A Study of Semantic Analysis of LED Illustrated Traffic Directional Arrow in Different Style
In the past, the most comprehensively adopted light
source was incandescent light bulbs, but with the appearance of LED
light sources, traditional light sources have been gradually replaced by
LEDs because of its numerous superior characteristics. However,
many of the standards do not apply to LEDs as the two light sources
are characterized differently. This also intensifies the significance of
studies on LEDs. As a Kansei design study investigating the visual
glare produced by traffic arrows implemented with LEDs, this study
conducted a semantic analysis on the styles of traffic arrows used in
domestic and international occasions. The results will be able to
reduce drivers’ misrecognition that results in the unsuccessful arrival
at the destination, or in traffic accidents. This study started with a
literature review and surveyed the status quo before conducting
experiments that were divided in two parts. The first part involved a
screening experiment of arrow samples, where cluster analysis was
conducted to choose five representative samples of LED displays. The
second part was a semantic experiment on the display of arrows using
LEDs, where the five representative samples and the selected ten
adjectives were incorporated. Analyzing the results with
Quantification Theory Type I, it was found that among the
composition of arrows, fletching was the most significant factor that
influenced the adjectives. In contrast, a “no fletching” design was
more abstract and vague. It lacked the ability to convey the intended
message and might bear psychological negative connotation including
“dangerous,” “forbidden,” and “unreliable.” The arrow design
consisting of “> shaped fletching” was found to be more concrete and
definite, showing positive connotation including “safe,” “cautious,”
and “reliable.” When a stimulus was placed at a farther distance, the
glare could be significantly reduced; moreover, the visual evaluation
scores would be higher. On the contrary, if the fletching and the shaft
had a similar proportion, looking at the stimuli caused higher
evaluation at a closer distance. The above results will be able to be
applied to the design of traffic arrows by conveying information
definitely and rapidly. In addition, drivers’ safety could be enhanced
by understanding the cause of glare and improving visual
recognizability.
[1] Ibrahim, D., and Beasley, M., "The Benefits of LED Traffic Lights in
London and the Pilot Test Sites,” IEE, Conference Publication, vol. 454,
1998, pp. 172-176.
[2] Vienot, F., Coron, G., and Lavedrine, B, "LEDs as a tool to enhance faded
colours of museums artefacts,” Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 12, pp.
431-440, 2011.
[3] Zhan, X., Zhang, J., Wang, X., and Cheng, J., "Progress on silicone
packaging materials for power LED,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 27, pp.
687-692, 2012.
[4] Gan, C. K., Sapar, A. F., Mun, Y. C., and Chong, K. E.,
"Techno-economic Analysis of LED Lighting: A Case Study in UTeM' s
Faculty Building,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 208-216, 2013.
[5] Nomura, J., Secret of color - latest science of color introduction. Taipei:
Spring and Autumn of Literature and Art, 1996.
[6] Harbluk, J. L., Noy, Y. I. & Eizenman, M. The impact of cognitive
distraction on driver visual behavior and vehicle control (TP 13889E).
Ottawa, 2002.
[7] Sammarco, J.J., Pollard, J.P., Porter, W.L., Dempsey, P.G., & Moore,
C.T., "The effect of cap lamp lighting on postural control and stability,”
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 42, pp. 377-383,
2012.
[8] Kihara, A.H., Tsurumaki, A.M., & Ribeiro-do-Valle, L. E., "Effects of
ambient lighting on visual discrimination, forward masking and
attentional facilitation,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 393, pp. 36–39, 2006.
[9] Sanders, M.S., & McCormick, E.J., "Human factors in engineering and
design, 7th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1993.
[10] Garvey, P.M., "Thompson-Kuhn, B., and Pietrucha, M.T., Sign visibility:
research and traffic safety overview,” Bristol, PA: United States Sign
Council, 1996.
[11] Theeuwes, J., Alferdinck, J. W., and Perel, M., "Relation between glare
and driving performance,” Human Factors, vol. 44, no.1, pp. 95-107,
2002.
[12] Wen, S. Thurmon, E. L. and Mehran, A., "Tinted windshield and its
effects on aging drivers’ visual acuity and glare response,” Safety Science,
vol. 46, pp. 1223–1233, 2008.
[13] Anderson, S.J., and Holliday, I.E., "Night driving: effects of glare from
vehicle headlights on motion perception,” Ophthalmic and Physiological
Optics, vol. 15, no.6, pp. 545–551, 1995.
[14] Munehiro, K., Roberto, T., & Motoki, A., "An experimental study on
required luminous intensity of LED roadway delineators under foggy
condition,” Monthly report of Civil Engineering Research Institute, vol.
630, pp. 23-36, 2005.
[15] Tsuei, C. H., and Sun, W. S., "Momentary adjustment means for
simulating the sunlight color temperature, hues and brightness with RGB
LEDs in indoor lighting,” Physics Procedia, vol. 19, pp. 239–243, 2011.
[16] Turner, S., Wylde, J., Langham, & M., Morrow, A., "Determining
optimum flash patterns for emergency service vehicles: An experimental
investigation using high definition film,” Applied Ergonomics, vol. 45,
no.5, pp. 1313–1319, 2014.
[17] Hawes, B. K., Brunye, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Sullivan, J. M., & Aall, C.
D., "Effects of four workplace lighting technologies on perception,
cognition and affective state,” International Journal of Industrial
Ergonomics, vol. 42, pp. 122-128, 2012.
[18] Kim, I. T., Choi, A. S., & Jeong, J.W., "Precise control of a correlated
color temperature tunable luminaire for a suitable luminous
environment,” Building and Environment, vol. 57, pp. 302-312, 2012.
[19] Wu, C.F., Liou, J. J., and Lin, J. L., "Evaluation of Visual Performance
Using LED Signboards under Different Ambient Conditions,” Procedia
Engineering, vol. 29, pp. 975-980, 2012.
[20] Uchida, K., Tanaka T., and Sugie, N., "Improving Nighttime Visibility of
LED Type Variable Signbords for Highway Maintenance Vehicle. Papers
of Technical Meeting on Transportation and Electric Railway,” IEE
Japan, Vol.ter-04, pp. 10-21, pp. 43-50, 2004.
[21] Miller, G.A., "The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits
on our capacity for processing information,” Psychological Review, vol.
63, pp. 81-97, 1956.
[22] Dudek, C.L., "Changeable Message Sign Operation and Messaging
Handbook. (FHWA-OP-03-070). College Station: Texas Transportation
Institute, 2004.
[23] Ng, A. W. Y., and Chan, A. H. S., "The guessability of traffic signs:
Effects of prospective-user factors and sign design features,” Accident
Analysis & Prevention, vol. 39, pp. 1245–1257, 2007.
[24] Lin, P.C., Chen, C. H., & Lo, K., "Effect of users’ simultaneous
pecognition and identification of multiple graphic warning symbols,”
Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 160, 2, Issue NO.218, 2013.
[25] Lee, C.F., Chuang, Y.H., & Young, M.J., "Legibility of traffic warning
signs by driver,” Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 160, 2, Issue
NO.218, 2013.
[26] Ou, Y.K. & Liu. Y.C., "Effects of sign design features and training on
comprehension of traffic signs in Taiwanese and Vietnamese user
groups,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 42, 1-7,
2012.
[27] Kirmizioglu, E., and Tuydes-Yaman, H., "Comprehensibility of traffic
signs among urban drivers in Turkey,” Accident Analysis and Prevention,
vol. 45, pp. 131-141, 2012.
[28] Richards, D., "How effective are your icons? Interfaces, vol.56, pp. 9–10,
2003.
[29] Rogers, Y., "Icons at the interface: their usefulness,” Interacting with
Computers, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 105–117, 1989.
[30] Mainster, M.A., and Turner, P.L., "Glare's causes, consequences, and
clinical challenges after a century of ophthalmic study,” American
Journal of Ophthalmology, 153, no.4, pp. 587-593, 2012.
[31] Bullough, JD., "Spectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare,” J
Modern Optics, vol. 56, no.13, pp.1518 –1522, 2009.
[32] Fekete, J., Sik-Lanyi, C., and Schanda, J., "Spectral discomfort glare
sensitivity investigations,” Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, vol. 30, no.2,
pp.182–187, 2010.
[33] Narisada, K., and Schreuder, DA., Light pollution handbook. Dordrecht,
The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 190-326, 2004.
[34] Vos, JJ., "Reflections on glare,” Lighting Res Technol, vol. 35, no.2, p.
163–176, 2003.
[35] Wordenweber, B., Wallaschek, J., Boyce, P., and Hoffman, D.,
"Automotive lighting and human vision,” Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp.
265–300, 2010.
[1] Ibrahim, D., and Beasley, M., "The Benefits of LED Traffic Lights in
London and the Pilot Test Sites,” IEE, Conference Publication, vol. 454,
1998, pp. 172-176.
[2] Vienot, F., Coron, G., and Lavedrine, B, "LEDs as a tool to enhance faded
colours of museums artefacts,” Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 12, pp.
431-440, 2011.
[3] Zhan, X., Zhang, J., Wang, X., and Cheng, J., "Progress on silicone
packaging materials for power LED,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 27, pp.
687-692, 2012.
[4] Gan, C. K., Sapar, A. F., Mun, Y. C., and Chong, K. E.,
"Techno-economic Analysis of LED Lighting: A Case Study in UTeM' s
Faculty Building,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 208-216, 2013.
[5] Nomura, J., Secret of color - latest science of color introduction. Taipei:
Spring and Autumn of Literature and Art, 1996.
[6] Harbluk, J. L., Noy, Y. I. & Eizenman, M. The impact of cognitive
distraction on driver visual behavior and vehicle control (TP 13889E).
Ottawa, 2002.
[7] Sammarco, J.J., Pollard, J.P., Porter, W.L., Dempsey, P.G., & Moore,
C.T., "The effect of cap lamp lighting on postural control and stability,”
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 42, pp. 377-383,
2012.
[8] Kihara, A.H., Tsurumaki, A.M., & Ribeiro-do-Valle, L. E., "Effects of
ambient lighting on visual discrimination, forward masking and
attentional facilitation,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 393, pp. 36–39, 2006.
[9] Sanders, M.S., & McCormick, E.J., "Human factors in engineering and
design, 7th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1993.
[10] Garvey, P.M., "Thompson-Kuhn, B., and Pietrucha, M.T., Sign visibility:
research and traffic safety overview,” Bristol, PA: United States Sign
Council, 1996.
[11] Theeuwes, J., Alferdinck, J. W., and Perel, M., "Relation between glare
and driving performance,” Human Factors, vol. 44, no.1, pp. 95-107,
2002.
[12] Wen, S. Thurmon, E. L. and Mehran, A., "Tinted windshield and its
effects on aging drivers’ visual acuity and glare response,” Safety Science,
vol. 46, pp. 1223–1233, 2008.
[13] Anderson, S.J., and Holliday, I.E., "Night driving: effects of glare from
vehicle headlights on motion perception,” Ophthalmic and Physiological
Optics, vol. 15, no.6, pp. 545–551, 1995.
[14] Munehiro, K., Roberto, T., & Motoki, A., "An experimental study on
required luminous intensity of LED roadway delineators under foggy
condition,” Monthly report of Civil Engineering Research Institute, vol.
630, pp. 23-36, 2005.
[15] Tsuei, C. H., and Sun, W. S., "Momentary adjustment means for
simulating the sunlight color temperature, hues and brightness with RGB
LEDs in indoor lighting,” Physics Procedia, vol. 19, pp. 239–243, 2011.
[16] Turner, S., Wylde, J., Langham, & M., Morrow, A., "Determining
optimum flash patterns for emergency service vehicles: An experimental
investigation using high definition film,” Applied Ergonomics, vol. 45,
no.5, pp. 1313–1319, 2014.
[17] Hawes, B. K., Brunye, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Sullivan, J. M., & Aall, C.
D., "Effects of four workplace lighting technologies on perception,
cognition and affective state,” International Journal of Industrial
Ergonomics, vol. 42, pp. 122-128, 2012.
[18] Kim, I. T., Choi, A. S., & Jeong, J.W., "Precise control of a correlated
color temperature tunable luminaire for a suitable luminous
environment,” Building and Environment, vol. 57, pp. 302-312, 2012.
[19] Wu, C.F., Liou, J. J., and Lin, J. L., "Evaluation of Visual Performance
Using LED Signboards under Different Ambient Conditions,” Procedia
Engineering, vol. 29, pp. 975-980, 2012.
[20] Uchida, K., Tanaka T., and Sugie, N., "Improving Nighttime Visibility of
LED Type Variable Signbords for Highway Maintenance Vehicle. Papers
of Technical Meeting on Transportation and Electric Railway,” IEE
Japan, Vol.ter-04, pp. 10-21, pp. 43-50, 2004.
[21] Miller, G.A., "The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits
on our capacity for processing information,” Psychological Review, vol.
63, pp. 81-97, 1956.
[22] Dudek, C.L., "Changeable Message Sign Operation and Messaging
Handbook. (FHWA-OP-03-070). College Station: Texas Transportation
Institute, 2004.
[23] Ng, A. W. Y., and Chan, A. H. S., "The guessability of traffic signs:
Effects of prospective-user factors and sign design features,” Accident
Analysis & Prevention, vol. 39, pp. 1245–1257, 2007.
[24] Lin, P.C., Chen, C. H., & Lo, K., "Effect of users’ simultaneous
pecognition and identification of multiple graphic warning symbols,”
Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 160, 2, Issue NO.218, 2013.
[25] Lee, C.F., Chuang, Y.H., & Young, M.J., "Legibility of traffic warning
signs by driver,” Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 160, 2, Issue
NO.218, 2013.
[26] Ou, Y.K. & Liu. Y.C., "Effects of sign design features and training on
comprehension of traffic signs in Taiwanese and Vietnamese user
groups,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 42, 1-7,
2012.
[27] Kirmizioglu, E., and Tuydes-Yaman, H., "Comprehensibility of traffic
signs among urban drivers in Turkey,” Accident Analysis and Prevention,
vol. 45, pp. 131-141, 2012.
[28] Richards, D., "How effective are your icons? Interfaces, vol.56, pp. 9–10,
2003.
[29] Rogers, Y., "Icons at the interface: their usefulness,” Interacting with
Computers, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 105–117, 1989.
[30] Mainster, M.A., and Turner, P.L., "Glare's causes, consequences, and
clinical challenges after a century of ophthalmic study,” American
Journal of Ophthalmology, 153, no.4, pp. 587-593, 2012.
[31] Bullough, JD., "Spectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare,” J
Modern Optics, vol. 56, no.13, pp.1518 –1522, 2009.
[32] Fekete, J., Sik-Lanyi, C., and Schanda, J., "Spectral discomfort glare
sensitivity investigations,” Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, vol. 30, no.2,
pp.182–187, 2010.
[33] Narisada, K., and Schreuder, DA., Light pollution handbook. Dordrecht,
The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 190-326, 2004.
[34] Vos, JJ., "Reflections on glare,” Lighting Res Technol, vol. 35, no.2, p.
163–176, 2003.
[35] Wordenweber, B., Wallaschek, J., Boyce, P., and Hoffman, D.,
"Automotive lighting and human vision,” Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp.
265–300, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:67915", author = "Chia-Chen Wu and Chih-Fu Wu and Pey-Weng Lien and Kai-Chieh Lin", title = "A Study of Semantic Analysis of LED Illustrated Traffic Directional Arrow in Different Style", abstract = "In the past, the most comprehensively adopted light
source was incandescent light bulbs, but with the appearance of LED
light sources, traditional light sources have been gradually replaced by
LEDs because of its numerous superior characteristics. However,
many of the standards do not apply to LEDs as the two light sources
are characterized differently. This also intensifies the significance of
studies on LEDs. As a Kansei design study investigating the visual
glare produced by traffic arrows implemented with LEDs, this study
conducted a semantic analysis on the styles of traffic arrows used in
domestic and international occasions. The results will be able to
reduce drivers’ misrecognition that results in the unsuccessful arrival
at the destination, or in traffic accidents. This study started with a
literature review and surveyed the status quo before conducting
experiments that were divided in two parts. The first part involved a
screening experiment of arrow samples, where cluster analysis was
conducted to choose five representative samples of LED displays. The
second part was a semantic experiment on the display of arrows using
LEDs, where the five representative samples and the selected ten
adjectives were incorporated. Analyzing the results with
Quantification Theory Type I, it was found that among the
composition of arrows, fletching was the most significant factor that
influenced the adjectives. In contrast, a “no fletching” design was
more abstract and vague. It lacked the ability to convey the intended
message and might bear psychological negative connotation including
“dangerous,” “forbidden,” and “unreliable.” The arrow design
consisting of “> shaped fletching” was found to be more concrete and
definite, showing positive connotation including “safe,” “cautious,”
and “reliable.” When a stimulus was placed at a farther distance, the
glare could be significantly reduced; moreover, the visual evaluation
scores would be higher. On the contrary, if the fletching and the shaft
had a similar proportion, looking at the stimuli caused higher
evaluation at a closer distance. The above results will be able to be
applied to the design of traffic arrows by conveying information
definitely and rapidly. In addition, drivers’ safety could be enhanced
by understanding the cause of glare and improving visual
recognizability.
", keywords = "LED, arrow, Kansei research, preferred imagery.", volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "2683-9", }
