A Survey on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers

This study offers a comprehensive review of the
research papers published in the field of cooling towers and gives an
insight into the latest developments of the natural draught cooling
towers. Different modeling, analysis and design techniques are
summarized and the challenges are discussed. The 118 references
included in this paper are mostly concentrated on the review of the
published papers after 2005. The present paper represents a complete
collection of the studies done for cooling towers and would give an
updated material for the researchers and design engineers in the field
of hyperbolic cooling towers.





References:
[1] S.N. Krivoshapko,"Static, vibration, and buckling analyses and
applications to one-sheet hyperboloidal shells of revolution," American
Society of Mechanical Engineers,vol. 55, no.3, pp. 241-270, 2002.
[2] S. Gopinath, N. Iyer, J. Rajasankar, and S. D'Souza, "Nonlinear analysis
of RC shell structures using multilevel modeling techniques,"
Engineering Computations, vol. 29, no. 2, pp.104-124, 2012.
[3] B. Dieter, H. Reinhard, B. K. Wilfried, and M. Ulrich, "New natural
draft cooling tower of 200 m of height," Engineering Structures, vol. 24,
no. 12, pp. 1509–1521, 2002.
[4] R. Harte, W.B. Kraatzig, "Large-scale cooling towers as part of an
efficient and cleaner energy generating technology," Thin-Walled Struct,
vol. 40, no. 7-8, pp. 651–664, 2002.
[5] A.M. El Ansary, A.A. El Damatty, and A. O. Nassef, "Optimum Shape
and Design of Cooling Towers," World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no, 12-21, 2011.
[6] P.L.Gould, S.L. Lee, "Bending of hyperbolic cooling towers," J. Struct.
Div. ASCE, vol. 93, no. 5, pp.125-146, 1967.
[7] O.C. Zienkiewicz, and J.C. Campbell, "Shape optimization and
sequential linear programming, Optimum Structural Design," Wiley,
New York, 1973, pp. 109-126.
[8] C.V. Ramakrishnan, A. Francavilla, "Structural shape optimization using
penalty functions, " J. Struct. Mech., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 403-422, 1975.
[9] R.J. Yang, D.L. Dewhirst, J.E. Allison, and A. Lee, "Shape optimization
of connecting rod pin end using a generic model," Finite element
Analysis and Design, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 257-264, 1992.
[10] K.H. Chang, and K.K. Choi, "A geometry-based parameterization
method for shape design of elastic solids," Mechanics of Structures and
Machines, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 215-252, 1992.
[11] B. Csonka, I. Kozák, C. M. Mota Soares, and C. A. Mota Soares, "shape
optimization of axisymmetric shells using a higher-order shear
deformation theory, " Structural Optimization, vol. 9, no.2, pp. 117-127,
1995.
[12] J. Pieczara, "Optimization of cooling tower shells using a simple genetic
algorithm, " Struct Multidisc Optim, vol. 19, pp. 311-316, 2000.
[13] E.N. Antonov, "On analysis of a hyperboloidal cooling tower shell
subjected to axisymmetrical loading, " Sb. trudov LISI, vol. 63, pp. 107–
112 (in Russian) 1970.
[14] N. Lochner, "Die Anwendung des Schalenelements, " SHEBA, Finite
Element Static, Berlin, 1973, pp. 353–372.
[15] P. Konderla, "Nieliniowe rozwiazanie powloki o ksztalcie hip-erboloidy
jednopowlokowej Cz.I, obciazenie osiowo-symetryczne," Arch. inz. lad,
vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 501–515 (in Polish), 1974.
[16] P. Konderla, "Nieliniowe rozwiazanie powloki o ksztalcie hiperboloidy
jednopowlokowej, Cz.II, obciazenie niesymetryczne," Arch. inz. lad,
vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 517–533 (in Polish), 1974.
[17] T.Y. Yang, and K. K. Rakesh, "Shell Elements for Cooling Tower
Analysis, " J. Eng. Mech, vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 1270-1289, 1983.
[18] S.S.J. Moy, and S.M. Niku, "Finite element techniques for the analysis
of cooling tower shells with geometric imperfections," Thin - Walled
Structures, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 239–263, 1983.
[19] R.L. Nelson, and D.L. Thomas, "Free vibration analysis of cooling
towers with column supports," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 57,
no. 1, pp. 149–153, 1978.
[20] M. Özakça, and E. Hinton, “Free vibration analysis and optimisation of
axisymmetric plates and shells—I. Finite element formulation,”
Computers & Structures, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1181–1197, 1994.
[21] H. A. Mang, H. Floegl, F. Trappel, and H. Walter, “Wind-loaded
reinforced concrete cooling towers: buckling or ultimate load?, ”
Engineering Structures, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 163–80, 1983.
[22] R.V. Milford, and W.C. Schnobrich, "Nonlinear behavior of reinforced
concrete cooling towers," Civil Engineering Studies structural research
series no. 514. University of Illinois, 1984.
[23] T. Hara, S. Kato, and H. Nakamura, "Ultimate strength of RC cooling
tower shells subjected to wind load," Engineering Structures, vol. 16, no.
3, pp. 171–180, 1994.
[24] C. S. Min, "Design and ultimate behavior of RC plates and shells,"
Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 228, no. 1-3, pp. 207–223, 2004.
[25] H. C. Noh, "Ultimate strength of large scale reinforced concrete thin
shell structures, " Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 43, no. 9, pp.1418–1443,
2005.
[26] X. Jia, "Revisiting the failure mode of a RC hyperbolic cooling tower,
considering changes of material and geometric properties," Engineering
Structures, vol. 47, pp. 148–154, 2013.
[27] B.E.H. Mahmoud, and A.K. Gupta, "Inelastic large displacement
behavior and buckling of cooling tower," Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vo. 121, no. 6, pp.981–985, 1995.
[28] R.V Milford, and W.C. Schnobrich, "Nonlinear behavior of reinforced
concrete cooling towers," Civil Engineering Studies structural research
series no. 514, University of Illinois, 1984.
[29] A. K. Gupta, and S. Maestrini, "Investigation on hyperbolic cooling
tower ultimate behavior," Engineering Structures, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 87–
92, 1986.
[30] H. C. Noh, "Nonlinear behavior and ultimate load bearing capacity of
reinforced concrete natural draught cooling tower shell," Engineering
Structures, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 399–410, 2006.
[31] W. Wang, S. Teng, "Modelling Cracking in shell-type reinforced
concrete structures," ASCE, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 133,
no. 6, pp. 677-687, 2007.
[32] T. Rabczuk, G. Zi, S. Bordas, and H. A. Nguyen-Xuan, "Geometrically
non-linear three-dimensional cohesive crack method for reinforced
concrete structures," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 75, no. 16,
4740-4758, 2008.
[33] J. Oliver, D.L. Linero, A.E. Huespe, and O.L.Manzoli, "Twodimensional
modeling of material failure in reinforced concrete by
means of a continuum strong discontinuity approach," Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 197, no, 5, pp.
332-348, 2008.
[34] R. Harte, and U. Wittek, "Recent developments of cooling tower
design," Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and
Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium, Valencia, 2009.
[35] A. Zingoni, Self-weight Stresses in Hyperbolic Cooling Towers of
General Shape, International Journal of Space Structures, 1999, 14 (4),
281-294.
[36] Zingoni A., "Shell structures in civil and mechanical engineering"
London: Thomas Telford; 1997.
[37] T.J. Der, and R. Fidler, "Model study ofthe buckling behaviour of
hyperbolic shells," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
1968, vol. 41, pp. 105–118.
[38] I. Mungan, "Buckling stress states of hyperboloidal shells," ASCE
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 102, no. 10, 2005–2020, 1976.
[39] I. Mungan, "Basic aspects of buckling of cooling tower shells," ASCE
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 521–534, 1981.
[40] Mungan, I., "Buckling of reinforcedconcrete cooling tower shells", BSS
approach, ACI Journal 1982, 88(3), 387–391.
[41] Bamu and Zingoni, "Damage, deterioration and the long-term structural
performance of cooling-tower shells: A survey of developments over the
past 50 years," Engineering Structures, vol. 27, pp. 1794–1800, 2005.
[42] Gould, P.L. Lee, S.L., Hyperbolic cooling towers under seismic design
load, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 1967, 93(3), 87–109.
[43] S.H. Abu-Sitta, and A.G. Davenport, "Earthquake design for cooling
towers," ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 96, no. 9, pp.
1889–1902, 1970.
[44] J. P. Wolf, and P. E. Skrikerud, "Influence of geometry and of the
constitutive law of the supporting columns on the seismic response of a
hyperbolic cooling tower," Earthquake Engineering & Structural
Dynamics, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 415–437.
[45] A. Bhimaraddi, P. Moss, and A. Carr, "Free‐Vibration Response of
Column‐Supported, Ring‐Stiffened Cooling Tower," J. Eng. Mech, vol.
117, no. 4, pp. 770–788, 1991.
[46] T. Hara, and P.L. Gould, "Local–global analysis of cooling tower with
cutouts," Computers & Structures, vol. 80, no. 27–30, pp. 2157–2166,
2002.
[47] S. Sabouri-Ghomi, F. Abedi Nik, A. Roufegarinejad, and M. A.
Bradford, "Numerical Study of the Nonlinear Dynamic Behaviour of
Reinforced Concrete Cooling Towers under Earthquake Excitation,"
Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 433-442, 2006.
[48] E. Asadzadeh, A. Rajan, M.S. Kulkarni, and S. Asadzadeh, "Finite
Element Analysis for Structural Response of RCC Cooling Tower Shell
Considering Alternative Supporting Systems," International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 82-98,
2012.
[49] E. Asadzadeh, M. Alam, S. Asadzadeh, "Dynamic response of layered
hyperbolic cooling tower considering the effects of support inclinations,"
Structural Engineering and Mechanics, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 797-816, 2014.
[50] H. Niemann, and M. Kasperski, "The assessment of wind loads on
cooling towers, builds aerodynamics laboratory," Ruhr University at
Bochum, Germany, 1990, pp. 101–112.
[51] P. Karisiddappa, P.N. Godbole, J. Noorzaei, "Analysis of column
supported cooling tower for unsymmetrical wind loads," Ninth ICWE
Conference on Wind Engineering, 1995, vol. 3, pp. 1523–1531.
[52] A. Vaziri, and H.E. Estekanchi, "Buckling of cracked cylindrical thin
shells under combined internal pressure and axial compression," Thin-
Walled Structures, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 141–151, 2006.
[53] C. Lei, J. Michael Rotter, and D.S. Cornelia, "Practical calculations for
uniform external pressure buckling in cylindrical shells with stepped
walls," Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 162–168, 2012.
[54] W. F. Chen, and M.L. Eric, "Handbook of structural engineering," CRC
Press, Boca Raton, New York 2005.
[55] Z. Waszczyszyn, E. Pabisek, J. Pamin, and M. Radwan´ska, "Nonlinear
analysis of a RC cooling tower with geometrical imperfections and a
technological cut-out," Engineering Structures, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 480-
489, 2000.
[56] M. N. Viladkara, P.B. Karisiddappa, and P.N. Godbole, "Static soil–
structure interaction response of hyperbolic cooling towers to
symmetrical wind loads," Elsevier, Engineering Structures, vol. 28, no.
9, pp. 1236–1251, 2006.
[57] J. Noorzaei, A. Naghshineh, M.R. Abdul Kadir, W.A. Thanoon, and
M.S. Jaafar, "Nonlinear interative analysis of cooling tower–foundation–
soil interaction under unsymmetrical wind load," Thin-Walled
Structures, vol. 44, pp. 997-1005, 2006.
[58] Y. J. Shi, and D.Z. Wang, "Test method of cooling tower," Thermal
Power Generation, vol. 9, pp. 1-311979.
[59] J. Y. Li, C.L. Ren, and Z.L. Huang, "Experiment study and finite
element analysis of a natural draft cooling tower," Chinese Quarterly of
Mechanics, vol. 3, no. 28, pp. 443-447, 2007.
[60] A. W. Rafat, and B.Masud, "Cross winds effect on the performance of
natural draft wet cooling towers," International Journal of Thermal
Sciences, vol. 49, pp. 218-224, 2010.
[61] R. Meroney, "CFD prediction of cooling tower drift," Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 94, pp. 463-490, 2006.
[62] M. A. Goudarzi, S.R. Sabbagh-Yazdi, "Effects of modeling strategy on
computational wind pressure distribution around the cooling towers,"
Wind and Structures, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 81-84, 2011.
[63] G. Li, and W. B. Cao, "Structural analysis and optimization of large
cooling tower subjected to wind loads based on the iteration of
pressure," Structural Engineering and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 735-
753, 2013.
[64] S.T. Ke, Y.J. Ge, L. Zhao, and Y. Tamura, "A new methodology for
analysis of equivalent static wind loads on super-large cooling towers,"
Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 111, pp.
30–39, 2012.
[65] L. Zhao, P.F. Li, and Y.J. Ge, "Numerical investigation on equivalent
static wind performance for super large cooling towers," Journal of
Engineering Mechanics, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 79–86 (in Chinese) 2008.
[66] I. Mungan, and O. Lehmkämper, "Buckling of stiffened hyperboloidal
cooling towers," J. Struct. div, ASCE, vol. 105, no. (10), pp. 1999-2007,
1979.
[67] J. Form, "The ring-stiffened shell of the ISAR II nuclear power plant
natural-draught cooling tower," Engineering Structures, vol. 8, no. 3, p.
199-207, 1986.
[68] H. J. Niemann, and W. Zerna, "Impact of research on development of
large cooling towers," Engineering Structures, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 74-86,
1986.
[69] U. Eckstein, R. Harte, W.B.Krätzig, and U. Wittek, “Simulation of static
and kinetic buckling of unstiffened and stiffened cooling tower shells”,
Eng. Struct., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 9-18, 1987.
[70] P.L. Gould, and O.C. Guedelhoefer, "Repair and completion of damaged
cooling tower," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 115, no.
3, pp. 576-593, 1989.
[71] P. B. Bosman, I.G. Strickland, and R.P. Prukl, "Strengthening of natural
draught cooling tower shells with stiffening rings," Engineering
Structures, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 909-914, 1998.
[72] G. Meschke, T. Huemer, and H. Mang, "Computer-aided retrofitting of a
damaged RCcooling tower shell," Engineering Structures, vol. 125, no.
3, pp. 328-337, 1999.
[73] S. Sabouri-Ghomi, M.H.K. Kharrazi, and P. Javidan, "Effect of
stiffening rings on buckling stability of R.C. hyperbolic cooling towers,"
Thin Walled Structures, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 152-158, 2006.
[74] Abu-Sitta, "Cooling towers supported on columns," Journal of the
Structural Division, vol. 96. No. 12, pp. 2575-2588, 1970.
[75] P.B. Boseman, "Strengthening of natural draught cooling tower shells
with stiffening rings," Engineering Structures, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 909-
914, 1998.
[76] J. F. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. G. Ge, L. Zhao, and S. H. Ke, "Effects of
stiffening rings on the dynamic properties of hyperboloidal cooling
towers," Wind and Structures, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 619-629, 2014.
[77] A. C. Khanduri, T.Stathopoulos, and C. Be ´dard, "Wind-induced
interference effects on buildings -a review of the state of the art,
Engineering Structures", vol. 20, no. (7), pp. 617–630, 1998.
[78] M. Orlando, and O. Maurizio, "Wind-induced interference effects on
two adjacent cooling towers," Engineering Structures, vol. 23, no. 8, pp.
979–992, 2001.
[79] J. Armitt, "Wind loading on cooling towers," Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 623–641, 1980.
[80] J. Blessmann, "Wind action on isolated and grouped hyperbolic cooling
towers," Proceedings of International Conference on New Trends in
Structural Mechanics, Prague, Czech Republic, 1991:c1–6.
[81] H .J. Niemann, and H.D. Kopper, "Influence of adjacent buildings on
wind effects on cooling towers," Engineering Structures, vol. 20, no. 10,
pp. 874–80, 1998.
[82] G. Easom, "Improved turbulence models for computational wind
engineering," PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, U.K 2000.
[83] M. Orlando, "Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of
wind-induced interference effects on two adjacent cooling towers,"
Ph.D. thesis. Florence (Italy): Department of Civil Engineer-ing,
University of Florence, 1998 (in Italian).
[84] C. Borri, M. Orlando, and P. Spinelli, "Wind induced stresses on two
neighbouring cooling towers," Proceedings of 10th ICWE, Copenhagen,
Denmark, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema 1999, vol. 1, pp. 401–408.
[85] H. Irtaza, S. Ahmad, and T. Pandey, "2D study of wind forces around
multiplecooling towers using computational fluid dynamics,"
International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, vol. 3,
no. 6, pp. 116-134, 2011.
[86] Report on wind-tunnel study of NDCT for 2 × 800 mw thermal power
project carried out by National Wind Tunnel Facility, Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, 2010.
[87] J. F. Zhang, Y. J. Geand, and L.Zhao, "Influence of latitude wind
pressure distribution on the responses of hyperbolodial cooling tower
shell," Wind and Structures, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 579-601, 2013.
[88] G. Ramesh Babu, S. Selvi Rajan, P. Harikrishna, N. Lakshmanan, and
S.Arunachalam, "Experimental Determination of Wind-Induced
Response on a Model of Natural Draught Cooling Tower," Experimental
Techniques, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 35–46, 2013.[89] Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Collapse of Cooling Towers at
Ferrybridge. Central Electricity Generating Board, London (November),
1965.
[90] W. B. Krätzig, and Y. Zhuang, "Collapse simulation of reinforced
concrete natural draught cooling towers," Engineering Structures, vol.
14, pp. 291–299, 1992.
[91] X. G. Sun, G.X. Zhang, H.J. Wang, G.S. Zhu, and J. Yang, "Dynamic
simulation of collapse of hyperbolic cooling tower under blasting
demolition," Eng. Blasting, vol.15, pp. 10–13 (in Chinese) 2009.
[92] X. Z. Lu, J.J. Jiang, "Dynamic finite element simulation for the collapse
of world trade center," China Civ. Eng. J., vol. 34, 8–10 (in Chinese),
2001.
[93] L. Feng, L. Yi, G. Xianglin, Z. Xinyuan, and T. Dongsheng, "Prediction
of ground vibration due to the collapse of a 235 m high cooling tower
under accidental loads," Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 258, pp.
89– 101, 2013.
[94] J. H. Kwang, and T.Y. Tu, "Ground vibration due to dynamic
compaction," Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., vol. 26, pp. 337–346, 2006.
[95] Y. Li, X.Q. Lu, F. Lin, and X.L. Gu, "Numerical simulation analysis on
collapse of a super large cooling tower subjected to accidental loads,"
21st International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor
Technology (SMiRT 21), New Delhi, India, 2011, pp. 349–357.
[96] R. Klein, H. Antes, and D. Le Houedec, "Efficient 3D modelling of
vibration isolationby open trenches," Comp. Struct, vol. 64, no. 1–4, pp.
809–817, 1997.
[97] M. Adam, and O. Estorff, "Reduction of train-induced building
vibrations by using open and filled trenches," Comp. Struct, vol. 83, pp.
11–24, 2005.
[98] S. Ahmad, T.M. Al-Hussaini, "Simplified design for vibration screening
by open and in-filled trenches, " J. Geotech. Eng. (ASCE), vol. 117, no.
1, pp. 67–88, 1991.
[99] E. Celebi, S. Firat, G. Beyhan, I. Cankaya, I. Vural, and O. Kirtel, "Field
experiments on wave propagation and vibration isolation by using wave
barriers," Soil Dyn.Earthq. Eng., vol. 29, pp8 24–833, 2009.
[100]L. Yi, L. Feng, G. Xianglin, and L. Xiaoqin, "Numerical research of a
super-large cooling tower subjected to accidental loads," Nuclear
Engineering and Design, vol. 269, pp. 184– 192, 2014.
[101]B. Sudret, G. Defaux, and M. Pendola, "Time-variant finite element
reliability analysis – application to the durability of cooling towers,"
Structural Safety, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 93–112, 2005.
[102]L.S. Xu, L. Zhao, and Y.J. Ge, "Wind-excited stochastic responses of
super large cooling towers," Journal of Vibration and Shock, vol. 28, no.
4, pp. 180–184, 2009.
[103]J. Li, and J.B. Chen, "The probability density evolution method for
dynamic response analysis of non-linear stochastic structures,"
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 65, no.
6, pp. 882–903, 2006.
[104]J. Li, and J.B. Chen, "The principle of preservation of probability and
the generalized density evolution equation," Structural Safety, vol. 30,
no. 1, pp. 65–77, 2008.
[105]Y. Xu, and G. Bai, "Random buckling bearing capacity of super-large
cooling towers considering stochastic material properties and wind
loads," Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, vol.33, pp. 18–25, 2013.
[106]J.B. Chen, and J. Li, "Strategy for selecting representative points via
tangent spheres in the probability density evolution method,"
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 74, no.
13, pp. 1988–2014, 2008.
[107]M. Goodarzi, "A proposed stack configuration for dry cooling tower to
improve cooling efficiency under crosswind," J Wind Eng Ind
Aerodynam, vol. 98, pp. 858–863, 2010.
[108]N. Kapas, "Behavior of Natural Draught Cooling Towers in Wind,"
CMFF, Budapest, Hungary, 2003, 30.
[109]A.F. Du Preez, D.G. Kroger, "Effect of wind performance on a dry
cooling tower," J. Heat Recovery Syst. CHP, vol.13, no. 2, pp. 139–146,
1993.
[110]R. Al-Waked, and M. Behnia, "The performance of natural draft dry
cooling towers under crosswind: CFD study," Int J Energy Res, vol. 28,
pp. 147–161, 2004.
[111]M.N.A. Hawlader, and B.M. Liu, "Numerical study of the thermalhydraulic
performance of evaporative natural draft cooling towers,"
Appl Therm Eng, vol. 22, pp. 41–59, 2002.
[112]R. Al-Waked, M. Behnia, "CFD simulation of wet cooling towers,"
Appl Therm Eng, vol. 26, pp. 382–395, 2006.
[113]N. Williamson, S. Armfield, and M. Behnia, "Numerical simulation of
flow in a natural draft wet cooling tower – the effect of radial thermofluid
fields," Appl Therm Eng , vol. 28, pp. 178–189, 2008.
[114]Z. Zhai, and S. Fu, "Improving cooling efficiency of dry-cooling towers
under cross-wind conditions by using wind-breaker methods," Appl
Therm Eng, 2006, 26, 1008–1017.
[115]R. Al-Waked, and M. Behnia, "Enhancing performance of wet cooling
tower," Energy Convers Manage, vol. 48, pp. 2638–2648, 2007.
[116]K. Wang, F. Z. Sun, Y. B. Zhao, M. Gao, L. Ruan, "Experimental
research of the guiding channels effect on the thermal performance of
wet cooling towers subjected to crosswind – air guiding effect on
cooling tower," Appl Therm Eng, vol. 30, pp. 533–538, 2010.
[117]M. Goodarzi, and R. Keimanesh, "Heat rejection enhancement in natural
draft cooling tower using radiator-type windbreakers," Energy Convers
Manage, vol. 71, pp. 120–125, 2013.
[118]M.D. Su, G.F. Tang, and T.S. Fu, "Numerical simulations of fluid and
thermal performance of a dry cooling tower under cross wind condition,"
J Wind Eng Ind Aerodynam, vol. 79, pp. 289–306, 1999.