A Video-Based Observation and Analysis Method to Assess Human Movement and Behaviour in Crowded Areas
Human movement in the real world provides
important information for developing human behaviour models and
simulations. However, it is difficult to assess ‘real’ human behaviour
since there is no established method available. As part of the AUNTSUE
(Accessibility and User Needs in Transport – Sustainable Urban
Environments) project, this research aimed to propose a method to
assess human movement and behaviour in crowded areas. The
method is based on the three major steps of video recording,
conceptual behavior modelling and video analysis. The focus is on
individual human movement and behaviour in normal situations
(panic situations are not considered) and the interactions between
individuals in localized areas. Emphasis is placed on gaining
knowledge of characteristics of human movement and behaviour in
the real world that can be modelled in the virtual environment.
[1] G.K. Still, “Crowd Dynamics,” Doctoral Thesis, University of Warwick,
2000
[2] R. Marshall, S. Summerskill, J.M. Porter, K. Case, R.E. Sims, D.E. Gyi,
and P. Davis, “Multivariate Design Inclusion Using HADRIAN,” in
Proc. of the SAE 2008 Digital Human Modelling for Design and
Engineering Conference and Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
2008
[3] R. Marshall, J.M. Porter, R.E. Sims, D.E. Gyi and K. Case, “HADRIAN
Meets AUNT-SUE,” in Proc. of the International Conference on
Inclusive Design, INCLUDE 2005, Royal College of Art, London, UK,
2005
[4] I. Pehkonen, R. Ketola, R. Ranta and E.P. Takala, “A Video-Based
Observation Method to Assess Musculoskeletal Load in Kitchen Work,”
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 15,
No. 1, pp. 75-88, 2009
[5] P.G. Dempsey, R.W. McGorry and W.S. Maynard, “A Survey of Tools
and Methods used by Certificate Professional Ergonomists,” Applied
Ergonomics, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 489-503, 2005
[6] S.A. Pascual and S. Naqvi, “An Investigation of Ergonomics Analysis
Tools Used in Industry in the Identification of Work-Related
Musculoskeletal Disorders,” International Journal of Occupational
Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 237-245, 2008
[7] T.Y. Yen and R.G. Radwin, “A Comparison Between Analysis Time
and Inter-Analyst Reliability Using Spectral Analysis of Kinematic Data
and Posture Classification,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 33, pp. 85-93,
2002
[8] L.P. Noldus, R.J. Trienes, A.H. Hendriksen, H. Jansen and R.G. Jansen,
“The Observer Video-Pro: New Software for the Collection,
Management and Presentation of Time-Structured Data from Videotapes
and Digital Media Files,” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and
Computers, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 197-206, 2000
[9] L. McAtamney and E.N. Corlett, “RULA: A Survey Method for the
Investigation of Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders,” Applied
Ergonomics, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 91-99, 1993
[10] S. Hignett and L. McAtamney, “Rapid Entire Body Assessment
(REBA),” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 201-205, 2000
[11] G. David, V. Woods, G. Li and P. Buckle, “The Development of the
Quick Exposure Check (QEC) for Assessing Exposure to Risk Factors
for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders,” Applied Ergonomics,
Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 57-69, 2008
[12] S. Mohamaddan, “Human Movement and Behaviour Simulation Using
Gaming Software,” Doctoral Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013
[13] W. Daamen, P.H.L. Bovy and S.P. Hoogendoorn, S.P., “Modeling
Pedestrians in Transfer Stations,” Pedestrians and Evacuation
Dynamics, pp. 59-73, 2002
[14] S.P. Hoogendoorn, W. Daamen and P.H.L. Bovy, “Extracting
Microscopic Pedestrian Characteristics from Video Data,”
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2003
[15] T. Kretz, A. Grunebohm and M. Schreckenberg, “Experimental Study of
Pedestrian Flow Through a Bottleneck,” Journal of Statistical
Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, No. 10, 2006
[16] A. Seyried, T. Rupprecht, O. Passon, B. Steffen, W. Klingsch and M.
Boltes, “New Insight Into Pedestrian Flow Through Bottlenecks,”
Transportation Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 395-406, 2009
[17] S.J. Rymill and N.A. Dodgson, “A Psychologically-Based Simulation of
Human Behaviour,” Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics, 2005
[18] F. Cherif and R. Chighoub, “Crowd Simulation Influenced by Agent’s
Socio-Psychological State,” Journal of Computing, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010
[19] X. Pan, C.S. Han, K. Dauber and K.H. Law, “Human and Social
Behavior in Computational Modeling and Analysis of Egress,”
Automation in Construction, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 448-461, 2006
[20] N. Pelechano, K. O’Brien, B. Silverman and N. Badler, “Crowd
Simulation Incorporating Agent Psychological Models, Roles and
Communication,” International Workshop on Crowd Simulation, 2005
[21] L.Z. Yang, D.L. Zhao, J. Li and T.Y. Fang, “Simulation of the Kin
Behavior in Building Occupant Evacuation Based on Cellular
Automaton,” Building and Environment, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 411-415,
2005
[22] S. Mohamaddan and K. Case, “Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation
through Video Observation Analysis,” in Proc. of International FLINS
Conference on Uncertainty Modelling in Knowledge Engineering and
Decision Making, Vol. 7, pp. 412-417, 2012
[23] S. Mohamaddan and K. Case, “Towards Understanding of Human
Behaviour in Crowded Spaces Using Video Observation Analysis,” in
Proc. of International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Vol.2,
pp. 637-642, 2012
[24] J.F. Suri and M. Marsh, “Scenario Building as an Ergonomics Method in
Consumer Product Design,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp.
151-157, 2000
[1] G.K. Still, “Crowd Dynamics,” Doctoral Thesis, University of Warwick,
2000
[2] R. Marshall, S. Summerskill, J.M. Porter, K. Case, R.E. Sims, D.E. Gyi,
and P. Davis, “Multivariate Design Inclusion Using HADRIAN,” in
Proc. of the SAE 2008 Digital Human Modelling for Design and
Engineering Conference and Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
2008
[3] R. Marshall, J.M. Porter, R.E. Sims, D.E. Gyi and K. Case, “HADRIAN
Meets AUNT-SUE,” in Proc. of the International Conference on
Inclusive Design, INCLUDE 2005, Royal College of Art, London, UK,
2005
[4] I. Pehkonen, R. Ketola, R. Ranta and E.P. Takala, “A Video-Based
Observation Method to Assess Musculoskeletal Load in Kitchen Work,”
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 15,
No. 1, pp. 75-88, 2009
[5] P.G. Dempsey, R.W. McGorry and W.S. Maynard, “A Survey of Tools
and Methods used by Certificate Professional Ergonomists,” Applied
Ergonomics, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 489-503, 2005
[6] S.A. Pascual and S. Naqvi, “An Investigation of Ergonomics Analysis
Tools Used in Industry in the Identification of Work-Related
Musculoskeletal Disorders,” International Journal of Occupational
Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 237-245, 2008
[7] T.Y. Yen and R.G. Radwin, “A Comparison Between Analysis Time
and Inter-Analyst Reliability Using Spectral Analysis of Kinematic Data
and Posture Classification,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 33, pp. 85-93,
2002
[8] L.P. Noldus, R.J. Trienes, A.H. Hendriksen, H. Jansen and R.G. Jansen,
“The Observer Video-Pro: New Software for the Collection,
Management and Presentation of Time-Structured Data from Videotapes
and Digital Media Files,” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and
Computers, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 197-206, 2000
[9] L. McAtamney and E.N. Corlett, “RULA: A Survey Method for the
Investigation of Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders,” Applied
Ergonomics, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 91-99, 1993
[10] S. Hignett and L. McAtamney, “Rapid Entire Body Assessment
(REBA),” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 201-205, 2000
[11] G. David, V. Woods, G. Li and P. Buckle, “The Development of the
Quick Exposure Check (QEC) for Assessing Exposure to Risk Factors
for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders,” Applied Ergonomics,
Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 57-69, 2008
[12] S. Mohamaddan, “Human Movement and Behaviour Simulation Using
Gaming Software,” Doctoral Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013
[13] W. Daamen, P.H.L. Bovy and S.P. Hoogendoorn, S.P., “Modeling
Pedestrians in Transfer Stations,” Pedestrians and Evacuation
Dynamics, pp. 59-73, 2002
[14] S.P. Hoogendoorn, W. Daamen and P.H.L. Bovy, “Extracting
Microscopic Pedestrian Characteristics from Video Data,”
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2003
[15] T. Kretz, A. Grunebohm and M. Schreckenberg, “Experimental Study of
Pedestrian Flow Through a Bottleneck,” Journal of Statistical
Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, No. 10, 2006
[16] A. Seyried, T. Rupprecht, O. Passon, B. Steffen, W. Klingsch and M.
Boltes, “New Insight Into Pedestrian Flow Through Bottlenecks,”
Transportation Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 395-406, 2009
[17] S.J. Rymill and N.A. Dodgson, “A Psychologically-Based Simulation of
Human Behaviour,” Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics, 2005
[18] F. Cherif and R. Chighoub, “Crowd Simulation Influenced by Agent’s
Socio-Psychological State,” Journal of Computing, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010
[19] X. Pan, C.S. Han, K. Dauber and K.H. Law, “Human and Social
Behavior in Computational Modeling and Analysis of Egress,”
Automation in Construction, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 448-461, 2006
[20] N. Pelechano, K. O’Brien, B. Silverman and N. Badler, “Crowd
Simulation Incorporating Agent Psychological Models, Roles and
Communication,” International Workshop on Crowd Simulation, 2005
[21] L.Z. Yang, D.L. Zhao, J. Li and T.Y. Fang, “Simulation of the Kin
Behavior in Building Occupant Evacuation Based on Cellular
Automaton,” Building and Environment, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 411-415,
2005
[22] S. Mohamaddan and K. Case, “Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation
through Video Observation Analysis,” in Proc. of International FLINS
Conference on Uncertainty Modelling in Knowledge Engineering and
Decision Making, Vol. 7, pp. 412-417, 2012
[23] S. Mohamaddan and K. Case, “Towards Understanding of Human
Behaviour in Crowded Spaces Using Video Observation Analysis,” in
Proc. of International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Vol.2,
pp. 637-642, 2012
[24] J.F. Suri and M. Marsh, “Scenario Building as an Ergonomics Method in
Consumer Product Design,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp.
151-157, 2000
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:68344", author = "Shahrol Mohamaddan and Keith Case and Ana Sakura Zainal Abidin", title = "A Video-Based Observation and Analysis Method to Assess Human Movement and Behaviour in Crowded Areas", abstract = "Human movement in the real world provides
important information for developing human behaviour models and
simulations. However, it is difficult to assess ‘real’ human behaviour
since there is no established method available. As part of the AUNTSUE
(Accessibility and User Needs in Transport – Sustainable Urban
Environments) project, this research aimed to propose a method to
assess human movement and behaviour in crowded areas. The
method is based on the three major steps of video recording,
conceptual behavior modelling and video analysis. The focus is on
individual human movement and behaviour in normal situations
(panic situations are not considered) and the interactions between
individuals in localized areas. Emphasis is placed on gaining
knowledge of characteristics of human movement and behaviour in
the real world that can be modelled in the virtual environment.
", keywords = "Video observation, Human movement, Behaviour,
Crowds, Ergonomics, AUNT-SUE", volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "2007-4", }
