MA. Harvard Business
School Press,1992.
[1] Chesbrough, H., "The Era of Open Innovation", MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 44 (3 Spring), pp. 35-41, 2003.
[2] Chesbrough, H., "Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers", Long Range Planning, vol. 43, pp. 354-363, 2010.
[3] Wild, R. and Griggs, K., "A model of information technology opportunities for facilitating the practice of knowledge management", VINE: The Journal of Information Management Systems, Vol. 38, No4, 2008.
[4] Elmquist, M., Fredberg, T., Ollila, S., "Exploring the field of open innovation", European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 12 (3), pp. 326–345, 2009.
[5] Huizingh, E.K.R.E., "Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives", Technovation, vol. 31, pp. 2-9, 2011.
[6] van de Vrande, V., de Jong, J.P.J., Vanhaverbeke, W., de Rochemont, M., "Open innovation in SMEs: Trends, motives and management challenges", Technovation, vol. 29 (6-7), pp. 423-437, 2009.
[7] Kimble, C., Hildreth, P., "Dualities, Distributed Communities of Practice and Knowledge Management", Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 9 (4), pp. 102-113, 2005.
[8] Kodama, M., "Strategic Community Management with Customers: Case Study on Innovation Using IT and Multimedia Technology in Education, Medical and Welfare Fields", International Journal of Value-Based Management, vol. 15 (3), pp. 203-224, 2002.
[9] Bergman, J-P, Jantunen A., MSaksa, J., "Managing knowledge creation and sharing scenarios and dynamic capabilities in inter-industry knowledge networks", Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 8(6), pp. 63–76, 2004.
[10] Antikainen, M., Makipaa, M., Ahonen, M., "Motivating and supporting collaboration in open innovation", European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 13(1), pp. 100-119, 2010.
[11] West, R. E., What is shared? A framework for understanding shared innovation within communities, Educational Technology Research and Development, vol. 57 (3), pp. 315-332, 2009.
[12] Coakes, E. W., Smith, P. A. C., "Developing Communities of Innovation by Identifying Innovation Champions", The Learning Organization, vol. 14(1), pp. 74-85, 2007.
[13] Dahlander, L., Wallin, M. W., "A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets". Research Policy, vol. 35 (8), pp. 1243–1259, 2006.
[14] Kodama, M., "Innovation and knowledge creation through leadership based strategic community: Case study on high-tech company in Japan", Technovation, Vol. 27, pp. 115-132, 2007.
[15] Cross, R., Parker, A., Prusak, L. & Borgatti, S.P., "Knowing What We Know: Supporting Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Social Networks", Organizational Dynamics, vol. 30(2), pp. 100-120, 2001.
[16] Wenger, E. (1998), Communities of practice: learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[17] Huston, L. and Sakkab, N., "Implementing open innovation”, Research Technology Management, vol. 50(2), pp. 21-5, 2007.
[18] Galbraith, J.K., The New Industrial State, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1969.
[19] Nonaka I., Takeuchi H., The Knowledge Creating Company, University Press, Oxford 1995.
[20] Nonaka, I., Konno N., "The Concept of ‘Ba’: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation", California Management Review, vol. 40(3), pp. 40-55, 1998.
[21] Spender, J. C., "Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of thefirm", Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17 (Winter Special Issue), pp.45–62, 1996.
[22] Andriessen, D., "On the metaphorical nature of intellectual capital: a
textual analysis", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 7 Iss: 1, pp.93 –
110, 2006.
[23] Marr, B., 2008. Impacting Future Value: How to Manage your
Intellectual Capital, Management Accounting Guideline, jointly
published by AICPA, CMA, CIMA.
[24] Collins, D. W., Edward L. M., I., Weiss, S., "Changes in the valuerelevance
of earnings and book values over the past forty years, Journal
of Accounting and Economics, vol. 24(1), pp. 39-67, 1997.
[25] Lev, B., Intangibles: Management, measurement, and reporting.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
[26] Dostal, E., 2005. Biomatrix: A systems approach to organisational and
societal change. Cape Town: AFRICAN SUN MeDIA.
[27] Mertins, K., Will, M., "Strategic Relevance of Intellectual Capital in
European SMEs and Sectoral Differences. InCaS: Intellectual Capital
Statement – Made in Europe”, Proceedings of the 8th European
Conference on Knowledge Management, Barcelona, Spain, (2008).
[28] Edvinsson, L., Malone, M. S., Intellectual capital: The proven way to
establish your company’s real value by measuring its hidden values.
London: Piatkus, 1997.
[29] Roos, G., Roos, J., Dragonetti, N., Edvinsson, L., Intellectual Capital:
Navigating in the New Business Landscape, New York University Press,
New York, 1998.
[30] Stewart, T.A., Intellectual Capital: The new wealth of organizations,
Doubleday/New York, 1997.
[31] Sveiby, K. E., The Intangible Asset Monitor, Journal of Human
Resource Casting & Accounting, 1997.
[32] Bontis, N., "National Intellectual Capital Index: A United Nations
initiative for the Arab region", Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 5 No.
1, 2004, pp. 13-39, 2004.
[33] MERITUM, 2001. Guidelines for managing and reporting on
intangibles. European Commission under the Targeted Socio-Economic
Research (TSER).
[34] Dumay, J. C., "Intellectual capital measurement: a critical approach",
Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 10(2), pp.190 – 210, 2009.
[35] Senge, P., "The leader’s new work: Building learning organizations”,
Sloan Management Review, vol. 32(1), pp. 7 – 23, 1990.
[36] Wiig, K. M., "Roles of Knowledge-based Systems in Support of
Knowledge Management", In J. Liebowitz & L. C. Wilcox (Ed.),
Knowledge Management and Its Integrative Elements (pp. 69-87). CRC
Press, New York, 1993.
[37] Zack, M. H., "Managing Codified Knowledge", Sloan Management
Review, vol. 40(4-Summer), pp. 45-58, 1999.
[38] Malhotra, Y., "Integrating knowledge management technologies in
organizational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver
real business performance", Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol.
9(1), 2005.
[39] Hall, R., Andriani, P., "Managing knowledge for innovation", Long
Range Planning, Vol. 35(1), pp. 29-48, 2002.
[40] Quaratino L., Sala E., Serio L., "Enhancement of Human Resources:
Redescovering the New Competition Lever – The Valore Project”, The
31st European Small Business Seminar, 12-14 September, Dublin,
Ireland, 2001.
[41] Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S., "Social capital, intellectual capital and the
organization advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol. 23(2),
pp. 242-66, 1998.
[42] Boldizzoni D., Guerci M., Quaratino L., "Human resource Management
Trajectories of Evolution: A Longitudinal Analysis”, 25th Anniversary
Workshop on Strategic Human Resource Management, Barcelona,
Spain, April 19-20, 2010.
[43] Fleming, L., Waguespack, D.M., "Brokerage, Boundary Spanning, and
Leadership", Organization Science vol. 18(2), pp. 165–180, 2007.
[44] Fetterhoff, T.J., Voelkel, D., "Managing open innovation in
biotechnology", Research–Technology Management, vol. 49 (3), pp. 14–
18, 2006.
[45] Buijs, J., "Innovation leaders should be controlled schizophrenics”,
Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 16(2), pp. 203-10, 2007.
[46] Szulanski, G., Amin, K., "Learning to make strategy: balancing
discipline and imagination", long Range Planning, vol. 13, pp. 343-377,
2001
[47] Humphrey, R.H., "The many faces of emotional leadership", the
Leadership Quarterly, vol. 13, pp. 493-504, 2002
[48] Birch, P., Clegg, B., Imagination engineering. A toolkit for business
creativity, Pearson Education, Edimburgh, 2000.
[49] Stein, E.W., Zwass, V., "Actualizing Organizational Memory with
Information Systems", Information Systems Research, vol. 6(2), pp. 85-
117, 1995.
[50] Vanhaverbeke, W., Van De Vrande, V., Chesbrough, H.W.,
"Understanding the advantages of open innovation practices in corporate
venturing in term of real options", Creativity and Innovation
Management, vol. 17, pp. 251–258, 2008.
[51] Dahlander, L., Gann, D.M., "How open is innovation?", Research
Policy, vol. 39, pp. 699–709, 2010.
[52] Fernandez, R. M., Gould, R. V.,"A Dilemma of State Power: Brokerage
and Influence in the National Health Policy Domain", American Journal
of Sociology, vol. 99 (6-May), pp. 1455-1491, 1994.
[53] Blair, M.M., Wallman, S.M.H., Unseen wealth: report of Brookings
Task Force on Intangibles, Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
[54] Slater, S., Narver, J.,"Market Orientation and the Learning
Organization", Journal of Marketing, vol. 59 (July), pp. 63–741995.
[55] Moenaert, R.K., Caeldries, F., "Architectural redesign, interpersonal
communication, and learning in R&D”. Journal of Product Innovation
Management, vol. 13, pp. 296-310, 1996.
[56] Chiaromonte F., "Open innovation through alliances and partnership:
theory and practice", International Journal of Technology Management,
vol. 33(2-3), 2006.
[57] Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A., "Organizational Behavoiur". Toronto:
McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2004.
[58] Coleman, J., Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, MA, 1990.
[59] Markosky, B., Willer, D., Patton, T., "Power relations in exchange
networks", American Sociological Review, vol. 53, pp. 220-236, 1988.
[60] Di Maggio, P., "Nadel's Paradox Revisited: Relational and Cultural
Aspects of Organizational Structure" In Networks and Organizations
edited by Nohria, N., Eccles, R.G. Boston. MA. Harvard Business
School Press,1992.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:58981", author = "Michele Grimaldi and Livio Cricelli and Francesco Rogo and Alessia Iannarelli", title = "Assessing and Managing Intellectual Capital to Support Open Innovation Paradigm", abstract = "The objective of this paper is to support the application of Open Innovation practices in firms and organizations by the assessment and management of Intellectual Capital. Intellectual Capital constituents are analyzed in order to verify their capability of acting as key drivers of Open Innovation processes and, therefore, of creating value. A methodology is defined to settle a procedure which helps to select the most relevant Intellectual Capital value drivers and to provide Communities of Innovation with strategic and managerial guidelines in sustaining Open Innovation paradigm. An application of the methodology is developed within a specifically addressed project and its results are hereafter examined.
", keywords = "Assessment, Community of Innovation, Intellectual
Capital, Management, Open Innovation.", volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "132-11", }
