A Novel NIRS Index to Evaluate Brain Activity in Prefrontal Regions While Listening to First and Second Languages for Long Time Periods
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely
used as a non-invasive method to measure brain activity, but it is
corrupted by baseline drift noise. Here we present a method to measure
regional cerebral blood flow as a derivative of NIRS output. We
investigate whether, when listening to languages, blood flow can
reasonably localize and represent regional brain activity or not. The
prefrontal blood flow distribution pattern when advanced
second-language listeners listened to a second language (L2) was most
similar to that when listening to their first language (L1) among the
patterns of mean and standard deviation. In experiments with 25
healthy subjects, the maximum blood flow was localized to the left
BA46 of advanced listeners. The blood flow presented is robust to
baseline drift and stably localizes regional brain activity.
[1] Allison, B., Luth, T., Valbuena, D., Teymourian, A., Volosyak, I., &
Graser, A. (2010). BCI Demographics: How Many (and What Kinds of)
People Can Use an SSVEP BCI?, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and
Rehabilitation Engineering, 18-2, 107-116
[2] Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G.J. (1974). Working Memory. In G.A. Bower
(Ed.). Recent Advances in learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89, New York:
Academic Press.
[3] Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working Memory, New York: Oxford University
Press.
[4] Baddeley, A.D. (1992). Working Memory, Science, 255, 556-559.
[5] Baddeley, A.D. (2000). The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of
Working Memory?, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4-11, 417–423
[6] Baddeley, A.D. (2002). Is Working Memory Still Working?, European
Psychologist, 7, 85-97
[7] Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A
reconsideration of mental storage capacity, Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 24, 87-185
[8] Dieler, A.C., Tupak, S.V., & Fallgatter, A.J. (2012). Functional
near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of speech related tasks,
Brain and Language 121, 90–109
[9] Federmeier, K.D., Kutas, M., & Schul, R. (2010). Age-related and
individual differences in the use of prediction during language
comprehension, Brain and Language 115, 149–161
[10] Falk, T. H., Guirgis, M., Power, S., & Chau, T.T. (2011). Taking
NIRS-BCIs Outside the Lab: Towards Achieving Robustness Against
Environment Noise, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation
Engineering, 19-2, 136-146
[11] Gallagher, A., Beland, R., & Lassonde, M. (2012). The contribution of
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to the presurgical
assessment of language function in children, Brain and Language 121,
124–129
[12] Hohlfeld, A., Mierke, K., & Sommer, W. (2004). Is word perception in a
second language more vulnerable than in one’s native language?
Evidence from brain potentials in a dual task setting, Brain and Language
89 569–579
[13] Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning,
Grammar, Evolution, Oxford: OUP
[14] Jia C., Gao, X., Hong, B., & Gao, S. (2011). Frequency and Phase Mixed
Coding in SSVEP-Based Brain–Computer Interface, IEEE Trans. on
Biomedical Engineering, 58-1, 200-206
[15] Kahlaoui, K. Vlasblom, V., Lesage, F., Senhadji, N., Benali, H., &
Joanette, Y. (2007). Semantic processing of words in the aging brain: A
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) study, Brain and Language 103,
8–249
[16] Kahlaoui, K., Di Sante, G., Barbeau, J., Mahheux, M., Lesage, F., Ska, B.,
& Joanete, Y. (2012). Contribution of NIRS to the study of prefrontal
cortex for verbal fluency in aging, Brain and Language 121, 164–173
[17] Kinno, R., Muragaki, Y., Hori, T., Maruyama, T., Kawamura, M., &
Sasaki, K. (2009). Agrammatic comprehension caused by a glioma in the
left frontal cortex, Brain and Language 110, 71–80
[18] Koizumi, K., Ymashita, Y., Maki, A., Yamamoto, T., Ito, Y., Itagaki, H.,
& Kennan, R. (1999). Higher-order brain function analysis by
trans-cranial dynamic near-infrared spectroscopy imaging, J. Biomed.
Opt. 4, 403-413
[19] Koizumi, H., Yamamoto, T., Maki, A., Yamashita, Y., Sato, H.,
Kawaguchi, H., & Ichikawa, N. (2003). Optical topography: practical
problems and new applications, Appl. Opt. 42, 3054-3062
[20] Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Fukuyama, H., &
Shibasaki, H. (2004). Functional roles of the cingulo-frontal network in
performance on working memory, NeuroImage 21, 2 – 14
[21] Lidzba, K., Schwilling, E., Grodd, W., Krägeloh-Mann, I., & Wilke, M.
(2011). Language comprehension vs. language production: Age effects on
fMRI activation, Brain and Language 119, 6–15 [22] Maki, A., Yamashita, Y., Ito, Y., Watanabe, E., Mayanagi, Y., &
Koizumi, H. (1995), Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor
activity using noninvasive NIR topography, Med. Phys. 22, 1997-2005
[23] Mayberry, R.I., Chen, J. K., Witcher, P., & Klein, D. (2011). Age of
acquisition effects on the functional organization of language in the adult
brain, Brain and Language 119, 16–29
[24] Mayberry, R.I., Chen, J. K., Witcher, P., & Klein, D (2012). Syntactic
processing in bilinguals: An fNIRS study, Brain and Language 121,
144–151
[25] Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some
limits on our capacity for processing information, Psychological Review,
63, 81-97
[26] Momo, K., Sakai, H., & Sakai, K. (2008). Syntax in a native language still
continues to develop in adults: Honorification judgment in Japanese,
Brain & Language 107. 81–89
[27] Osaka, M., Nishizaki Y., & Komori, M. (2002). Effect of focus on verbal
working memory: Critical role of the focus word in reading, Memory &
Cognition, 30 (4), 562-571
[28] Osaka, N., & Osaka, M. (2002). Individual differences in working
memory during reading with and without Parafoveal information: a
moving-window study, American Journal of Psychology, 115(4) ,
501-513
[29] Osaka, M., Osaka, N., Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H. Aso, T.,
& Shibasaki, H. (2003). The neural basis of individual differences in
working memory capacity: an fMRI study, NeuroImage 18 , 789–797
[30] Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H., &
Shibasaki, H. (2004), The neural basis of executive function in working
memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences, NeuroImage 21,
623–631
[31] Pettio, L.A., Berens, M.S., Kovelman, I., Dubins, M.H., Jasinska, K., &
Shalinsky, M. (2012). The “Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis” as the basis
for bilingual babies’ phonetic processing advantage: New insights from
fNIRS brain imaging, Brain and Language 121, 130–143
[32] Quaresima, V., Biscinti, S., & Ferrari, M. (2012). A brief review on the
use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for language
imaging studies in human newborns and adults, Brain and Language 121,
79–89
[33] Rossi, S., Telkemeyer, S., Wartenburger, I., & Obrig, H. (2012).
Shedding light on words and sentences: Near-infrared spectroscopy in
language research, Brain and Language 121, 152–163
[34] Sawan, M., Salam, M. T., Le Lan, J. Kassab, A., Gélinas, S., Vannasing,
P., Lesage, F., Lassonde, M., and Nguyen, D.K. (2013). Wireless
Recording Systems: From Noninvasive EEG-NIRS to Invasive EEG
Devices, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 7-2, 186-195
[35] Scherer, L.C., Ska, B, Giroux, F., Lesage, F., Senhadji, N., Marcotte, K.,
Tomitch, L.M.B., Benali, H., & Joanette, Y. (2007). Discourse
comprehension in successful aging: A NIRS study, Brain and Language
103, 8–249
[36] Scherer L.C., Fonseca, R.P., Paz, R., Giroux, F., Senhadji, N., Marcotte,
K., Tomitch, L.M.B., Benali, H., Lesage, F., Ska, R., & Joanette, Y.
(2012). Neurofunctional (re)organization underlying narrative discourse
processing in aging: Evidence from fNIRS, Brain and Language 121,
174–184
[37] Son, I-Y., & Yazici, B. (2006). Near Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy
for Brain Activity Monitoring, Advances in Sensing with Security
Applications NATO Security through Science Series-A; Chemistry and
Biology (Edited by Jim Byrnes) Springer pp.341 -372
[38] Stromswold, K., Caplan, D., Alpert, N., & Rauch, S. (1996). Localization
of Syntactic Comprehension by Positron Emission Tomography, Brain
and Language 52, 452–473
[39] Timmer, K., Vahid-Gharavi, N., & Schiller, N.O. (2012). Reading aloud
in Persian: ERP evidence for an early locus of the masked onset priming
effect, Brain and Language 122, 34–41
[40] Veroude, K., Norris, D.G., Shumskaya, E., Gullberg, M., & Indefrey, P.
(2010). Functional connectivity between brain regions involved in
learning words of a new language, Brain and Language 113, 21–27
[41] Volosyak, I., Valbuena, D., Luth , T., Malechka, T., & Graser, A. (2011).
BCI Demographics II: How Many (and What Kinds of) People Can Use a
High-Frequency SSVEP BCI?, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and
Rehabilitation Engineering, 19-3, 232-239
[42] Weber-Fox, C., Hart, L.J., & Spruill III, J.E. (2006). Effects of
grammatical categories on children’s visual language processing:
Evidence from event-related brain potentials, Brain and Language 98,
26–39
[43] Wolff, S., Schlesewsky, M., Hirotani, M., & Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I.
(2008). The neural mechanisms of word order processing revisited:
Electrophysiological evidence from Japanese, Brain and Language 107,
133–157
[44] Yamashita, Y., Maki, A., Ito, Y., Watanabe, E., Mayanagi, Y., &
Koizumi, H. (1996). Noninvasive near-infrared topography of human
brain activity using intensity modulation spectroscopy, Opt. Eng. 35,
1046-1099
[45] Zhang Y., Zhou, G., Jin, J., Wang, M., Wang, X., & Cichocki, A. (2013).
L1-Regularized Multi-way Canonical Correlation Analysis for
SSVEP-Based BCI, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation
Engineering, 21-6, 887-896
[1] Allison, B., Luth, T., Valbuena, D., Teymourian, A., Volosyak, I., &
Graser, A. (2010). BCI Demographics: How Many (and What Kinds of)
People Can Use an SSVEP BCI?, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and
Rehabilitation Engineering, 18-2, 107-116
[2] Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G.J. (1974). Working Memory. In G.A. Bower
(Ed.). Recent Advances in learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89, New York:
Academic Press.
[3] Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working Memory, New York: Oxford University
Press.
[4] Baddeley, A.D. (1992). Working Memory, Science, 255, 556-559.
[5] Baddeley, A.D. (2000). The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of
Working Memory?, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4-11, 417–423
[6] Baddeley, A.D. (2002). Is Working Memory Still Working?, European
Psychologist, 7, 85-97
[7] Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A
reconsideration of mental storage capacity, Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 24, 87-185
[8] Dieler, A.C., Tupak, S.V., & Fallgatter, A.J. (2012). Functional
near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of speech related tasks,
Brain and Language 121, 90–109
[9] Federmeier, K.D., Kutas, M., & Schul, R. (2010). Age-related and
individual differences in the use of prediction during language
comprehension, Brain and Language 115, 149–161
[10] Falk, T. H., Guirgis, M., Power, S., & Chau, T.T. (2011). Taking
NIRS-BCIs Outside the Lab: Towards Achieving Robustness Against
Environment Noise, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation
Engineering, 19-2, 136-146
[11] Gallagher, A., Beland, R., & Lassonde, M. (2012). The contribution of
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to the presurgical
assessment of language function in children, Brain and Language 121,
124–129
[12] Hohlfeld, A., Mierke, K., & Sommer, W. (2004). Is word perception in a
second language more vulnerable than in one’s native language?
Evidence from brain potentials in a dual task setting, Brain and Language
89 569–579
[13] Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning,
Grammar, Evolution, Oxford: OUP
[14] Jia C., Gao, X., Hong, B., & Gao, S. (2011). Frequency and Phase Mixed
Coding in SSVEP-Based Brain–Computer Interface, IEEE Trans. on
Biomedical Engineering, 58-1, 200-206
[15] Kahlaoui, K. Vlasblom, V., Lesage, F., Senhadji, N., Benali, H., &
Joanette, Y. (2007). Semantic processing of words in the aging brain: A
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) study, Brain and Language 103,
8–249
[16] Kahlaoui, K., Di Sante, G., Barbeau, J., Mahheux, M., Lesage, F., Ska, B.,
& Joanete, Y. (2012). Contribution of NIRS to the study of prefrontal
cortex for verbal fluency in aging, Brain and Language 121, 164–173
[17] Kinno, R., Muragaki, Y., Hori, T., Maruyama, T., Kawamura, M., &
Sasaki, K. (2009). Agrammatic comprehension caused by a glioma in the
left frontal cortex, Brain and Language 110, 71–80
[18] Koizumi, K., Ymashita, Y., Maki, A., Yamamoto, T., Ito, Y., Itagaki, H.,
& Kennan, R. (1999). Higher-order brain function analysis by
trans-cranial dynamic near-infrared spectroscopy imaging, J. Biomed.
Opt. 4, 403-413
[19] Koizumi, H., Yamamoto, T., Maki, A., Yamashita, Y., Sato, H.,
Kawaguchi, H., & Ichikawa, N. (2003). Optical topography: practical
problems and new applications, Appl. Opt. 42, 3054-3062
[20] Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Fukuyama, H., &
Shibasaki, H. (2004). Functional roles of the cingulo-frontal network in
performance on working memory, NeuroImage 21, 2 – 14
[21] Lidzba, K., Schwilling, E., Grodd, W., Krägeloh-Mann, I., & Wilke, M.
(2011). Language comprehension vs. language production: Age effects on
fMRI activation, Brain and Language 119, 6–15 [22] Maki, A., Yamashita, Y., Ito, Y., Watanabe, E., Mayanagi, Y., &
Koizumi, H. (1995), Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor
activity using noninvasive NIR topography, Med. Phys. 22, 1997-2005
[23] Mayberry, R.I., Chen, J. K., Witcher, P., & Klein, D. (2011). Age of
acquisition effects on the functional organization of language in the adult
brain, Brain and Language 119, 16–29
[24] Mayberry, R.I., Chen, J. K., Witcher, P., & Klein, D (2012). Syntactic
processing in bilinguals: An fNIRS study, Brain and Language 121,
144–151
[25] Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some
limits on our capacity for processing information, Psychological Review,
63, 81-97
[26] Momo, K., Sakai, H., & Sakai, K. (2008). Syntax in a native language still
continues to develop in adults: Honorification judgment in Japanese,
Brain & Language 107. 81–89
[27] Osaka, M., Nishizaki Y., & Komori, M. (2002). Effect of focus on verbal
working memory: Critical role of the focus word in reading, Memory &
Cognition, 30 (4), 562-571
[28] Osaka, N., & Osaka, M. (2002). Individual differences in working
memory during reading with and without Parafoveal information: a
moving-window study, American Journal of Psychology, 115(4) ,
501-513
[29] Osaka, M., Osaka, N., Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H. Aso, T.,
& Shibasaki, H. (2003). The neural basis of individual differences in
working memory capacity: an fMRI study, NeuroImage 18 , 789–797
[30] Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H., &
Shibasaki, H. (2004), The neural basis of executive function in working
memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences, NeuroImage 21,
623–631
[31] Pettio, L.A., Berens, M.S., Kovelman, I., Dubins, M.H., Jasinska, K., &
Shalinsky, M. (2012). The “Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis” as the basis
for bilingual babies’ phonetic processing advantage: New insights from
fNIRS brain imaging, Brain and Language 121, 130–143
[32] Quaresima, V., Biscinti, S., & Ferrari, M. (2012). A brief review on the
use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for language
imaging studies in human newborns and adults, Brain and Language 121,
79–89
[33] Rossi, S., Telkemeyer, S., Wartenburger, I., & Obrig, H. (2012).
Shedding light on words and sentences: Near-infrared spectroscopy in
language research, Brain and Language 121, 152–163
[34] Sawan, M., Salam, M. T., Le Lan, J. Kassab, A., Gélinas, S., Vannasing,
P., Lesage, F., Lassonde, M., and Nguyen, D.K. (2013). Wireless
Recording Systems: From Noninvasive EEG-NIRS to Invasive EEG
Devices, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 7-2, 186-195
[35] Scherer, L.C., Ska, B, Giroux, F., Lesage, F., Senhadji, N., Marcotte, K.,
Tomitch, L.M.B., Benali, H., & Joanette, Y. (2007). Discourse
comprehension in successful aging: A NIRS study, Brain and Language
103, 8–249
[36] Scherer L.C., Fonseca, R.P., Paz, R., Giroux, F., Senhadji, N., Marcotte,
K., Tomitch, L.M.B., Benali, H., Lesage, F., Ska, R., & Joanette, Y.
(2012). Neurofunctional (re)organization underlying narrative discourse
processing in aging: Evidence from fNIRS, Brain and Language 121,
174–184
[37] Son, I-Y., & Yazici, B. (2006). Near Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy
for Brain Activity Monitoring, Advances in Sensing with Security
Applications NATO Security through Science Series-A; Chemistry and
Biology (Edited by Jim Byrnes) Springer pp.341 -372
[38] Stromswold, K., Caplan, D., Alpert, N., & Rauch, S. (1996). Localization
of Syntactic Comprehension by Positron Emission Tomography, Brain
and Language 52, 452–473
[39] Timmer, K., Vahid-Gharavi, N., & Schiller, N.O. (2012). Reading aloud
in Persian: ERP evidence for an early locus of the masked onset priming
effect, Brain and Language 122, 34–41
[40] Veroude, K., Norris, D.G., Shumskaya, E., Gullberg, M., & Indefrey, P.
(2010). Functional connectivity between brain regions involved in
learning words of a new language, Brain and Language 113, 21–27
[41] Volosyak, I., Valbuena, D., Luth , T., Malechka, T., & Graser, A. (2011).
BCI Demographics II: How Many (and What Kinds of) People Can Use a
High-Frequency SSVEP BCI?, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and
Rehabilitation Engineering, 19-3, 232-239
[42] Weber-Fox, C., Hart, L.J., & Spruill III, J.E. (2006). Effects of
grammatical categories on children’s visual language processing:
Evidence from event-related brain potentials, Brain and Language 98,
26–39
[43] Wolff, S., Schlesewsky, M., Hirotani, M., & Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I.
(2008). The neural mechanisms of word order processing revisited:
Electrophysiological evidence from Japanese, Brain and Language 107,
133–157
[44] Yamashita, Y., Maki, A., Ito, Y., Watanabe, E., Mayanagi, Y., &
Koizumi, H. (1996). Noninvasive near-infrared topography of human
brain activity using intensity modulation spectroscopy, Opt. Eng. 35,
1046-1099
[45] Zhang Y., Zhou, G., Jin, J., Wang, M., Wang, X., & Cichocki, A. (2013).
L1-Regularized Multi-way Canonical Correlation Analysis for
SSVEP-Based BCI, IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation
Engineering, 21-6, 887-896
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:69187", author = "Kensho Takahashi and Ko Watanabe and Takashi Kaburagi and Hiroshi Tanaka and Kajiro Watanabe and Yosuke Kurihara", title = "A Novel NIRS Index to Evaluate Brain Activity in Prefrontal Regions While Listening to First and Second Languages for Long Time Periods", abstract = "Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely
used as a non-invasive method to measure brain activity, but it is
corrupted by baseline drift noise. Here we present a method to measure
regional cerebral blood flow as a derivative of NIRS output. We
investigate whether, when listening to languages, blood flow can
reasonably localize and represent regional brain activity or not. The
prefrontal blood flow distribution pattern when advanced
second-language listeners listened to a second language (L2) was most
similar to that when listening to their first language (L1) among the
patterns of mean and standard deviation. In experiments with 25
healthy subjects, the maximum blood flow was localized to the left
BA46 of advanced listeners. The blood flow presented is robust to
baseline drift and stably localizes regional brain activity.
", keywords = "NIRS, oxy-hemoglobin, baseline drift, blood flow,
working memory, BA46, first language, second language.", volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "235-7", }
