A Tool for Modeling Slope Instability Triggered by Piping
The paper deals with the analysis of triggering
conditions and evolution processes of piping phenomena, in relation
to both mechanical and hydraulic aspects. In particular, the aim of
the study is to predict slope instabilities triggered by piping,
analysing the conditions necessary for a flow failure to occur. Really,
the mechanical effect involved in the loads redistribution around the
pipe is coupled to the drainage process arising from higher
permeability of the pipe. If after the pipe formation, the drainage
goes prevented for pipe clogging, the porewater pressure increase can
lead to the failure or even the liquefaction, with a subsequent flow
slide. To simulate the piping evolution and to verify relevant stability
conditions, a iterative coupled modelling approach has been pointed
out. As example, the proposed tool has been applied to the Stava
Valley disaster (July, 1985), demonstrating that piping might be one
of triggering phenomena of the tailings dams collapse.
[1] D.J. Hagerty," Piping - sapping erosion I: basic considerations", J of
Hydr Eng 117(1991), pp. 991-1008.
[2] M.C. Della Rossa, V. Francani V., and P. Gattinoni, "Studio
idrogeologico del territorio monzese: individuazione e caratterizzazione
delle zone a bassa resistenza", Quaderni di Geologia Applicata 10-
2(2003), pp.103-120.
[3] C.G. Higgins, "Piping and sapping: development of landforms by
groundwater outflow", in: Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent (ed. by
R.G.LaFleur), pp. 18-58, Allen & Unwin, Troy, NY, 1984.
[4] R.B. Bryan, and J.A.A. Jones, "The significance of soil piping
processes: inventory and prospect", Geomorphology 20 (1997), pp. 209-
218.
[5] P. Durgin, "Subsurface drainage erodes forested granitic terrain",
Physical Geography 4(1984), 1, pp. 24-39, V.H. Wiston & Sons Inc.
[6] A.J. Gerrard, Soils and landforms. An integration of geomorphology and
pedology, George Allen and Unwin, London(1981), 210 pp.
[7] T.C. Kenney, and D. Lau, "Internal stability of granular filters",
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol 22, no. 2(1985), pp. 215-225.
[8] J.M. Garcia-Ruiz, T. Lasanta, and F. Alberto, "Soil erosion by piping in
irrigated fields", Geomorphology 20(1997), pp. 269-278.
[9] C.G. Higgins, and C. Schoner , "Sinkholes formed by piping into buried
channels", Geomorphology 20(1997), pp. 307-312.
[10] M. Gutierrez, C. Sancho, G. Benito, J. Sirvent, and G. Desir,
"Quantitative study of piping processes in badland areas of the Ebro
Basin, NE Spain", Geomorphology 20 (1997), pp. 237-253.
[11] D. Zaslavsky, and G. Kassiff, "Theoretical formulation of piping
mechanism in cohesive soils", Géotechnique, XV (1965), pp. 305-314.
[12] K.S. Richards, and K.R. Reddy, "Critical appraisal of piping phenomena
in earth dams", Bull Eng Geol Environ 66(2007), pp. 381-402.
[13] R. Fell, C.F. Wan, J. Cyganiewics, and M. Foster, "Time for
development of internal erosion and piping in embankment dams", J
Geotech Geoenviron Eng 129(4), 2003, pp. 307-314.
[14] K. Kosugi, T. Uchida, and T. Mizuyama, "Numerical calculation of soil
pipe flow and its effect on water dynamics in a slope", Hydrological
Processes 18(2004), pp. 777-789.
[15] K. Watanabe, and H. Imai, "Transient behaviour of groundwater flow in
idealized slope having a soil pipe in it - numerical analysis of the
saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow by the use of finite element
method of three dimensional form", Journal of the Japan Society of
Engineering Geology 25(1984), pp. 1-8.
[16] S. Tomlinson, and Y. Vaid, "Seepage forces and confining pressure
effects on piping erosion", Can Geotech J 37(1), 2000, pp.1-13.
[17] J.A. Yamamuro, P.V. Lade, "Static liquefaction of very loose sands",
Can Geotech J 34(1997), pp. 905-917.
[18] R.C. Sidle, H. Kitahara, T. Terajima, and Y. Nakai, "Experimental
studies on the effects of pipeflow on throughflow partitioning", Journal
of Hydrology 165 (1995), pp. 207-219.
[19] Y. Tsukamoto, T. Ohta, and H. Nogushu, "Hydrological and
geomorphological studies of debris slides on forested hillslopes in
Japan". Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 137, 1982, pp. 89-98.
[20] T.C. Pierson, "Soil pipes and slope stability", Q. J. Eng. Geol. 16(1983),
pp. 1-11.
[21] J. Farifteh, and R. Soeters, "Factors underlying piping in the Basilicata
region, Southern Italy", Geomorphology 26 (1999), pp. 239-251.
[22] P.H. Temple, and A. Rapp, "Landslides in the Mgeta area, Western
Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania", Geogr. Ann. A 54 (3-4), 1972, pp. 157-
193.
[23] A. Jenkins, P.J. Ashwoth, R.I. Ferguson, I.C. Grieve, P. Rowling, and
T.A. Stott, "Slope failure in the Ochil Hills, Scotland, November, 1988",
Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 13, pp. 69-76.
[24] A.P. Dykes, and K.J. Kirk, "Initiation of a multiple peat slide on
Cuilcagh Mountain, Northern Ireland", Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms 26(2001): 395-408.
[25] C.R. Ullrich, D.J. Hagerty, and R.W. Holmberg, "Surficial failures of
alluvial streambanks", Can Geotech J 23(1986), pp. 204-316.
[26] J.L. Sherard, and R.S. Decker (Eds), Dispersive clays, related piping,
and erosion in geotechnical projects, Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech.
Publ. 623, 1977.
[27] G.E. Blight, and A.B. Fourie, "Catastrophe revisited - disastrous flow
failures of mine and municipal solid waste", Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering 23(2005), pp. 219-248.
[28] M. Govi, and F. Luino, "La colata di fango di Stava (Trentino) del 19
luglio 1985", in Rassegna dei contributi scientifici sul disastro della Val
di Stava (Provincia di Trento), 19 luglio 1985, pp. 359-397, 2003.
[29] ITASCA, User-s guide, Itasca Consulting Group. Minneapolis (USA),
1999.
[30] P. Colombo, and F. Colleselli, "The collapse of the Stava tailings basin -
Analysis of the event and observations", in Rassegna dei contributi
scientifici sul disastro della Val di Stava (Provincia di Trento), 19 luglio
1985, pp. 335-358, 2003.
[31] O. Sammarco, "A Tragic Disaster Caused by the Failure of Tailings
Dams Leads to the Formation of the Stava 1985 Foundation", Mine
Water and the Environment 23(2004), pp. 91-95.
[32] R.J. Chandler, M. Pellegrini, and G. Tosatti, "Le cause del disastro", in
Lucchi ed. Stava perché, Curcu & Genovese, Trento, 1995, pp. 221-230.
[33] G. Ricceri, Il crollo dei bacini di Stava. Crolli e affidabilità delle
strutture civili (2001).
[34] R.J. Chandler, and G. Tosatti, "The Stava tailings dams failure, Italy,
July 1985", Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Geotech. Engng 113 (1995), pp. 67-
79.
[35] G. Berti, F. Villa, D. Dovera, R. Genevois, and J. Brauns, "The disasetr
of Stava, Northern Italy, Hydraulic Fill Structures", Proc. Am. Soc.
Engrs Geotech. Engng Div., Speciality Conf., 1988, pp. 492-510.
[36] R. Genevois, and P.R. Tecca, "The tailings dams of Stava (Northern
Italy): an analysis of the disaster", Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. On
Environmental Management Geo-Water and Engineering Aspects, 1993,
pp. 23-36.
[1] D.J. Hagerty," Piping - sapping erosion I: basic considerations", J of
Hydr Eng 117(1991), pp. 991-1008.
[2] M.C. Della Rossa, V. Francani V., and P. Gattinoni, "Studio
idrogeologico del territorio monzese: individuazione e caratterizzazione
delle zone a bassa resistenza", Quaderni di Geologia Applicata 10-
2(2003), pp.103-120.
[3] C.G. Higgins, "Piping and sapping: development of landforms by
groundwater outflow", in: Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent (ed. by
R.G.LaFleur), pp. 18-58, Allen & Unwin, Troy, NY, 1984.
[4] R.B. Bryan, and J.A.A. Jones, "The significance of soil piping
processes: inventory and prospect", Geomorphology 20 (1997), pp. 209-
218.
[5] P. Durgin, "Subsurface drainage erodes forested granitic terrain",
Physical Geography 4(1984), 1, pp. 24-39, V.H. Wiston & Sons Inc.
[6] A.J. Gerrard, Soils and landforms. An integration of geomorphology and
pedology, George Allen and Unwin, London(1981), 210 pp.
[7] T.C. Kenney, and D. Lau, "Internal stability of granular filters",
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol 22, no. 2(1985), pp. 215-225.
[8] J.M. Garcia-Ruiz, T. Lasanta, and F. Alberto, "Soil erosion by piping in
irrigated fields", Geomorphology 20(1997), pp. 269-278.
[9] C.G. Higgins, and C. Schoner , "Sinkholes formed by piping into buried
channels", Geomorphology 20(1997), pp. 307-312.
[10] M. Gutierrez, C. Sancho, G. Benito, J. Sirvent, and G. Desir,
"Quantitative study of piping processes in badland areas of the Ebro
Basin, NE Spain", Geomorphology 20 (1997), pp. 237-253.
[11] D. Zaslavsky, and G. Kassiff, "Theoretical formulation of piping
mechanism in cohesive soils", Géotechnique, XV (1965), pp. 305-314.
[12] K.S. Richards, and K.R. Reddy, "Critical appraisal of piping phenomena
in earth dams", Bull Eng Geol Environ 66(2007), pp. 381-402.
[13] R. Fell, C.F. Wan, J. Cyganiewics, and M. Foster, "Time for
development of internal erosion and piping in embankment dams", J
Geotech Geoenviron Eng 129(4), 2003, pp. 307-314.
[14] K. Kosugi, T. Uchida, and T. Mizuyama, "Numerical calculation of soil
pipe flow and its effect on water dynamics in a slope", Hydrological
Processes 18(2004), pp. 777-789.
[15] K. Watanabe, and H. Imai, "Transient behaviour of groundwater flow in
idealized slope having a soil pipe in it - numerical analysis of the
saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow by the use of finite element
method of three dimensional form", Journal of the Japan Society of
Engineering Geology 25(1984), pp. 1-8.
[16] S. Tomlinson, and Y. Vaid, "Seepage forces and confining pressure
effects on piping erosion", Can Geotech J 37(1), 2000, pp.1-13.
[17] J.A. Yamamuro, P.V. Lade, "Static liquefaction of very loose sands",
Can Geotech J 34(1997), pp. 905-917.
[18] R.C. Sidle, H. Kitahara, T. Terajima, and Y. Nakai, "Experimental
studies on the effects of pipeflow on throughflow partitioning", Journal
of Hydrology 165 (1995), pp. 207-219.
[19] Y. Tsukamoto, T. Ohta, and H. Nogushu, "Hydrological and
geomorphological studies of debris slides on forested hillslopes in
Japan". Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 137, 1982, pp. 89-98.
[20] T.C. Pierson, "Soil pipes and slope stability", Q. J. Eng. Geol. 16(1983),
pp. 1-11.
[21] J. Farifteh, and R. Soeters, "Factors underlying piping in the Basilicata
region, Southern Italy", Geomorphology 26 (1999), pp. 239-251.
[22] P.H. Temple, and A. Rapp, "Landslides in the Mgeta area, Western
Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania", Geogr. Ann. A 54 (3-4), 1972, pp. 157-
193.
[23] A. Jenkins, P.J. Ashwoth, R.I. Ferguson, I.C. Grieve, P. Rowling, and
T.A. Stott, "Slope failure in the Ochil Hills, Scotland, November, 1988",
Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 13, pp. 69-76.
[24] A.P. Dykes, and K.J. Kirk, "Initiation of a multiple peat slide on
Cuilcagh Mountain, Northern Ireland", Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms 26(2001): 395-408.
[25] C.R. Ullrich, D.J. Hagerty, and R.W. Holmberg, "Surficial failures of
alluvial streambanks", Can Geotech J 23(1986), pp. 204-316.
[26] J.L. Sherard, and R.S. Decker (Eds), Dispersive clays, related piping,
and erosion in geotechnical projects, Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech.
Publ. 623, 1977.
[27] G.E. Blight, and A.B. Fourie, "Catastrophe revisited - disastrous flow
failures of mine and municipal solid waste", Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering 23(2005), pp. 219-248.
[28] M. Govi, and F. Luino, "La colata di fango di Stava (Trentino) del 19
luglio 1985", in Rassegna dei contributi scientifici sul disastro della Val
di Stava (Provincia di Trento), 19 luglio 1985, pp. 359-397, 2003.
[29] ITASCA, User-s guide, Itasca Consulting Group. Minneapolis (USA),
1999.
[30] P. Colombo, and F. Colleselli, "The collapse of the Stava tailings basin -
Analysis of the event and observations", in Rassegna dei contributi
scientifici sul disastro della Val di Stava (Provincia di Trento), 19 luglio
1985, pp. 335-358, 2003.
[31] O. Sammarco, "A Tragic Disaster Caused by the Failure of Tailings
Dams Leads to the Formation of the Stava 1985 Foundation", Mine
Water and the Environment 23(2004), pp. 91-95.
[32] R.J. Chandler, M. Pellegrini, and G. Tosatti, "Le cause del disastro", in
Lucchi ed. Stava perché, Curcu & Genovese, Trento, 1995, pp. 221-230.
[33] G. Ricceri, Il crollo dei bacini di Stava. Crolli e affidabilità delle
strutture civili (2001).
[34] R.J. Chandler, and G. Tosatti, "The Stava tailings dams failure, Italy,
July 1985", Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Geotech. Engng 113 (1995), pp. 67-
79.
[35] G. Berti, F. Villa, D. Dovera, R. Genevois, and J. Brauns, "The disasetr
of Stava, Northern Italy, Hydraulic Fill Structures", Proc. Am. Soc.
Engrs Geotech. Engng Div., Speciality Conf., 1988, pp. 492-510.
[36] R. Genevois, and P.R. Tecca, "The tailings dams of Stava (Northern
Italy): an analysis of the disaster", Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. On
Environmental Management Geo-Water and Engineering Aspects, 1993,
pp. 23-36.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:53110", author = "Paola Gattinoni and Vincenzo Francani", title = "A Tool for Modeling Slope Instability Triggered by Piping", abstract = "The paper deals with the analysis of triggering
conditions and evolution processes of piping phenomena, in relation
to both mechanical and hydraulic aspects. In particular, the aim of
the study is to predict slope instabilities triggered by piping,
analysing the conditions necessary for a flow failure to occur. Really,
the mechanical effect involved in the loads redistribution around the
pipe is coupled to the drainage process arising from higher
permeability of the pipe. If after the pipe formation, the drainage
goes prevented for pipe clogging, the porewater pressure increase can
lead to the failure or even the liquefaction, with a subsequent flow
slide. To simulate the piping evolution and to verify relevant stability
conditions, a iterative coupled modelling approach has been pointed
out. As example, the proposed tool has been applied to the Stava
Valley disaster (July, 1985), demonstrating that piping might be one
of triggering phenomena of the tailings dams collapse.", keywords = "Flow failure, liquefaction, modeling, piping,
porewater pressure.", volume = "3", number = "8", pages = "231-7", }
