An Efficient Technique for EMI Mitigation in Fluorescent Lamps using Frequency Modulation and Evolutionary Programming
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the
serious problems in most electrical and electronic appliances
including fluorescent lamps. The electronic ballast used to regulate
the power flow through the lamp is the major cause for EMI. The
interference is because of the high frequency switching operation of
the ballast. Formerly, some EMI mitigation techniques were in
practice, but they were not satisfactory because of the hardware
complexity in the circuit design, increased parasitic components and
power consumption and so on. The majority of the researchers have
their spotlight only on EMI mitigation without considering the other
constraints such as cost, effective operation of the equipment etc. In
this paper, we propose a technique for EMI mitigation in fluorescent
lamps by integrating Frequency Modulation and Evolutionary
Programming. By the Frequency Modulation technique, the
switching at a single central frequency is extended to a range of
frequencies, and so, the power is distributed throughout the range of
frequencies leading to EMI mitigation. But in order to meet the
operating frequency of the ballast and the operating power of the
fluorescent lamps, an optimal modulation index is necessary for
Frequency Modulation. The optimal modulation index is determined
using Evolutionary Programming. Thereby, the proposed technique
mitigates the EMI to a satisfactory level without disturbing the
operation of the fluorescent lamp.
[1] P. Ram Mohan, M. Vijaya Kumar and O.V. Raghava Reddy, "A Novel
Topology of EMI Filter to Suppress Common Mode and Differential
Mode Noises of Electro Magnetic Interference in Switching Power
Supplies", in proc. of ARPN Journal on Engineering and Applied
Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, August 2004.
[2] K. M. Muttaqi and M. E. Haque, "Electromagnetic Interference
Generated from Fast Switching Power Electronic Devices", in proc. of
International Journal on Innovations in Energy Systems and Power, vol.
3, no. 1, April 2008.
[3] Jeyanandh Paramesh and Annette von Jouanne, "Use of Sigma- Delta
Modulation to control EMI from Switch- Mode Power Supplies", IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, Feb. 2001.
[4] Ibuki Mori, Yoshihisa Yamada, Santhos A. Wibowo, Masashi Kono,
Haruo Kobayashi, Yukihiro Fujimura, Nobukazu Takai, Toshio
Sugiyama, Isao Fukai, Norihisa Onishi, Ichiro Takeda and Jun- ichi
Matsuda, "EMI Reduction by Spread- Spectrum clocking in Digitally-
Controlled DC-DC Converters", IEEE Transactions on Fundamentals,
vol. E92- A, no. 4, April 2009.
[5] Horacio Vasquez, Laura Espinoza, Karen Lozano, Heinrich Foltz and
Shuying Yang, "Simple Device for Electromagnetic Interference
Shielding Effectiveness Measurement," IEEE Article, pp. 62-68, 2009.
[6] Hee-Seok Han, Tae-Ha Ryu, and Gyu-Hyeong Cho,"Mixed Mode
Excitation and Low Cost Control IC for Electronic Ballast", IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 3, May 2007.
[7] Wen-Lung Lu and Sheng-Nian Yeh, "Design and Implementation of
Uninterruptible Power Supplies for Fluorescent Lamps with Electronic
Ballast", in proc. of Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC (A), vol. 23, no. 6, pp: 728-
735, 1999.
[8] Sam Ben-Yaakov and Moshe Shvartsas, "An Electronic Ballast for
Fluorescent Lamps with No Series Passive Elements", in proc. of 16th
Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics and Exposition,
vol. 2, pp: 670- 675, Anaheim, USA, 2001, Doi:
10.1109/APEC.2001.912441.
[9] V.Sekar, T.G.Palanivelu and B.Revathi, "Effective Tests and
Measurements Mechanisms for EMI Level Identification in Fluorescent
Lamp Operation", in proc. of European Journal on Scientific Research,
vol. 34, no. 4, pp: 495- 505, 2009.
[10] Narasimhan R., Audeh M. D., Kahn J. M., "Effect of electronic-ballast
fluorescent lighting on wireless infrared links", IEE proceedings on
Optoelectronics, vol. 143, no. 6, pp: 329- 374, 1996.
[11] Wei-Der Chang and Jun-Juh Yan, "Optimum Setting of PID Controllers
based on using Evolutionary Programming Algorithm", in proc. of
Journal on Chinese Institute of Engineers, vol. 27, no. 3, pp: 439- 442,
2004.
[12] Raymond Chiong and Ooi Koon Beng, "A comparison between Genetic
algorithms and Evolutionary Programming based on Cutting Stock
Problem", Engineering Letters, 14:1, 12 Feb. 2007.
[13] B. Y. Qu and P. N. Suganthan, "Multi-objective Evolutionary
Programming without Non-domination Sorting is up to Twenty Times
Faster," IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 18-21 May,
Norway, 2009.
[14] Libao Shi, Zhao Yang Dong, Jin Hao and Kit Po Wong, "Mathematical
Analysis of the Heuristic Optimisation Mechanism of Evolutionary
Programming," International Journal of Computational Intelligence
Research, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 357-366, 2006.
[15] M.Vidhyavathi and G.Anand, "Industrial Tariff Minimization Using
Evolutionary Programming Technique", in proc. of World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, 50, 2009.
[16] Wan-Rone Liou, Chun-Ting Kuo, Mei-Ling Yeh, Ping-Hsing Chen, and
Marynelle L. Z. Rosales, "A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC
with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques", in proceedings
of Journal on Electronic Science and Technology of China, vol. 6, no. 3,
September 2008.
[17] Sotirios K. Goudos, Ioannis T. Rekanos and John N. Sahalos,"EMI
Reduction and ICs Optimal Arrangement Inside High-Speed Networking
Equipment Using Particle Swarm Optimization", IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 50, no. 3, August 2008.
[18] R.Dhanasekaran, M.Rajaram and S.N.Sivanandam, "Mixed Mode EMI
Noise Level Measurements in SMPS", in proceedings of American
Journal on Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 5, pp: 1824- 1830, 2006.
[19] Julia Paixao, Andreas Karvonen, Johan Åstrom, Trygve Tuveson and
Torbjorn Thiringer, "EMI Reduction using Symmetrical Switching and
Capacitor control", in proc. of 19th IEEE Intl. Zurich Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp: 686- 689, 19- 23 May, Singapore,
2008, DOI: 10.1109/APEMC.2008.4559968.
[20] Franc Mihalic and Dejan Kos, "Randomized PWM for conductive EMI
reduction in DC-DC choppers", in proc. of HAIT Journal on Science and
Engineering B, vol. 2, no. 5-6, pp: 594- 608, 2005.
[21] Min-woo Kim, Do-wan Kim, Bon-sung Koo, Yong-bum Kim, Onsik
Choi and Nam-deog Kim", Chip Level Techniques for EMI
Reduction in LCD Panels", in proc. of IEEE Intl. Zurich Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp: 441- 444, 12- 16 Jan. 2009, Doi:
10.1109/EMCZUR.2009.4783485.
[22] Kato, T.Inoue, K.Akimasa, K.,"EMI Reduction Method for a Single-
Phase PWM Inverter by Suppressing Common-Mode Currents with
Complementary Switching", in proc. of 5th IEEE Intl. Conference and
Power Electronic and Motion Control, vol. 3, pp: 1-5, 14- 16, August,
Shanghai, 2006, Doi: 10.1109/IPEMC.2006.4778272.
[23] Jalakas, T.Molder and H.Egorov, M., "EMI reduction problems in power
converters with 6.5 kV IGBTs", in proc. of IEEE Conference on Power
Quality and Supply Reliability, pp: 229- 233, 27- 29 August, Parnu,
2008, Doi: 10.1109/PQ.2008.4653766.
[1] P. Ram Mohan, M. Vijaya Kumar and O.V. Raghava Reddy, "A Novel
Topology of EMI Filter to Suppress Common Mode and Differential
Mode Noises of Electro Magnetic Interference in Switching Power
Supplies", in proc. of ARPN Journal on Engineering and Applied
Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, August 2004.
[2] K. M. Muttaqi and M. E. Haque, "Electromagnetic Interference
Generated from Fast Switching Power Electronic Devices", in proc. of
International Journal on Innovations in Energy Systems and Power, vol.
3, no. 1, April 2008.
[3] Jeyanandh Paramesh and Annette von Jouanne, "Use of Sigma- Delta
Modulation to control EMI from Switch- Mode Power Supplies", IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, Feb. 2001.
[4] Ibuki Mori, Yoshihisa Yamada, Santhos A. Wibowo, Masashi Kono,
Haruo Kobayashi, Yukihiro Fujimura, Nobukazu Takai, Toshio
Sugiyama, Isao Fukai, Norihisa Onishi, Ichiro Takeda and Jun- ichi
Matsuda, "EMI Reduction by Spread- Spectrum clocking in Digitally-
Controlled DC-DC Converters", IEEE Transactions on Fundamentals,
vol. E92- A, no. 4, April 2009.
[5] Horacio Vasquez, Laura Espinoza, Karen Lozano, Heinrich Foltz and
Shuying Yang, "Simple Device for Electromagnetic Interference
Shielding Effectiveness Measurement," IEEE Article, pp. 62-68, 2009.
[6] Hee-Seok Han, Tae-Ha Ryu, and Gyu-Hyeong Cho,"Mixed Mode
Excitation and Low Cost Control IC for Electronic Ballast", IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 3, May 2007.
[7] Wen-Lung Lu and Sheng-Nian Yeh, "Design and Implementation of
Uninterruptible Power Supplies for Fluorescent Lamps with Electronic
Ballast", in proc. of Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC (A), vol. 23, no. 6, pp: 728-
735, 1999.
[8] Sam Ben-Yaakov and Moshe Shvartsas, "An Electronic Ballast for
Fluorescent Lamps with No Series Passive Elements", in proc. of 16th
Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics and Exposition,
vol. 2, pp: 670- 675, Anaheim, USA, 2001, Doi:
10.1109/APEC.2001.912441.
[9] V.Sekar, T.G.Palanivelu and B.Revathi, "Effective Tests and
Measurements Mechanisms for EMI Level Identification in Fluorescent
Lamp Operation", in proc. of European Journal on Scientific Research,
vol. 34, no. 4, pp: 495- 505, 2009.
[10] Narasimhan R., Audeh M. D., Kahn J. M., "Effect of electronic-ballast
fluorescent lighting on wireless infrared links", IEE proceedings on
Optoelectronics, vol. 143, no. 6, pp: 329- 374, 1996.
[11] Wei-Der Chang and Jun-Juh Yan, "Optimum Setting of PID Controllers
based on using Evolutionary Programming Algorithm", in proc. of
Journal on Chinese Institute of Engineers, vol. 27, no. 3, pp: 439- 442,
2004.
[12] Raymond Chiong and Ooi Koon Beng, "A comparison between Genetic
algorithms and Evolutionary Programming based on Cutting Stock
Problem", Engineering Letters, 14:1, 12 Feb. 2007.
[13] B. Y. Qu and P. N. Suganthan, "Multi-objective Evolutionary
Programming without Non-domination Sorting is up to Twenty Times
Faster," IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 18-21 May,
Norway, 2009.
[14] Libao Shi, Zhao Yang Dong, Jin Hao and Kit Po Wong, "Mathematical
Analysis of the Heuristic Optimisation Mechanism of Evolutionary
Programming," International Journal of Computational Intelligence
Research, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 357-366, 2006.
[15] M.Vidhyavathi and G.Anand, "Industrial Tariff Minimization Using
Evolutionary Programming Technique", in proc. of World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, 50, 2009.
[16] Wan-Rone Liou, Chun-Ting Kuo, Mei-Ling Yeh, Ping-Hsing Chen, and
Marynelle L. Z. Rosales, "A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC
with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques", in proceedings
of Journal on Electronic Science and Technology of China, vol. 6, no. 3,
September 2008.
[17] Sotirios K. Goudos, Ioannis T. Rekanos and John N. Sahalos,"EMI
Reduction and ICs Optimal Arrangement Inside High-Speed Networking
Equipment Using Particle Swarm Optimization", IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 50, no. 3, August 2008.
[18] R.Dhanasekaran, M.Rajaram and S.N.Sivanandam, "Mixed Mode EMI
Noise Level Measurements in SMPS", in proceedings of American
Journal on Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 5, pp: 1824- 1830, 2006.
[19] Julia Paixao, Andreas Karvonen, Johan Åstrom, Trygve Tuveson and
Torbjorn Thiringer, "EMI Reduction using Symmetrical Switching and
Capacitor control", in proc. of 19th IEEE Intl. Zurich Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp: 686- 689, 19- 23 May, Singapore,
2008, DOI: 10.1109/APEMC.2008.4559968.
[20] Franc Mihalic and Dejan Kos, "Randomized PWM for conductive EMI
reduction in DC-DC choppers", in proc. of HAIT Journal on Science and
Engineering B, vol. 2, no. 5-6, pp: 594- 608, 2005.
[21] Min-woo Kim, Do-wan Kim, Bon-sung Koo, Yong-bum Kim, Onsik
Choi and Nam-deog Kim", Chip Level Techniques for EMI
Reduction in LCD Panels", in proc. of IEEE Intl. Zurich Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp: 441- 444, 12- 16 Jan. 2009, Doi:
10.1109/EMCZUR.2009.4783485.
[22] Kato, T.Inoue, K.Akimasa, K.,"EMI Reduction Method for a Single-
Phase PWM Inverter by Suppressing Common-Mode Currents with
Complementary Switching", in proc. of 5th IEEE Intl. Conference and
Power Electronic and Motion Control, vol. 3, pp: 1-5, 14- 16, August,
Shanghai, 2006, Doi: 10.1109/IPEMC.2006.4778272.
[23] Jalakas, T.Molder and H.Egorov, M., "EMI reduction problems in power
converters with 6.5 kV IGBTs", in proc. of IEEE Conference on Power
Quality and Supply Reliability, pp: 229- 233, 27- 29 August, Parnu,
2008, Doi: 10.1109/PQ.2008.4653766.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:51940", author = "V.Sekar and T.G.Palanivelu and B.Revathi", title = "An Efficient Technique for EMI Mitigation in Fluorescent Lamps using Frequency Modulation and Evolutionary Programming", abstract = "Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the
serious problems in most electrical and electronic appliances
including fluorescent lamps. The electronic ballast used to regulate
the power flow through the lamp is the major cause for EMI. The
interference is because of the high frequency switching operation of
the ballast. Formerly, some EMI mitigation techniques were in
practice, but they were not satisfactory because of the hardware
complexity in the circuit design, increased parasitic components and
power consumption and so on. The majority of the researchers have
their spotlight only on EMI mitigation without considering the other
constraints such as cost, effective operation of the equipment etc. In
this paper, we propose a technique for EMI mitigation in fluorescent
lamps by integrating Frequency Modulation and Evolutionary
Programming. By the Frequency Modulation technique, the
switching at a single central frequency is extended to a range of
frequencies, and so, the power is distributed throughout the range of
frequencies leading to EMI mitigation. But in order to meet the
operating frequency of the ballast and the operating power of the
fluorescent lamps, an optimal modulation index is necessary for
Frequency Modulation. The optimal modulation index is determined
using Evolutionary Programming. Thereby, the proposed technique
mitigates the EMI to a satisfactory level without disturbing the
operation of the fluorescent lamp.", keywords = "Ballast, Electromagnetic interference (EMI), EMImitigation, Evolutionary programming (EP), Fluorescent lamp,Frequency Modulation (FM), Modulation index.", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "62-7", }
