A Study of Filmmakers Interaction through Social Exchange Theory
Film, as an art form playing a vital role and is a powerful tool in documenting, influencing and shaping the society. Films are the collective creation of a large number of separate individuals, each contributing with creative input, unique talents, and technical expertise to the project. Recently, the Malaysian Independent (or “Indie") filmmakers have made their presence felt by winning awards at various international film festivals. Working in the digital video (DV) format, a number of independent filmmakers really hit their stride with a range of remarkably strong titles and international recognition has been quick in coming and their works are now regularly in exhibition or in competition, winning many top prizes at prestigious festivals around the world. The interaction factors among crewmembers are emphasized as imperative for group success. An in-depth interview is conducted to analyze the social interactions and exchanges between filmmakers through Social Exchanges Theory (SET). Certainly the new millennium that was marked as the digital technology revolution has changed the face of filmmaking in Malaysia. There is a clear need to study the Malaysian independent cinema especially from the perspective of understanding what causes the independent filmmakers to work so well given all of the difficulties and constraints.
[1] Achrol, R. S. (1991). Evolution of the Marketing Organization: New
Forms of Turbulent Environments. Journal of Marketing, 55, 77-93.
[2] Ahmad, M. (2008). Theorising the ÔÇÿIndies-: the Market place, Ideology
and the New Malaysian Cinema. Jurnal Skrin Malaysia, 5(1), 2008.
[3] Alvarez, J. L. & Svejenova, S. (2002). Symbiotic Careers in Movie
Making: Pedro and Agustin Almodovar, in M. Peiperl, M. Arthur & N.
Anand (eds.), Career Creativity: Explorations in the Remaking of Work.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
[4] Azam, N. (2005). Selamat Jalan Ke Rotterdam (23 January 2005).
Mingguan Malaysia, Pancaindera.
[5] Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber, F.
(2005). The role of change in the relationship between commitment and
turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 90(3), 468-482.
[6] Blair, H., Grey, S., & Randle, K. (2001). Working in film- Employment
in a project based industry. Personnel Review, 30(2), 170-185.
[7] Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
[8] Cabagnot, E. P. D. S. (2008). Changing Landscapes, Changing Lives:
The Changing Cinemas of Asia. Asian Alternatives For A Sustainable
World: Transborder Engagements in Knowledge Formation, The
Nippon Foundation Fellowships for Asian Public Intellectuals, 140-151.
[9] Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic
findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 87, 611-628.
[10] Ferriani, S., Corrado, R., & Boschetti, C. (2005). Organizational
learning under organizational impermanence: Collaborative ties in film
project firms. Journal of Management and Governance, 9(3), 257-285.
[11] Flynn, F. J. (2003). How much should I give and how often? The effects
of generosity and frequency of favor exchange on social status and
productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 539-553.
[12] Flynn, F. J. (2005). Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in
organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30, 737-750.
[13] Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1980). Resource theory: Interpersonal behavior
in exchange. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.),
Social exchange: Advances in theory and research. NY: Plenum.
[14] Fu, F. Q., Bolander, W., & Jones, E. (2009). Managing the drivers of
organizational commitment and salesperson effort: An application of
Meyer and Allen-s three-component model. Journal of Marketing
Theory and Practice, 17(4), 335-350.
[15] Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary
statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
[16] Hrebiniak, L. G. (1974). Effect of Job Level and Participation on
Employee Attitudes and Perceptions of Influence. Academy of
Management Journal, 17, 649-662.
[17] Holmes, J. G. (1981). The exchange process in close relationships:
Microbehavior and macromotives. In M. J. Learner & S. C. Lerner
(Eds.), The justice motive in social behavior: 261-284. New York:
Plenum.
[18] Homans, G. C. (1961). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, New
York: Harcourt Brace and World.
[19] Kartini, F. H. B., Sarji A. & Yusof, A. (2004). Era Digital: Cabaran Baru
kepada Karyawan serta Pendidik Penyiaran dan Perfileman di Malaysia,
Jurnal Komunikasi, 20(1), 1-15.
[20] Khoo, G. C (2007). Just-Do-It- (Yourself): Independent Filmmaking in
Malaysia. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 8(2), 227-247.
[21] Lau, R. S., & Cobb, A. T. (2009). Understanding the connections
between relationship conflict and performance: The intervening roles of
trust and exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
[22] Lieberman, M. A., Yalom, J. D., & Miles, M. B. (1973). Encounter
groups: First facts. New York: Basic Books.
[23] Luchak, A. A., & Gellaty, I. R. (2007). A comparison of linear and
nonlinear relations between organizational commitment and work
outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 786-793.
[24] Malinowski, B. (1992). Argonauts of the western Pacific: An account of
native enterprise and adventure in the archipelagoes of Melansian New
Guinea. London: Routledge.
[25] Manvell, R., & Huntley, J. (1967). The Technique of Film Music. New
York: Hastings House.
[26] Marwick, A. D. (2001). Knowledge management technology.
http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/404/marwick.html [2 August,
2005].
[27] Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000).
Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair
procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of
Management Journal, 43, 738-748.
[28] Mauss, M. (1925). The gift: Forms and functions of exchange in archaic
societies. New York: The Norton Library.
[29] Mayer, R., Davis, J., & Schoorman, F. (1995). An integrative model of
organizational trust. Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734.
[30] McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as
foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of
Management Journal, 38, 24-59.
[31] McKay, B. (2007). Transforming Gol & Gincu. Jurnal Skrin Malaysia,
4(2), 2007.
[32] Meiners, E. B., & Miller, V. D. (2004). The effect of formality and
relational tone on supervisor-subordinate negotiation episodes. Western
Journal of Communication, 68(3), 302-321.
[33] Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1984). The measurement and antecedents of
affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization.
Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 1-18.
[34] Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employeeorganizational
linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism
and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
[35] Molm, L. D. (2003). Theoretical comparisons of forms of exchange.
Sociological Theory, 21, 1-17.
[36] Muthalib, H. (2005). Voices of Malaysian Cinema. Criticine.
http://www.criticine.com/feature_article.php?id=17 (15 December,
2009)
[37] Muthalib, H (2007). The Little Cinema of Malaysia. KINEMA, A
Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media, 15(2).
[38] Muthusamy, S., & White, M. (2005). Learning and knowledge transfer
in strategic alliances: a social exchange view. Organization Studies,
26(3), 415.
[39] Perumal, V., & Woods, P. C. (2007). The Need for Knowledge
Management in the Malaysian Film Industry: A Case Study. Journal of
Information and Knowledge Management, 6(3), 173-180.
[40] Reagans, R., & McEvily, B. (2003). Network structure and knowledge
transfer: The effects of cohesion and range.
http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/hhaveman/B9707/Reagans%20&
%20McEvily%202003. pdf (2 August 2005)
[41] Sarji, A. (2006). Malaysian National Cinema. An Identity Crisis?. Jurnal
Skrin Malaysia, 3(1).
[42] Slater, B. (2005). New independence in Malaysia. Firecracker.
http://www.firecracker-media.com/moxie/current/feature0802.shtml (21
September, 2009)
[43] Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., & Barksdale, K. (1999). Measurement of
transactional and exchange relationships. Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology,
Atlanta, GA.
[44] Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Taylor, M. S., Coyle-Shapiro, J., Liden, R.
C., McLean-Parks, J., et al. (2004). The employee-organization
relationship:Atimely concept in a period of transition. In J. J. Martocchio
(Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, Vol.
23: 291-370. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[45] Stinglhamber, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2003). Organizations and
supervisors as sources of support and targets of commitment: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(3), 251-270.
[46] Wu, S., Lin, S. C., & Lin, T. C. (2006). Exploring knowledge sharing in
virtual teams: A social exchange theory perspective. Paper presented at
Proceedings of the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences, Hawaii, United States.
[1] Achrol, R. S. (1991). Evolution of the Marketing Organization: New
Forms of Turbulent Environments. Journal of Marketing, 55, 77-93.
[2] Ahmad, M. (2008). Theorising the ÔÇÿIndies-: the Market place, Ideology
and the New Malaysian Cinema. Jurnal Skrin Malaysia, 5(1), 2008.
[3] Alvarez, J. L. & Svejenova, S. (2002). Symbiotic Careers in Movie
Making: Pedro and Agustin Almodovar, in M. Peiperl, M. Arthur & N.
Anand (eds.), Career Creativity: Explorations in the Remaking of Work.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
[4] Azam, N. (2005). Selamat Jalan Ke Rotterdam (23 January 2005).
Mingguan Malaysia, Pancaindera.
[5] Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber, F.
(2005). The role of change in the relationship between commitment and
turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 90(3), 468-482.
[6] Blair, H., Grey, S., & Randle, K. (2001). Working in film- Employment
in a project based industry. Personnel Review, 30(2), 170-185.
[7] Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
[8] Cabagnot, E. P. D. S. (2008). Changing Landscapes, Changing Lives:
The Changing Cinemas of Asia. Asian Alternatives For A Sustainable
World: Transborder Engagements in Knowledge Formation, The
Nippon Foundation Fellowships for Asian Public Intellectuals, 140-151.
[9] Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic
findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 87, 611-628.
[10] Ferriani, S., Corrado, R., & Boschetti, C. (2005). Organizational
learning under organizational impermanence: Collaborative ties in film
project firms. Journal of Management and Governance, 9(3), 257-285.
[11] Flynn, F. J. (2003). How much should I give and how often? The effects
of generosity and frequency of favor exchange on social status and
productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 539-553.
[12] Flynn, F. J. (2005). Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in
organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30, 737-750.
[13] Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1980). Resource theory: Interpersonal behavior
in exchange. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.),
Social exchange: Advances in theory and research. NY: Plenum.
[14] Fu, F. Q., Bolander, W., & Jones, E. (2009). Managing the drivers of
organizational commitment and salesperson effort: An application of
Meyer and Allen-s three-component model. Journal of Marketing
Theory and Practice, 17(4), 335-350.
[15] Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary
statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
[16] Hrebiniak, L. G. (1974). Effect of Job Level and Participation on
Employee Attitudes and Perceptions of Influence. Academy of
Management Journal, 17, 649-662.
[17] Holmes, J. G. (1981). The exchange process in close relationships:
Microbehavior and macromotives. In M. J. Learner & S. C. Lerner
(Eds.), The justice motive in social behavior: 261-284. New York:
Plenum.
[18] Homans, G. C. (1961). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, New
York: Harcourt Brace and World.
[19] Kartini, F. H. B., Sarji A. & Yusof, A. (2004). Era Digital: Cabaran Baru
kepada Karyawan serta Pendidik Penyiaran dan Perfileman di Malaysia,
Jurnal Komunikasi, 20(1), 1-15.
[20] Khoo, G. C (2007). Just-Do-It- (Yourself): Independent Filmmaking in
Malaysia. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 8(2), 227-247.
[21] Lau, R. S., & Cobb, A. T. (2009). Understanding the connections
between relationship conflict and performance: The intervening roles of
trust and exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
[22] Lieberman, M. A., Yalom, J. D., & Miles, M. B. (1973). Encounter
groups: First facts. New York: Basic Books.
[23] Luchak, A. A., & Gellaty, I. R. (2007). A comparison of linear and
nonlinear relations between organizational commitment and work
outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 786-793.
[24] Malinowski, B. (1992). Argonauts of the western Pacific: An account of
native enterprise and adventure in the archipelagoes of Melansian New
Guinea. London: Routledge.
[25] Manvell, R., & Huntley, J. (1967). The Technique of Film Music. New
York: Hastings House.
[26] Marwick, A. D. (2001). Knowledge management technology.
http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/404/marwick.html [2 August,
2005].
[27] Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000).
Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair
procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of
Management Journal, 43, 738-748.
[28] Mauss, M. (1925). The gift: Forms and functions of exchange in archaic
societies. New York: The Norton Library.
[29] Mayer, R., Davis, J., & Schoorman, F. (1995). An integrative model of
organizational trust. Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734.
[30] McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as
foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of
Management Journal, 38, 24-59.
[31] McKay, B. (2007). Transforming Gol & Gincu. Jurnal Skrin Malaysia,
4(2), 2007.
[32] Meiners, E. B., & Miller, V. D. (2004). The effect of formality and
relational tone on supervisor-subordinate negotiation episodes. Western
Journal of Communication, 68(3), 302-321.
[33] Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1984). The measurement and antecedents of
affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization.
Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 1-18.
[34] Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employeeorganizational
linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism
and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
[35] Molm, L. D. (2003). Theoretical comparisons of forms of exchange.
Sociological Theory, 21, 1-17.
[36] Muthalib, H. (2005). Voices of Malaysian Cinema. Criticine.
http://www.criticine.com/feature_article.php?id=17 (15 December,
2009)
[37] Muthalib, H (2007). The Little Cinema of Malaysia. KINEMA, A
Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media, 15(2).
[38] Muthusamy, S., & White, M. (2005). Learning and knowledge transfer
in strategic alliances: a social exchange view. Organization Studies,
26(3), 415.
[39] Perumal, V., & Woods, P. C. (2007). The Need for Knowledge
Management in the Malaysian Film Industry: A Case Study. Journal of
Information and Knowledge Management, 6(3), 173-180.
[40] Reagans, R., & McEvily, B. (2003). Network structure and knowledge
transfer: The effects of cohesion and range.
http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/hhaveman/B9707/Reagans%20&
%20McEvily%202003. pdf (2 August 2005)
[41] Sarji, A. (2006). Malaysian National Cinema. An Identity Crisis?. Jurnal
Skrin Malaysia, 3(1).
[42] Slater, B. (2005). New independence in Malaysia. Firecracker.
http://www.firecracker-media.com/moxie/current/feature0802.shtml (21
September, 2009)
[43] Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., & Barksdale, K. (1999). Measurement of
transactional and exchange relationships. Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology,
Atlanta, GA.
[44] Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Taylor, M. S., Coyle-Shapiro, J., Liden, R.
C., McLean-Parks, J., et al. (2004). The employee-organization
relationship:Atimely concept in a period of transition. In J. J. Martocchio
(Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, Vol.
23: 291-370. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[45] Stinglhamber, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2003). Organizations and
supervisors as sources of support and targets of commitment: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(3), 251-270.
[46] Wu, S., Lin, S. C., & Lin, T. C. (2006). Exploring knowledge sharing in
virtual teams: A social exchange theory perspective. Paper presented at
Proceedings of the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences, Hawaii, United States.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:51313", author = "Perumal and V. and Hassan and H. and Bolong and J. and Osman and M. N.", title = "A Study of Filmmakers Interaction through Social Exchange Theory", abstract = "Film, as an art form playing a vital role and is a powerful tool in documenting, influencing and shaping the society. Films are the collective creation of a large number of separate individuals, each contributing with creative input, unique talents, and technical expertise to the project. Recently, the Malaysian Independent (or “Indie") filmmakers have made their presence felt by winning awards at various international film festivals. Working in the digital video (DV) format, a number of independent filmmakers really hit their stride with a range of remarkably strong titles and international recognition has been quick in coming and their works are now regularly in exhibition or in competition, winning many top prizes at prestigious festivals around the world. The interaction factors among crewmembers are emphasized as imperative for group success. An in-depth interview is conducted to analyze the social interactions and exchanges between filmmakers through Social Exchanges Theory (SET). Certainly the new millennium that was marked as the digital technology revolution has changed the face of filmmaking in Malaysia. There is a clear need to study the Malaysian independent cinema especially from the perspective of understanding what causes the independent filmmakers to work so well given all of the difficulties and constraints.
", keywords = "Digital filmmaking, technology, interaction,
crewmembers, cinema, independent filmmaker.", volume = "6", number = "11", pages = "2810-6", }
