Application of Genetic Engineering for Chromium Removal from Industrial Wastewater
The treatment of the industrial wastewater can be
particularly difficult in the presence of toxic compounds. Excessive
concentration of Chromium in soluble form is toxic to a wide variety
of living organisms. Biological removal of heavy metals using natural
and genetically engineered microorganisms has aroused great interest
because of its lower impact on the environment. Ralston
metallidurans, formerly known as Alcaligenes eutrophus is a LProteobacterium
colonizing industrial wastewater with a high content
of heavy metals. Tris-buffered mineral salt medium was used for
growing Alcaligenes eutrophus AE104 (pEBZ141). The cells were
cultivated for 18 h at 30 oC in Tris-buffered mineral salt medium
containing 3 mM disodium sulphate and 46 mM sodium gluconate as
the carbon source. The cells were harvested by centrifugation,
washed, and suspended in 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.0, containing 46
mM sodium gluconate, and 5 mM Chromium. Interaction among
induction of chr resistance determinant, and chromate reduction have
been demonstrated. Results of this study show that the above bacteria
can be very useful for bioremediation of chromium from industrial
wastewater.
[1] Jennifer, "Electrowinning: New technology for removing heavy metals
from wastewater", Washington DC.,
http://www.micromagazine.com/archive/99/09/maeda.html.
[2] S. E. Bailey, T. J. Olin, M. Bricka, D. D. A. Adrian, "A review of
potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals", Waer. Res. vol. 33(11),
pp. 2469- 2479, 1999.
[3] M. A. M. Khraisheh, Y. S. Al-degs, W. A. M. Meminn, "Remediation of
wastewater containing heavy metals using raw and modified diatomite",
Chem. Eng. J, vol. 99, pp. 177-184, 2004.
[4] K. C. Sekhar, C. T. Kamala, N. S. Chary, A. R. K. Sastry, "Removal of
lead from aqueous solutions using an immobilized biomaterial derived
from a plant biomass", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. B108, pp. 111-117, 2004.
[5] T. Mohammadi, A. Moheb, M. Sadrzadeh, A. Razmi, "Modeling of
metal ions removal from wastewater by electrodialysis", Separ. Purif.
Technol., vol. 41(1), pp. 73-82, 2005.
[6] T. N. Castro Dantas, A. A. Dantas Neto, M. C. P. A. Moura, E. L.
Barros Neto, E. Paiva Telemaco, "Chromium adsorption by chitosan
impregnated with microemulsion", Langmuir, vol. 17, pp. 4256-60,
2001.
[7] B. L. Carson, H. V. Ellis and J. L. McCann, Toxicology and Biological
Monitoring of Metals in Humans, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1986,
pp. 65, 71, 97, 133, 165, 297.
[8] J. W. Patterson, Wastewater Treatment Technology, USA, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers, 1997.
[9] E. E. Cary, Chromium in air, soil and natural waters, biological and
environmental aspects of Chromium, S. Langard, Ed., Elsevier, New
York, 1982.
[10] Z. Kowalski, "Treatment of chromic tannery wastes", J. Hazard. Mater.,
37, 137-144, 1994.
[11] J. W. Moore and S. Ramamoorthy, Organic Chemicals in Natural Water,
Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment, Springer-Verlag, New
York, NY, 1984.
[12] National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 1974. Chromium, Medical and
Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington D.C.
[13] IARC, 1982. IARC Monograph on the evolution of the carcinogenetic
risk of chemical to humans, Suppl. 4.
[14] A. G. Levis, V. Bianchi, Mutagenic and cytogenic effects of chromium
compounds, biological and environmental aspects of chromium, S.
Langard, Ed., Elsevier, New York, 1982.
[15] G. M. Muir, Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 2nd edition, Pergamon
Press, Oxford, 1997.
[16] T. J. O- Brien, S. Ceryak, S. R. Patierno, "Complexities of chromium
carcinogenesis: Role of cellular response, repair and recovery
mechanisms", Mutat. Res., 533 (1-2), 33-36, 2003.
[17] D. S. Runnels, T. A. Shephard, "Metals in water, determining natural
background concentrations in mineralized areas", Environ. Sci. Technol.,
26, 2316-23, 1992.
[18] US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 1991.
Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Public Health Services Agency for
Toxic substances and Diseases Registry, Washington, DC.
[19] EPA, The drinking water criteria document on Chromium, EPA 440/5-
84-030, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environment Protection
Agency, Washington D.C, 2005.
[20] C. Cervantes, J. Campos-Garcia, S. Devars, F. Gutierrez-Corona, H.
Loza-Tavera, J. C. Torres-Guzman, et al., « Interactions of Chromium
with microorganisms and plants", FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 25, 335-47,
2001.
[21] B. Ram, P. K. Bajpai and H. K. Parwana, "Kinetics of Chromate-tannery
effluent treatment by the activated sludge system", Process Biochem.,
35, 255-65, 1999.
[22] A. S. Stasinakis, N. S. Thomaidis, D. Mamais, E. C. Papanikolaou, A.
Tsakon, T. D. Lekkas, "Effect of Chromium(VI) addition on the
activated sludge process", Water Res., 37, 2140-48, 2003.
[23] S. Beszedits, Chromium removal from industrial wastewater in: Nriagu
O., Nieboer E. (Eds.), Chromium in the natural and human
environments, John Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 232-63.
[24] M. Pansini, C. Colella, M. D. Gennaro, "Chromium removal from water
by ion-exchange using zeolite", Desalinat., 83 (1-3), 145-57, 1991.
[25] M. Pérez-Candela, J. M. Martin-Martinez, R. Torregrosa-Maci├í,
"Chromium(VI) removal with activated carbons", Water Res., 29 (9),
2174-80, 1995.
[26] S. Rengaraj, Y. Kyeong-Ho, M. Seung-Hyeon, "Removal of Chromium
from water and wastewater by ion-exchange resins", J. Hazard. Mater.,
87, 273-287, 2001.
[27] N. Ahalya, T. V. Ramachandra, R. D. Kanamadi, "Biosorption of heavy
metals", Res. J. Chem. Environ., 7 (4), 71-79, 2003.
[28] M. M. Benjamin, "Adsorption and surface precipitation of metals on
amorphous iron oxyhydroxide", Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 686-92,
1983.
[29] M. M. Benjamin, R. S. Sletten, R. P. Bailey, T. Bennett, "Sorption and
filtration of metals using iron-oxide coated sand", Water Res., 30, 2009-
20, 1996.
[30] N. Peitzsch, G. Eberz and D. H. Nies, "Alcaligenes eutrophus as a
bacterial chromate sensor", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 453-58, 1998.
[31] M. Mergeay, D. Nies, H. G. Schlegel, J. Gerits, P. Charles, F. Van
Gijsegen, "Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34 is a facultative chemolithotroph
with plasmid bound resistance to heavy metals", J. Bacteriol., 162, 328-
34, 1985.
[1] Jennifer, "Electrowinning: New technology for removing heavy metals
from wastewater", Washington DC.,
http://www.micromagazine.com/archive/99/09/maeda.html.
[2] S. E. Bailey, T. J. Olin, M. Bricka, D. D. A. Adrian, "A review of
potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals", Waer. Res. vol. 33(11),
pp. 2469- 2479, 1999.
[3] M. A. M. Khraisheh, Y. S. Al-degs, W. A. M. Meminn, "Remediation of
wastewater containing heavy metals using raw and modified diatomite",
Chem. Eng. J, vol. 99, pp. 177-184, 2004.
[4] K. C. Sekhar, C. T. Kamala, N. S. Chary, A. R. K. Sastry, "Removal of
lead from aqueous solutions using an immobilized biomaterial derived
from a plant biomass", J. Hazard. Mater., vol. B108, pp. 111-117, 2004.
[5] T. Mohammadi, A. Moheb, M. Sadrzadeh, A. Razmi, "Modeling of
metal ions removal from wastewater by electrodialysis", Separ. Purif.
Technol., vol. 41(1), pp. 73-82, 2005.
[6] T. N. Castro Dantas, A. A. Dantas Neto, M. C. P. A. Moura, E. L.
Barros Neto, E. Paiva Telemaco, "Chromium adsorption by chitosan
impregnated with microemulsion", Langmuir, vol. 17, pp. 4256-60,
2001.
[7] B. L. Carson, H. V. Ellis and J. L. McCann, Toxicology and Biological
Monitoring of Metals in Humans, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1986,
pp. 65, 71, 97, 133, 165, 297.
[8] J. W. Patterson, Wastewater Treatment Technology, USA, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers, 1997.
[9] E. E. Cary, Chromium in air, soil and natural waters, biological and
environmental aspects of Chromium, S. Langard, Ed., Elsevier, New
York, 1982.
[10] Z. Kowalski, "Treatment of chromic tannery wastes", J. Hazard. Mater.,
37, 137-144, 1994.
[11] J. W. Moore and S. Ramamoorthy, Organic Chemicals in Natural Water,
Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment, Springer-Verlag, New
York, NY, 1984.
[12] National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 1974. Chromium, Medical and
Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington D.C.
[13] IARC, 1982. IARC Monograph on the evolution of the carcinogenetic
risk of chemical to humans, Suppl. 4.
[14] A. G. Levis, V. Bianchi, Mutagenic and cytogenic effects of chromium
compounds, biological and environmental aspects of chromium, S.
Langard, Ed., Elsevier, New York, 1982.
[15] G. M. Muir, Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 2nd edition, Pergamon
Press, Oxford, 1997.
[16] T. J. O- Brien, S. Ceryak, S. R. Patierno, "Complexities of chromium
carcinogenesis: Role of cellular response, repair and recovery
mechanisms", Mutat. Res., 533 (1-2), 33-36, 2003.
[17] D. S. Runnels, T. A. Shephard, "Metals in water, determining natural
background concentrations in mineralized areas", Environ. Sci. Technol.,
26, 2316-23, 1992.
[18] US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 1991.
Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Public Health Services Agency for
Toxic substances and Diseases Registry, Washington, DC.
[19] EPA, The drinking water criteria document on Chromium, EPA 440/5-
84-030, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environment Protection
Agency, Washington D.C, 2005.
[20] C. Cervantes, J. Campos-Garcia, S. Devars, F. Gutierrez-Corona, H.
Loza-Tavera, J. C. Torres-Guzman, et al., « Interactions of Chromium
with microorganisms and plants", FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 25, 335-47,
2001.
[21] B. Ram, P. K. Bajpai and H. K. Parwana, "Kinetics of Chromate-tannery
effluent treatment by the activated sludge system", Process Biochem.,
35, 255-65, 1999.
[22] A. S. Stasinakis, N. S. Thomaidis, D. Mamais, E. C. Papanikolaou, A.
Tsakon, T. D. Lekkas, "Effect of Chromium(VI) addition on the
activated sludge process", Water Res., 37, 2140-48, 2003.
[23] S. Beszedits, Chromium removal from industrial wastewater in: Nriagu
O., Nieboer E. (Eds.), Chromium in the natural and human
environments, John Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 232-63.
[24] M. Pansini, C. Colella, M. D. Gennaro, "Chromium removal from water
by ion-exchange using zeolite", Desalinat., 83 (1-3), 145-57, 1991.
[25] M. Pérez-Candela, J. M. Martin-Martinez, R. Torregrosa-Maci├í,
"Chromium(VI) removal with activated carbons", Water Res., 29 (9),
2174-80, 1995.
[26] S. Rengaraj, Y. Kyeong-Ho, M. Seung-Hyeon, "Removal of Chromium
from water and wastewater by ion-exchange resins", J. Hazard. Mater.,
87, 273-287, 2001.
[27] N. Ahalya, T. V. Ramachandra, R. D. Kanamadi, "Biosorption of heavy
metals", Res. J. Chem. Environ., 7 (4), 71-79, 2003.
[28] M. M. Benjamin, "Adsorption and surface precipitation of metals on
amorphous iron oxyhydroxide", Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 686-92,
1983.
[29] M. M. Benjamin, R. S. Sletten, R. P. Bailey, T. Bennett, "Sorption and
filtration of metals using iron-oxide coated sand", Water Res., 30, 2009-
20, 1996.
[30] N. Peitzsch, G. Eberz and D. H. Nies, "Alcaligenes eutrophus as a
bacterial chromate sensor", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 453-58, 1998.
[31] M. Mergeay, D. Nies, H. G. Schlegel, J. Gerits, P. Charles, F. Van
Gijsegen, "Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34 is a facultative chemolithotroph
with plasmid bound resistance to heavy metals", J. Bacteriol., 162, 328-
34, 1985.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:61967", author = "N. K. Srivastava and M. K. Jha and I. D. Mall and Davinder Singh", title = "Application of Genetic Engineering for Chromium Removal from Industrial Wastewater", abstract = "The treatment of the industrial wastewater can be
particularly difficult in the presence of toxic compounds. Excessive
concentration of Chromium in soluble form is toxic to a wide variety
of living organisms. Biological removal of heavy metals using natural
and genetically engineered microorganisms has aroused great interest
because of its lower impact on the environment. Ralston
metallidurans, formerly known as Alcaligenes eutrophus is a LProteobacterium
colonizing industrial wastewater with a high content
of heavy metals. Tris-buffered mineral salt medium was used for
growing Alcaligenes eutrophus AE104 (pEBZ141). The cells were
cultivated for 18 h at 30 oC in Tris-buffered mineral salt medium
containing 3 mM disodium sulphate and 46 mM sodium gluconate as
the carbon source. The cells were harvested by centrifugation,
washed, and suspended in 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.0, containing 46
mM sodium gluconate, and 5 mM Chromium. Interaction among
induction of chr resistance determinant, and chromate reduction have
been demonstrated. Results of this study show that the above bacteria
can be very useful for bioremediation of chromium from industrial
wastewater.", keywords = "Chromium, Genetic Engineering, IndustrialWastewater, Plasmid", volume = "4", number = "12", pages = "690-6", }
