An Axiomatic Model for Development of the Allocated Architecture in Systems Engineering Process
The final step to complete the “Analytical Systems
Engineering Process” is the “Allocated Architecture” in which all
Functional Requirements (FRs) of an engineering system must be
allocated into their corresponding Physical Components (PCs). At
this step, any design for developing the system’s allocated
architecture in which no clear pattern of assigning the exclusive
“responsibility” of each PC for fulfilling the allocated FR(s) can be
found is considered a poor design that may cause difficulties in
determining the specific PC(s) which has (have) failed to satisfy a
given FR successfully. The present study utilizes the Axiomatic
Design method principles to mathematically address this problem and
establishes an “Axiomatic Model” as a solution for reaching good
alternatives for developing the allocated architecture. This study
proposes a “loss Function”, as a quantitative criterion to monetarily
compare non-ideal designs for developing the allocated architecture
and choose the one which imposes relatively lower cost to the
system’s stakeholders. For the case-study, we use the existing design
of U. S. electricity marketing subsystem, based on data provided by
the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). The result for
2012 shows the symptoms of a poor design and ineffectiveness due to
coupling among the FRs of this subsystem.
[1] Meadows, D. H. and Wright, D. (2009), “Thinking in Systems: A
primer“ , Earthscan, London, UK, PP.XI, 6, 7.
[2] Capra, F. (1996), “The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and
Matter”, 1st Edition, Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins.
[3] Gharajedaghi, J. (2006), “Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and
Complexity: A Platform for Designing Business Architecture” , 2nd
Edition, Elsevier, USA, PP. 15, 16.
[4] Jackson, M.C. (2003),”Systems Thinking: Creative Holism for
Managers”, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PP. 15, 16.
[5] Wasson, C.S. (2006), “System Analysis, Design, and Development
Concepts, Principles, and Practices”, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
New Jersey, USA, PP. 18, 284, 292.
[6] Buede, D. M. (2009), “The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and
Methods”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA, PP.
10,11,21,25,154, 155,290,483.
[7] Blanchard, B. S. and Fabrycky, W.J. (2010), “Systems Engineering and
Analysis”, 5th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., PP. 3, 15,
44.
[8] Suh, N.P. (1998), ”Axiomatic Design Theory for Systems Research in
Engineering Design”, Springer-Verlag London Limited, pp.189–209.
[9] Suh, N.P. (1995), “Design and operation of large systems”, Journal of
Manufacturing Systems,Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 203-213.
[10] Simon, R. and Clair, R.K.St. (1998), “The Systems Approach: Fresh
Solutions to Complex Problems Through Combining Science and
Practical Common Sense”, Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc.
[11] Systems Engineering Handbook, version 2a, INCOSE, 2004, pp. 10, 15.
[12] Kossiakoff,A., Sweet, N., Seymour, S., and Biemer,M.(2011), “Systems
Engineering Principles and Practice”, 2nd Edition, Wiley Press, PP. 3, 27,
45.
[13] Mostashari, A., and Sussman, J. (2005), “Engaging Stakeholders in
Engineering Systems Representation and Modeling, Papers”, pdfs,
Symposium, ESD, M.I.T, 2005.
[14] Mele, C., Pels, J., and, Polese, F. (2010), “A Brief Review of Systems
Theories and Their Managerial Applications”, Service Science, 2 (1/2),
pp. 126–135.
[15] International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), Systems
Engineering Handbook Version 3.1, August 2007, pp. 3.3-3.8.
[16] Suh, N.P. (2001), “Axiomatic Design: Advances and Applications”, 1st
Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001.
[17] Sailor, J.D., R.H. Thayer, M. Dorfman (1990.), “System engineering: An
introduction. In System and Software Requirements Engineering”,
IEEE, Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA USA, PP. 35– 47.
[18] Chambers, G.J., Manos, K.L., Monision, A.F., and Wirth, J.M. (1992.),
“Requirements: Their origin, format and control”. In Systems
Engineering for the 21st Century, 2nd Amu. Int. Symposium, INCOSE,
PP. 83–90.
[19] Grady, J.O. (2013), “System Requirements Analysis”, 2nd Edition,
Elsevier, USA.
[20] Military Standard, MIL-STD 499B (draft) on Engineering Management,
Systems Engineering, 1993.
[21] Suh, N.P. (2007), “Ergonomics, Axiomatic Design and Complexity
Theory”, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.
101-121.
[22] Levis, A., (1993). National Missile Defense (NMD) Command And
Control Methodology Development, Contract Data Requirements List
A005 report for U.S. Army Contract MDA 903–88-0019, Delivery
Order 0042. George Mason University,Center of Excellence in
Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence,Fairfax, VA.
[23] Fitts. P.M. (1951), “Human Engineering for an Effective Air Navigation
and Traffic Control System” Washington, DC: National Research
Council.
[24] Fitts. P.M. (1962), “Function of Man in Complex Systems”, Aerospace
Engineering, 21(1), 34-39.
[25] Jordan. N. (1963), “Allocation of functions between man and machines
in automated systems”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 47(3), 161-165.
[26] Prince, H. (1985), “The allocation of function in systems”, Human
Factors, 27, 33-45.
[27] Saaty. T.L. (1980), “The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority
Setting, Resource Allocation”, McGraw-Hil, New York, NY.
[28] Yang. H. and Zhu. X. and Li. D. and Guo. J. (2007), “Research on
function allocation of man- machine System”, Machinery Design &
Manufacture, 7, 151-153.
[29] Yi. H. and Song. B. and Ji. D. (2007), “Research on Man-Machine
Function Allocation of the Ground Control Station for Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle of Scenario”, Fire Control and Command Control, 32(12), 129-
132.
[30] Tang. Z. and Zhang A. Cao. L. (2008), “Study on Man-Machine
Function Allocation of Intelligent Fire and Command Control System”,
Fire Control and Command Control, 33(3), 39-43.
[31] Hancock, H. A. & Chignell, M. H. (1992), “Adaptive allocation by
intelligent interfaces”.
[32] Kantowitz. B. and Sorkin. R. (1987), “Allocation of functions”. In G.
SALVENDY, Ed. Handbook of Human Factors, New York: Wiley, 365-
369.
[33] Hou, T., Lin, L. & Drury, C. G. (1993), “An empirical study of hybrid
inspection system and allocation of inspection functions”, International
journal of human factors in manufacturing systems, 351-367.
[34] Sheridan, T. B. (2000), “Function allocation: algorithm, alchemy or
apostasy? “, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52, 203-
216.
[35] Parasuraman, R. & Wickens, C. D. (2008), “Humans: Still Vital After
All These Years of Automation”, Golden anniversity special issue of
Human Factors, 50, 511-520.
[36] Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T. B. & Wickens, C. D. (2000) A model for
types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE
transactions on system, man, and cybernetics - Part A: Systems and
humans, 30, 286-296.
[37] Gumus, B. (2005),”Axiomatic Product Development Lifecycle (APDL)
Model”, PhD Dissertation, TTU.
[38] Taguchi, G., Chowdhury, S., and Taguchi, S. (2000), 1st Edition,
“Robust Engineering”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[39] Taguchi, G. (1989), “Taguchi methods: case studies from the U.S. and
Europe”, Japanese Standards Association.
[40] Maruskin (2012), J.M., “Essential Linear Algebra”, the Revised Edition,
Solar Crest Publishing, LLC, San Jose, California, USA.
[41] U.S. Energy Information Administration - Available:
http://www.eia.gov/electricity, visited the May 25, 2013.
[42] Tate (1998), D., A Roadmap for Decomposition: Activities, Theories,
and Tools for System Design, PH.D Dissertation, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T),
CA, USA, December 1998.
[43] Hao, Y., Kantola, J. (2013), Arenas, R. R. V., Wu, M., Knowledge
Services in campus : The Application of Axiomatic Design, Proceedings
of ICAD2013 The Seventh International Conference on Axiomatic
Design Worcester – June 27-28, 2013 ICAD-2013-10.
[44] Marchesi, M., Kim, S. G., Matt, D. T. (2013), Application of The
Axiomatic Design Approach to The Design of Architectural systems: A
Literature Review, Proceedings of ICAD 2013, The Seventh
International Conference on Axiomatic Design, Worcester – June 27-28,
2013, ICAD-2013-23.
[45] Thompson, M. (2009), Thomas, B. C., Hopkins, J. B., “Applying
Aximatic Design to The Educational Process”, Proceedings of
ICAD2009, The Fifth International Conference on Axiomatic Design,
Campus de Caparica – March 25-27, 2009
[46] Pastor, J. B. R., Benavides E. M. (2011), “Axiomatic Design of an
Airport Passenger Terminal”, The Sixth International Conference on
Axiomatic Design, Daejeon, March 30-31, 2011.
[47] Santos, A., Silva, A., Gonçalves-Coelho, A. (2009), “The Minimum
Constraint Design and The First Axiom”, Proceedings of ICAD2009,
The Fifth International Conference on Axiomatic Design, Campus de
Caparica – March 25-27, 2009
[48] Cavique, M., Goncalves-Coelho, A., “An Energy Efficiency Framework
for Design of HVAC Systems”, The Fifth International Conference on
Axiomatic Design, Campus de Caparica, March 25-27, 2009.
[49] Yang, K. (2008), Voice of Customer: Capture and Analysis, McGraw-
Hill.
[50] Gumus, B.; Ertas, A.; Tate, D.; Cicek, I. (2008), “The Transdisciplinary
Product Development Lifecycle Model”, Journal of Engineering Design,
Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 185-200, June 2008.
[51] K. Yang and B. El-Haik (2003), “Design for Six Sigma: A Roadmap for
Product Development”, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003, PP: 200-208
[52] EL-HAIK, B. S. (2005), Axiomatic Quality: Integrating Axiomatic
Design with Six-Sigma, Reliability, and Quality Engineering, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
[1] Meadows, D. H. and Wright, D. (2009), “Thinking in Systems: A
primer“ , Earthscan, London, UK, PP.XI, 6, 7.
[2] Capra, F. (1996), “The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and
Matter”, 1st Edition, Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins.
[3] Gharajedaghi, J. (2006), “Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and
Complexity: A Platform for Designing Business Architecture” , 2nd
Edition, Elsevier, USA, PP. 15, 16.
[4] Jackson, M.C. (2003),”Systems Thinking: Creative Holism for
Managers”, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PP. 15, 16.
[5] Wasson, C.S. (2006), “System Analysis, Design, and Development
Concepts, Principles, and Practices”, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
New Jersey, USA, PP. 18, 284, 292.
[6] Buede, D. M. (2009), “The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and
Methods”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA, PP.
10,11,21,25,154, 155,290,483.
[7] Blanchard, B. S. and Fabrycky, W.J. (2010), “Systems Engineering and
Analysis”, 5th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., PP. 3, 15,
44.
[8] Suh, N.P. (1998), ”Axiomatic Design Theory for Systems Research in
Engineering Design”, Springer-Verlag London Limited, pp.189–209.
[9] Suh, N.P. (1995), “Design and operation of large systems”, Journal of
Manufacturing Systems,Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 203-213.
[10] Simon, R. and Clair, R.K.St. (1998), “The Systems Approach: Fresh
Solutions to Complex Problems Through Combining Science and
Practical Common Sense”, Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc.
[11] Systems Engineering Handbook, version 2a, INCOSE, 2004, pp. 10, 15.
[12] Kossiakoff,A., Sweet, N., Seymour, S., and Biemer,M.(2011), “Systems
Engineering Principles and Practice”, 2nd Edition, Wiley Press, PP. 3, 27,
45.
[13] Mostashari, A., and Sussman, J. (2005), “Engaging Stakeholders in
Engineering Systems Representation and Modeling, Papers”, pdfs,
Symposium, ESD, M.I.T, 2005.
[14] Mele, C., Pels, J., and, Polese, F. (2010), “A Brief Review of Systems
Theories and Their Managerial Applications”, Service Science, 2 (1/2),
pp. 126–135.
[15] International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), Systems
Engineering Handbook Version 3.1, August 2007, pp. 3.3-3.8.
[16] Suh, N.P. (2001), “Axiomatic Design: Advances and Applications”, 1st
Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001.
[17] Sailor, J.D., R.H. Thayer, M. Dorfman (1990.), “System engineering: An
introduction. In System and Software Requirements Engineering”,
IEEE, Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA USA, PP. 35– 47.
[18] Chambers, G.J., Manos, K.L., Monision, A.F., and Wirth, J.M. (1992.),
“Requirements: Their origin, format and control”. In Systems
Engineering for the 21st Century, 2nd Amu. Int. Symposium, INCOSE,
PP. 83–90.
[19] Grady, J.O. (2013), “System Requirements Analysis”, 2nd Edition,
Elsevier, USA.
[20] Military Standard, MIL-STD 499B (draft) on Engineering Management,
Systems Engineering, 1993.
[21] Suh, N.P. (2007), “Ergonomics, Axiomatic Design and Complexity
Theory”, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.
101-121.
[22] Levis, A., (1993). National Missile Defense (NMD) Command And
Control Methodology Development, Contract Data Requirements List
A005 report for U.S. Army Contract MDA 903–88-0019, Delivery
Order 0042. George Mason University,Center of Excellence in
Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence,Fairfax, VA.
[23] Fitts. P.M. (1951), “Human Engineering for an Effective Air Navigation
and Traffic Control System” Washington, DC: National Research
Council.
[24] Fitts. P.M. (1962), “Function of Man in Complex Systems”, Aerospace
Engineering, 21(1), 34-39.
[25] Jordan. N. (1963), “Allocation of functions between man and machines
in automated systems”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 47(3), 161-165.
[26] Prince, H. (1985), “The allocation of function in systems”, Human
Factors, 27, 33-45.
[27] Saaty. T.L. (1980), “The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority
Setting, Resource Allocation”, McGraw-Hil, New York, NY.
[28] Yang. H. and Zhu. X. and Li. D. and Guo. J. (2007), “Research on
function allocation of man- machine System”, Machinery Design &
Manufacture, 7, 151-153.
[29] Yi. H. and Song. B. and Ji. D. (2007), “Research on Man-Machine
Function Allocation of the Ground Control Station for Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle of Scenario”, Fire Control and Command Control, 32(12), 129-
132.
[30] Tang. Z. and Zhang A. Cao. L. (2008), “Study on Man-Machine
Function Allocation of Intelligent Fire and Command Control System”,
Fire Control and Command Control, 33(3), 39-43.
[31] Hancock, H. A. & Chignell, M. H. (1992), “Adaptive allocation by
intelligent interfaces”.
[32] Kantowitz. B. and Sorkin. R. (1987), “Allocation of functions”. In G.
SALVENDY, Ed. Handbook of Human Factors, New York: Wiley, 365-
369.
[33] Hou, T., Lin, L. & Drury, C. G. (1993), “An empirical study of hybrid
inspection system and allocation of inspection functions”, International
journal of human factors in manufacturing systems, 351-367.
[34] Sheridan, T. B. (2000), “Function allocation: algorithm, alchemy or
apostasy? “, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52, 203-
216.
[35] Parasuraman, R. & Wickens, C. D. (2008), “Humans: Still Vital After
All These Years of Automation”, Golden anniversity special issue of
Human Factors, 50, 511-520.
[36] Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T. B. & Wickens, C. D. (2000) A model for
types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE
transactions on system, man, and cybernetics - Part A: Systems and
humans, 30, 286-296.
[37] Gumus, B. (2005),”Axiomatic Product Development Lifecycle (APDL)
Model”, PhD Dissertation, TTU.
[38] Taguchi, G., Chowdhury, S., and Taguchi, S. (2000), 1st Edition,
“Robust Engineering”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[39] Taguchi, G. (1989), “Taguchi methods: case studies from the U.S. and
Europe”, Japanese Standards Association.
[40] Maruskin (2012), J.M., “Essential Linear Algebra”, the Revised Edition,
Solar Crest Publishing, LLC, San Jose, California, USA.
[41] U.S. Energy Information Administration - Available:
http://www.eia.gov/electricity, visited the May 25, 2013.
[42] Tate (1998), D., A Roadmap for Decomposition: Activities, Theories,
and Tools for System Design, PH.D Dissertation, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T),
CA, USA, December 1998.
[43] Hao, Y., Kantola, J. (2013), Arenas, R. R. V., Wu, M., Knowledge
Services in campus : The Application of Axiomatic Design, Proceedings
of ICAD2013 The Seventh International Conference on Axiomatic
Design Worcester – June 27-28, 2013 ICAD-2013-10.
[44] Marchesi, M., Kim, S. G., Matt, D. T. (2013), Application of The
Axiomatic Design Approach to The Design of Architectural systems: A
Literature Review, Proceedings of ICAD 2013, The Seventh
International Conference on Axiomatic Design, Worcester – June 27-28,
2013, ICAD-2013-23.
[45] Thompson, M. (2009), Thomas, B. C., Hopkins, J. B., “Applying
Aximatic Design to The Educational Process”, Proceedings of
ICAD2009, The Fifth International Conference on Axiomatic Design,
Campus de Caparica – March 25-27, 2009
[46] Pastor, J. B. R., Benavides E. M. (2011), “Axiomatic Design of an
Airport Passenger Terminal”, The Sixth International Conference on
Axiomatic Design, Daejeon, March 30-31, 2011.
[47] Santos, A., Silva, A., Gonçalves-Coelho, A. (2009), “The Minimum
Constraint Design and The First Axiom”, Proceedings of ICAD2009,
The Fifth International Conference on Axiomatic Design, Campus de
Caparica – March 25-27, 2009
[48] Cavique, M., Goncalves-Coelho, A., “An Energy Efficiency Framework
for Design of HVAC Systems”, The Fifth International Conference on
Axiomatic Design, Campus de Caparica, March 25-27, 2009.
[49] Yang, K. (2008), Voice of Customer: Capture and Analysis, McGraw-
Hill.
[50] Gumus, B.; Ertas, A.; Tate, D.; Cicek, I. (2008), “The Transdisciplinary
Product Development Lifecycle Model”, Journal of Engineering Design,
Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 185-200, June 2008.
[51] K. Yang and B. El-Haik (2003), “Design for Six Sigma: A Roadmap for
Product Development”, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003, PP: 200-208
[52] EL-HAIK, B. S. (2005), Axiomatic Quality: Integrating Axiomatic
Design with Six-Sigma, Reliability, and Quality Engineering, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:68750", author = "A. Sharahi and R. Tehrani and A. Mollajan", title = "An Axiomatic Model for Development of the Allocated Architecture in Systems Engineering Process", abstract = "The final step to complete the “Analytical Systems
Engineering Process” is the “Allocated Architecture” in which all
Functional Requirements (FRs) of an engineering system must be
allocated into their corresponding Physical Components (PCs). At
this step, any design for developing the system’s allocated
architecture in which no clear pattern of assigning the exclusive
“responsibility” of each PC for fulfilling the allocated FR(s) can be
found is considered a poor design that may cause difficulties in
determining the specific PC(s) which has (have) failed to satisfy a
given FR successfully. The present study utilizes the Axiomatic
Design method principles to mathematically address this problem and
establishes an “Axiomatic Model” as a solution for reaching good
alternatives for developing the allocated architecture. This study
proposes a “loss Function”, as a quantitative criterion to monetarily
compare non-ideal designs for developing the allocated architecture
and choose the one which imposes relatively lower cost to the
system’s stakeholders. For the case-study, we use the existing design
of U. S. electricity marketing subsystem, based on data provided by
the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). The result for
2012 shows the symptoms of a poor design and ineffectiveness due to
coupling among the FRs of this subsystem.
", keywords = "Allocated Architecture, Analytical Systems Engineering Process, Functional Requirements (FRs), Physical Components (PCs), Responsibility of a Physical Component, System’s Stakeholders.", volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "3409-11", }
