Appraisal of Energy Efficiency of Urban Development Plans: The Fidelity Concept on Izmir-Balcova Case
Design and land use are closely linked to the
energy efficiency levels for an urban area. The current city
planning practice does not involve an effective land useenergy
evaluation in its 'blueprint' urban plans. The study
proposed an appraisal method that can be embedded in GIS
programs using five planning criteria as how far a planner can
give away from the planning principles (criteria) for the most
energy output s/he can obtain. The case of Balcova, a district
in the Izmir Metropolitan area, is used conformingly for
evaluating the proposed master plan and the geothermal
energy (heating only) use for the concern district.
If the land use design were proposed accordingly at-most
energy efficiency (a 30% obtained), mainly increasing the
density around the geothermal wells and also proposing more
mixed use zones, we could have 17% distortion (infidelity to
the main planning principles) from the original plan. The
proposed method can be an effective tool for planners as
simulation media, of which calculations can be made by GIS
ready tools, to evaluate efficiency levels for different plan
proposals, letting to know how much energy saving causes
how much deviation from the other planning ideals. Lower
energy uses can be possible for different land use proposals
for various policy trials.
[1] B. Sadownik and M. Jackard, "Sustainable energy and urban form in
China," Energy Policy, Vol. 29, pp. 55-65, 2001.
[2] U. Serpen, "Jeothermal Enerji Yasa Taslağı ile İlgili Öneriler," Turkey 9.
Enerji Kongresi, 24-27 Sept., Istanbul, pp. 201-210, 2003.
[3] S. E. Owens, Energy, Planning and Urban Form, London: Pion Publ.,
1986.
[4] M. J. Pasqualetti, "Planning for the development of site-spesific
resources: the examples of geothermal energy," Applied Geography,
Vol.38, N. 1, pp. 82-87, 1986.
[5] General Directorate of Mineral Research and Explotation, The Report of
Geothermal Conservation Zone, Ankara: MTA publ, 2008.
[6] M. Toksoy, F. Kutluay, C. Canakci, "Jeotermal Enerji Bölge Is─▒tma
Sistemlerinde İşletme: Balcova Örnegi," in Jeotermal Enerji, M.
Toksoy, Ed. Izmir: Makine M├╝h. Odas─▒, 2001, pp. 287-305.
[7] Amer. Plan. Ass. 2007.. J. Hine and M. Grieco, "Scatters and clusters in
time and space: implications for delivering integrated and inclusive
transport." Transport Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 299-306, 2003.
[8] U.S. Department of Energy, Energy, Emissions, and Social
Consequences of Telecommuting, Department of Energy, Washington
D.C., 1994.
[9] D. K. Odell, Studies on the Biology of California Sea Lion and the
Northern Elephant Seal on San Nicholas Island, University of
California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1975.
[10] E. I. Means, Water and Wastewater Industry Energy Efficiency: A
Research Roadmap, Awwa Research Foundation and California Energy
Commission, CA, 2004.
[11] G. Hemmens, "Experiments in urban form and structure," Highway
Research Record. Vol. 207, pp. 32-41, 1967.
[12] S. E. Owens, "Models and urban energy policy: A Review and
Critique," in Spatial Energy Analysis, L. Lundqvist, L. G. Mattsson, and
E. a. Eriksson, Eds. Avebury: Aldershot, pp. 227-245, 1989.
[13] OECD, Urban Energy Handbook, Paris: OECD Publ. Service, 1995.
[14] H. Beck, Folklore and the Sea, New York: Mystic Seaport Museum,
1973.
[15] J. W. Clark, Defining an urban growth strategy which will achieve
maximum travel demand reduction and Access opportunity
enhancement, (ed.) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Washington Univ.
Seattle, 1974.
[16] Royal Town Planning Institute, Dealing with Racist Representations,
London, The Royal Town Planning Institute, 1996.
[17] L. Bergman, An Energy Demand Model for the Swedish Residential
Sector, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, 1976.
[18] CHP Group, Combined Heat and Electrical Power Generation in the
UK, Energy Paper 20, District Heating Working Party of the Combined
Heat and Power Group (ed.), London: HMSO, 1979.
[19] B. Jessop, "Capitalism and democracy: the best possible political
shell?," in Power and State, G. Littlejohn, Ed., London: Croom Helm,
pp. 9-51, 1978.
[20] D. Turrent, J. Doggart, R. Ferraro, Passive Solar Housing in the UK,
Energy Conscious Design, London, 1981.
[21] D. A. Jebson, "The effect of variations in the distribution of heat demand
on the cost of district heating networks," Proc. of the Forth District
Heating Association-s National Conference, Torquay, Garstton, June
1981.
[22] L. Lundqvist, G. Mattsson, A. Eriksson, Spatial Energy Analysis,
Vermont: Gower Publ. Co., NY, 1985
[23] A. Fanchiotti, Day Lighting in Architecture, A European Reference
Book, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1993.
[24] P. W. G. Newman and J. R. Kenworthy, "Gasoline consumption and
cities," J. of APA, Vol. 55, N.1, pp. 24-37, 1989.
[25] U. McGeough, D. Newman, J. Wrobel, Blueprint for Urban
Sustainability: Integrating Sustainable Energy Practices into
Metropolitan Planning, Gas Technology Institute, Sustainable Energy
PlanningOffice, Des Plaines, IL, 2004.
[26] A. Lantzberg, Sustainable Urban Energy Planning: A Roadmap for
Research and Funding, California Energy Commission, CA, 2005
[27] M. C. Romanos, "Energy-price effects on metropolitan spatial structure
and form," Environment Planning A. Vol.10. pp. 93-104, 1978.
[28] J. Longmore and J. Musgrove, "City development and planning as aids
to transport system design and energy conservation," Habitat
International, Vol.7, N.3-4, pp. 89-98, 1983
[29] W. P. Anderson, "Urban form, energy and the environment: A review of
issues, evidence and policy," Urban Studies, Vol.33, N.1, pp. 7-35,
1996.
[30] R.J. Kenworthy and F. Laube, "A global review of energy use in urban
transport systems and its implications for urban transport and land-use
policy," Transportation Quarterly, Vol.53, N.4, pp. 23, 1999.
[31] J. Holtzclaw, "Extensions to the concept of excess commuting,"
Environment and Planning, Vol. 34, pp. 543-566, 2002.
[32] J. R. Beaumont and P. Keys, Future Cities: Spatial Analyses of Energy
Issues, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1982.
[33] P. Nijkamp, Sustainable city initiatives in Europe, London: Earthscan
Publ., 1983.
[34] A. M. Jansson and J. Zuchetto. "Man, nature and energy flow on the
island of Gotland," Ambio, Vol.7, pp. 140-149, 1979.
[35] S. Boyden, S. Millar, K. Newcombe, B. O-Neill, The ecology of a city
and its people: the case of Hong Kong, Australian National University
Press, Canberra, 1981
[36] P. Rickaby and T. de la Barra, "A theoretical comparison of strategic
spatial options for city-regional development, using the Tranus model,"
in Spatial Energy Analysis, L. Lundqvist, L. G. Mattsson, E. A. Erikson
(Eds.), Avebury: Aldershot, 1989.
[37] R. Klosterman, "Planning support systems: a new perspective on
computer-aided planning," in Planning Support Systems, Esri Press, CA,
2001
[38] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Method Approaches, London: Sage Publ., 2003
[39] M. Kleinpeter, Energy Planning and Policy, West Sussex: John Wiley &
Sons Ltd., 1995
[40] The Energy Yardstick Report, Report of the Ontario energy board
performance based regulation yardstick task force, Ontario Energy
Board, May 1999
[41] E. Gülşen, "Planning and design of a new geothermal neighborhood
heating system of 25000 dwellings in Balçova", M.S. Thesis, Dept. of
Civil Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey, 2005
[42] K. Steemers, "Energy and the city: density, buildings and transport,"
Energy and Buildings, Vol.35, pp.3-14
[1] B. Sadownik and M. Jackard, "Sustainable energy and urban form in
China," Energy Policy, Vol. 29, pp. 55-65, 2001.
[2] U. Serpen, "Jeothermal Enerji Yasa Taslağı ile İlgili Öneriler," Turkey 9.
Enerji Kongresi, 24-27 Sept., Istanbul, pp. 201-210, 2003.
[3] S. E. Owens, Energy, Planning and Urban Form, London: Pion Publ.,
1986.
[4] M. J. Pasqualetti, "Planning for the development of site-spesific
resources: the examples of geothermal energy," Applied Geography,
Vol.38, N. 1, pp. 82-87, 1986.
[5] General Directorate of Mineral Research and Explotation, The Report of
Geothermal Conservation Zone, Ankara: MTA publ, 2008.
[6] M. Toksoy, F. Kutluay, C. Canakci, "Jeotermal Enerji Bölge Is─▒tma
Sistemlerinde İşletme: Balcova Örnegi," in Jeotermal Enerji, M.
Toksoy, Ed. Izmir: Makine M├╝h. Odas─▒, 2001, pp. 287-305.
[7] Amer. Plan. Ass. 2007.. J. Hine and M. Grieco, "Scatters and clusters in
time and space: implications for delivering integrated and inclusive
transport." Transport Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 299-306, 2003.
[8] U.S. Department of Energy, Energy, Emissions, and Social
Consequences of Telecommuting, Department of Energy, Washington
D.C., 1994.
[9] D. K. Odell, Studies on the Biology of California Sea Lion and the
Northern Elephant Seal on San Nicholas Island, University of
California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1975.
[10] E. I. Means, Water and Wastewater Industry Energy Efficiency: A
Research Roadmap, Awwa Research Foundation and California Energy
Commission, CA, 2004.
[11] G. Hemmens, "Experiments in urban form and structure," Highway
Research Record. Vol. 207, pp. 32-41, 1967.
[12] S. E. Owens, "Models and urban energy policy: A Review and
Critique," in Spatial Energy Analysis, L. Lundqvist, L. G. Mattsson, and
E. a. Eriksson, Eds. Avebury: Aldershot, pp. 227-245, 1989.
[13] OECD, Urban Energy Handbook, Paris: OECD Publ. Service, 1995.
[14] H. Beck, Folklore and the Sea, New York: Mystic Seaport Museum,
1973.
[15] J. W. Clark, Defining an urban growth strategy which will achieve
maximum travel demand reduction and Access opportunity
enhancement, (ed.) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Washington Univ.
Seattle, 1974.
[16] Royal Town Planning Institute, Dealing with Racist Representations,
London, The Royal Town Planning Institute, 1996.
[17] L. Bergman, An Energy Demand Model for the Swedish Residential
Sector, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, 1976.
[18] CHP Group, Combined Heat and Electrical Power Generation in the
UK, Energy Paper 20, District Heating Working Party of the Combined
Heat and Power Group (ed.), London: HMSO, 1979.
[19] B. Jessop, "Capitalism and democracy: the best possible political
shell?," in Power and State, G. Littlejohn, Ed., London: Croom Helm,
pp. 9-51, 1978.
[20] D. Turrent, J. Doggart, R. Ferraro, Passive Solar Housing in the UK,
Energy Conscious Design, London, 1981.
[21] D. A. Jebson, "The effect of variations in the distribution of heat demand
on the cost of district heating networks," Proc. of the Forth District
Heating Association-s National Conference, Torquay, Garstton, June
1981.
[22] L. Lundqvist, G. Mattsson, A. Eriksson, Spatial Energy Analysis,
Vermont: Gower Publ. Co., NY, 1985
[23] A. Fanchiotti, Day Lighting in Architecture, A European Reference
Book, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1993.
[24] P. W. G. Newman and J. R. Kenworthy, "Gasoline consumption and
cities," J. of APA, Vol. 55, N.1, pp. 24-37, 1989.
[25] U. McGeough, D. Newman, J. Wrobel, Blueprint for Urban
Sustainability: Integrating Sustainable Energy Practices into
Metropolitan Planning, Gas Technology Institute, Sustainable Energy
PlanningOffice, Des Plaines, IL, 2004.
[26] A. Lantzberg, Sustainable Urban Energy Planning: A Roadmap for
Research and Funding, California Energy Commission, CA, 2005
[27] M. C. Romanos, "Energy-price effects on metropolitan spatial structure
and form," Environment Planning A. Vol.10. pp. 93-104, 1978.
[28] J. Longmore and J. Musgrove, "City development and planning as aids
to transport system design and energy conservation," Habitat
International, Vol.7, N.3-4, pp. 89-98, 1983
[29] W. P. Anderson, "Urban form, energy and the environment: A review of
issues, evidence and policy," Urban Studies, Vol.33, N.1, pp. 7-35,
1996.
[30] R.J. Kenworthy and F. Laube, "A global review of energy use in urban
transport systems and its implications for urban transport and land-use
policy," Transportation Quarterly, Vol.53, N.4, pp. 23, 1999.
[31] J. Holtzclaw, "Extensions to the concept of excess commuting,"
Environment and Planning, Vol. 34, pp. 543-566, 2002.
[32] J. R. Beaumont and P. Keys, Future Cities: Spatial Analyses of Energy
Issues, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1982.
[33] P. Nijkamp, Sustainable city initiatives in Europe, London: Earthscan
Publ., 1983.
[34] A. M. Jansson and J. Zuchetto. "Man, nature and energy flow on the
island of Gotland," Ambio, Vol.7, pp. 140-149, 1979.
[35] S. Boyden, S. Millar, K. Newcombe, B. O-Neill, The ecology of a city
and its people: the case of Hong Kong, Australian National University
Press, Canberra, 1981
[36] P. Rickaby and T. de la Barra, "A theoretical comparison of strategic
spatial options for city-regional development, using the Tranus model,"
in Spatial Energy Analysis, L. Lundqvist, L. G. Mattsson, E. A. Erikson
(Eds.), Avebury: Aldershot, 1989.
[37] R. Klosterman, "Planning support systems: a new perspective on
computer-aided planning," in Planning Support Systems, Esri Press, CA,
2001
[38] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Method Approaches, London: Sage Publ., 2003
[39] M. Kleinpeter, Energy Planning and Policy, West Sussex: John Wiley &
Sons Ltd., 1995
[40] The Energy Yardstick Report, Report of the Ontario energy board
performance based regulation yardstick task force, Ontario Energy
Board, May 1999
[41] E. Gülşen, "Planning and design of a new geothermal neighborhood
heating system of 25000 dwellings in Balçova", M.S. Thesis, Dept. of
Civil Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey, 2005
[42] K. Steemers, "Energy and the city: density, buildings and transport,"
Energy and Buildings, Vol.35, pp.3-14
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:49991", author = "Y. Duvarci and A. K. Kutluca", title = "Appraisal of Energy Efficiency of Urban Development Plans: The Fidelity Concept on Izmir-Balcova Case", abstract = "Design and land use are closely linked to the
energy efficiency levels for an urban area. The current city
planning practice does not involve an effective land useenergy
evaluation in its 'blueprint' urban plans. The study
proposed an appraisal method that can be embedded in GIS
programs using five planning criteria as how far a planner can
give away from the planning principles (criteria) for the most
energy output s/he can obtain. The case of Balcova, a district
in the Izmir Metropolitan area, is used conformingly for
evaluating the proposed master plan and the geothermal
energy (heating only) use for the concern district.
If the land use design were proposed accordingly at-most
energy efficiency (a 30% obtained), mainly increasing the
density around the geothermal wells and also proposing more
mixed use zones, we could have 17% distortion (infidelity to
the main planning principles) from the original plan. The
proposed method can be an effective tool for planners as
simulation media, of which calculations can be made by GIS
ready tools, to evaluate efficiency levels for different plan
proposals, letting to know how much energy saving causes
how much deviation from the other planning ideals. Lower
energy uses can be possible for different land use proposals
for various policy trials.", keywords = "Sustainable Urban Planning, Energy Efficiency,Geothermal Energy, District Heating Systems (DHS), EnergyPlanning", volume = "2", number = "12", pages = "263-17", }
