400 kW Six Analytical High Speed Generator Designs for Smart Grid Systems
High Speed PM Generators driven by micro-turbines
are widely used in Smart Grid System. So, this paper proposes
comparative study among six classical, optimized and genetic
analytical design cases for 400 kW output power at tip speed 200
m/s. These six design trials of High Speed Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generators (HSPMSGs) are: Classical Sizing;
Unconstrained optimization for total losses and its minimization;
Constrained optimized total mass with bounded constraints are
introduced in the problem formulation. Then a genetic algorithm is
formulated for obtaining maximum efficiency and minimizing
machine size. In the second genetic problem formulation, we attempt
to obtain minimum mass, the machine sizing that is constrained by
the non-linear constraint function of machine losses. Finally, an
optimum torque per ampere genetic sizing is predicted. All results are
simulated with MATLAB, Optimization Toolbox and its Genetic
Algorithm. Finally, six analytical design examples comparisons are
introduced with study of machines waveforms, THD and rotor losses.
[1] Ali Keyhani, Mohammad N. Marwali, and Min Dai, "Integration of
Green and Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems," Wiley,
January 2010
[2] Ali Keyhani, "Cyber-Controlled Smart Microgrid Systems of the Future:
The High Penetration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources", New
Research Directions for Future Cyber-Physical Energy Systems,
Sheraton Baltimore City Center Hotel Baltimore, Maryland, June 2009
[3] Ali Keyhani, Jin-Woo Jung, Min Dai, "Control of Renewable Energy
Sources in Smart Grid Systems," Smart Grids Africa,28-30 July 2008,
Johannesburg, South Africa
[4] Ahmad, R. A., Pan, Z., and Saban, D. M., "On-Board Electrical
Network Topology Using High Speed Permanent Magnet Generators,"
Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, 2007. ESTS apos;07. IEEE
Volume , Issue , 21-23, pp.356 - 362, May 2007.
[5] Scridon, S., Boldea, I., Tutelea, Blaabjerg, L., F., and Ritchie, E.,
"BEGA - A Biaxial Excitation Generator for Automobiles:
Comprehensive Characterization and Test Results," IAS, 2004, Industry
Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting Conference
Record of the 2004 IEEE, vol.3, pp. 1682 - 1690, 3-7 Oct. 2004.
[6] Binder, A., Schneider, T., and Klohr, M., "Fixation of Buried and
Surface- Mounted Magnets in High-Speed Permanent-Magnet
Synchronous Machines," IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol.
42, NO. 4, pp. 1031 - 1037, July/August, 2006.
[7] Hosseini, S. M., Mirsalim, M. A., and Mirzaei, M. , "Design,
Prototyping, and Analysis of a Low Cost Axial-Flux Coreless
Permanent-Magnet Generator," IEEE Trans. On Magnet., Vol. 44, No.
1, pp. 75 - 80, Jan. 2008.
[8] Mellor, P.H., Burrow, S.G., Sawata, T., and Holme, M., "A Wide -
Speed - Range Hybrid Variable - Reluctance / Permanent - Magnet
Generator for Future Embedded Aircraft Generation Systems," IEEE
Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 2, PP. 551 - 556,
March/April 2005.
[9] Sadeghierad, M., Lesani, H., Monsef, H., and Darabi, A., "Design
considerations of High Speed Axial Flux permanent magnet Generator
with Coreless Stator," The 8th International Power Engineering
Conference (IPEC), pp. 1098 - 1102, 2007.
[10] Arnold, D. P., Das, S., Park, J. W., Zana, I., Lang, J. H., and Allen, M.
G., "Micro fabricated High-Speed Axial-Flux Multi watt Permanent-
Magnet GeneratorsÔÇöPart II: Design, Fabrication, and Testing," Journal
Of Micro Electromechanical Systems, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 1351 - 1363,
October 2006.
[11] Paulides, J. J. H., Jewell, G. W., and Howe, D., "An Evaluation of
Alternative Stator Lamination Materials for a High - Speed, 1.5 MW,
Permanent Magnet Generator," IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 40, No.
4, pp. 2041 - 2043, July 2004.
[12] Jang, S. M., Cho, H. W., and Jeong, Y. H., "Influence on the rectifiers
of rotor losses in high - speed permanent magnet synchronous
alternator," Journal of Applied Physics, 08R315, American Institute of
Physics, 08R315-1 - 08R315-3, 2006.
[13] Kolondzovski, Z., "Determination of critical thermal operations for High
- speed permanent magnet electrical machines," The International
Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 720-727, 2008.
[14] Nagorny, A. S., Dravid, N. V., Jansen, R. H., and Kenny, B. H., "Design
Aspects of a High Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor /
Generator for Flywheel Applications," NASA/TMÔÇö2005-213651 June
2005, International Electric Machines and Drives Conference sponsored
by the IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEE Power Electronics
Society, IEEE Power Engineering Society, and IEEE Industrial
Electronics Society, San Antonio, Texas, May 15-18, 2005.
[15] Hanselmann, D. C., Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor Design, New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[16] Hendershot, J. R. and Miller, T. J. E., Design of Brushless Permanent
Magnet Motors, Oxford, U.K.: Magna Physics Publishing and
Clarendon Press, 1994.
[17] Rucker, J. E., Kirtley, J. L., McCoy, Jr. T. J., "Design and Analysis of a
Permanent Magnet Generator For Naval Applications," IEEE Electric
Ship Technologies Symposium, pp. 451 - 458, 2005.
[18] Kang, D., Curiac, P., Jung, Y., and Jung, S., "Prospects for
magnetization of large PM rotors: conclusions from a development case
study," IEEE trans. On Energy Conversion, vol. 18, no. 3, Sept. 2003.
[19] Paulides, J., Jewell, G., and Howe, D., "An evaluation of alternative
stator lamination materials for a high speed, 1.5 MW, permanent
Magnet Generator," IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, vol. 40, no. 4, July
2004.
[20] Bianchi, N., and Lorenzoni, A., "Permanent magnet generators for wind
power industry: an overall comparison with traditional generators,"
Opportunities and advances in international power generation,
conference publication No. 419, 1996.
[21] Rahman, M. A., and Slemon, G. R., "Promising Applications of
Neodymium Iron Boron Iron Magnets in Electrical Machines," IEEE
Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. No. 5, Sept 1985.
[22] Polinder, H. and Hoeijmakers, M. J., "Eddy - Current Losses in the
Segmented Surface Mounted Magnets of a PM Machine," IEE
Proceedings, Electrical Power Applications, Vol. 146, No. 3, May 1999.
[23] Aglen, O., and Andersson, A., "Thermal Analysis of a High Speed
Generator," Industry Applications Conference, 38th IAS Annual
Meeting. Con. vol.1, pp. 547- 554, 12-16 Oct. 2003. Current Version
Published: 2004-01-07 IEEE Transactions, 2003.
[24] Pepi, J., and Mongeau, P., " High power density permanent magnet
generators," DRS Electric power technologies, Inc., 2004.
[25] Kong X., Wang F., and Sun Y. (2007) ÔÇÿComparison of High Speed PM
Generator with PM Doubly Fed Reluctance Generator for Distributed
Power Generation System-, 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial
Electronics and Applications, 2007. ICIEA 2007, pp. 1193 - 1197.
[26] I. Boldea and S. A. Nasar, Induction Machine Handbook, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Fl, 2001.
[27] B. Amin, "Contribution to iron-loss evaluation in electrical machines",
European Trans. on Elect. Power Eng., vol. 5, 1995, pp. 325-332.
[28] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, E. Bolte, B. Ackermann, "Instantaneous Magnetic
Field distribution in brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part I:
open-circuit field", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 124-
135.
[29] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field distribution in
brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part II: armature-reaction field",
IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 136-142.
[30] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field distribution in
brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part III: effect of stator
slotting", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 143-151.
[31] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field distribution in
brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part IV: magnetic field on
load", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 152-158.
[32] J.G. Zhu, S.Y.R. Hui, V.S. Ramsden, "Discrete modelling of magnetic
cores including hysteresis, eddy current, and anomalous losses", IEE
Proc., Part A, Sc., Measure. and Tech., vol. 140, 1993, pp. 317-322.
[33] I. Boldea, Variable speed electric generators, CRC Press, Florida, 2006.
[34] J.G. Zhu, S.Y.R. Hui, V.S. Ramsden, "A generalized dynamic circuit
model of magnetic cores for low- and high-frequency applications - Part
I: Theoretical calculation of the equivalent core loss resistance", IEEE
Trans. Power Elect., vol. 11, 1996, pp.246-250.
[35] Moré, J.J. and Sorensen D.C. "Computing a Trust Region Step", SIAM
Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 3, 1983, pp 553-
572.
[36] Zhang, Y. "Solving Large-Scale Linear Programs by Interior-Point
Methods Under the
[37] MATLAB Environment", Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, Technical
Report TR96-01, 1995.
[38] Pepi, J. and Mongeau, P. , High power density permanent magnet
generators, DRS Electric power technologies, Inc, 2004.
[39] Conn, A. R., Gould N. I. M., and Toint Ph. L. (1991) ÔÇÿA Globally
Convergent Augmented Lagrangian Algorithm for Optimization with
General Constraints and Simple Bounds-, SIAM Journal on Numerical
Analysis, Volume 28, Number 2, pages 545-572.
[40] Conn, A. R., Gould N. I. M., and Toint Ph. L. (1997) ÔÇÿA Globally
Convergent Augmented Lagrangian Barrier Algorithm for Optimization
with General Inequality Constraints and Simple Bounds-, Mathematics
of Computation, Volume 66, Number 217, pages 261-288.
[41] I. H. Shames, and J. M. Pitarresi, Introduction to Solid Mechanics, 3rd
Ed., Prentice Hall, 2000.
[42] M. F. Ashby, and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials, Pergamon
Press, 1991.
[43] J. L. Kirtley, and E. C. Lovelace, "Drag Loss in Retaining Rings of
Permanent Magnet Motors," SatCon Technology Corporation, March,
2003.
[44] H. Polinder and M. J. Hoeijmakers, "Eddy-Current Losses in the
Permanent Magnets of a PM Machine," EMD 97, Conference
Publication No. 444, 1997.
[1] Ali Keyhani, Mohammad N. Marwali, and Min Dai, "Integration of
Green and Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems," Wiley,
January 2010
[2] Ali Keyhani, "Cyber-Controlled Smart Microgrid Systems of the Future:
The High Penetration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources", New
Research Directions for Future Cyber-Physical Energy Systems,
Sheraton Baltimore City Center Hotel Baltimore, Maryland, June 2009
[3] Ali Keyhani, Jin-Woo Jung, Min Dai, "Control of Renewable Energy
Sources in Smart Grid Systems," Smart Grids Africa,28-30 July 2008,
Johannesburg, South Africa
[4] Ahmad, R. A., Pan, Z., and Saban, D. M., "On-Board Electrical
Network Topology Using High Speed Permanent Magnet Generators,"
Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, 2007. ESTS apos;07. IEEE
Volume , Issue , 21-23, pp.356 - 362, May 2007.
[5] Scridon, S., Boldea, I., Tutelea, Blaabjerg, L., F., and Ritchie, E.,
"BEGA - A Biaxial Excitation Generator for Automobiles:
Comprehensive Characterization and Test Results," IAS, 2004, Industry
Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting Conference
Record of the 2004 IEEE, vol.3, pp. 1682 - 1690, 3-7 Oct. 2004.
[6] Binder, A., Schneider, T., and Klohr, M., "Fixation of Buried and
Surface- Mounted Magnets in High-Speed Permanent-Magnet
Synchronous Machines," IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol.
42, NO. 4, pp. 1031 - 1037, July/August, 2006.
[7] Hosseini, S. M., Mirsalim, M. A., and Mirzaei, M. , "Design,
Prototyping, and Analysis of a Low Cost Axial-Flux Coreless
Permanent-Magnet Generator," IEEE Trans. On Magnet., Vol. 44, No.
1, pp. 75 - 80, Jan. 2008.
[8] Mellor, P.H., Burrow, S.G., Sawata, T., and Holme, M., "A Wide -
Speed - Range Hybrid Variable - Reluctance / Permanent - Magnet
Generator for Future Embedded Aircraft Generation Systems," IEEE
Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 2, PP. 551 - 556,
March/April 2005.
[9] Sadeghierad, M., Lesani, H., Monsef, H., and Darabi, A., "Design
considerations of High Speed Axial Flux permanent magnet Generator
with Coreless Stator," The 8th International Power Engineering
Conference (IPEC), pp. 1098 - 1102, 2007.
[10] Arnold, D. P., Das, S., Park, J. W., Zana, I., Lang, J. H., and Allen, M.
G., "Micro fabricated High-Speed Axial-Flux Multi watt Permanent-
Magnet GeneratorsÔÇöPart II: Design, Fabrication, and Testing," Journal
Of Micro Electromechanical Systems, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 1351 - 1363,
October 2006.
[11] Paulides, J. J. H., Jewell, G. W., and Howe, D., "An Evaluation of
Alternative Stator Lamination Materials for a High - Speed, 1.5 MW,
Permanent Magnet Generator," IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 40, No.
4, pp. 2041 - 2043, July 2004.
[12] Jang, S. M., Cho, H. W., and Jeong, Y. H., "Influence on the rectifiers
of rotor losses in high - speed permanent magnet synchronous
alternator," Journal of Applied Physics, 08R315, American Institute of
Physics, 08R315-1 - 08R315-3, 2006.
[13] Kolondzovski, Z., "Determination of critical thermal operations for High
- speed permanent magnet electrical machines," The International
Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 720-727, 2008.
[14] Nagorny, A. S., Dravid, N. V., Jansen, R. H., and Kenny, B. H., "Design
Aspects of a High Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor /
Generator for Flywheel Applications," NASA/TMÔÇö2005-213651 June
2005, International Electric Machines and Drives Conference sponsored
by the IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEE Power Electronics
Society, IEEE Power Engineering Society, and IEEE Industrial
Electronics Society, San Antonio, Texas, May 15-18, 2005.
[15] Hanselmann, D. C., Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor Design, New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[16] Hendershot, J. R. and Miller, T. J. E., Design of Brushless Permanent
Magnet Motors, Oxford, U.K.: Magna Physics Publishing and
Clarendon Press, 1994.
[17] Rucker, J. E., Kirtley, J. L., McCoy, Jr. T. J., "Design and Analysis of a
Permanent Magnet Generator For Naval Applications," IEEE Electric
Ship Technologies Symposium, pp. 451 - 458, 2005.
[18] Kang, D., Curiac, P., Jung, Y., and Jung, S., "Prospects for
magnetization of large PM rotors: conclusions from a development case
study," IEEE trans. On Energy Conversion, vol. 18, no. 3, Sept. 2003.
[19] Paulides, J., Jewell, G., and Howe, D., "An evaluation of alternative
stator lamination materials for a high speed, 1.5 MW, permanent
Magnet Generator," IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, vol. 40, no. 4, July
2004.
[20] Bianchi, N., and Lorenzoni, A., "Permanent magnet generators for wind
power industry: an overall comparison with traditional generators,"
Opportunities and advances in international power generation,
conference publication No. 419, 1996.
[21] Rahman, M. A., and Slemon, G. R., "Promising Applications of
Neodymium Iron Boron Iron Magnets in Electrical Machines," IEEE
Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. No. 5, Sept 1985.
[22] Polinder, H. and Hoeijmakers, M. J., "Eddy - Current Losses in the
Segmented Surface Mounted Magnets of a PM Machine," IEE
Proceedings, Electrical Power Applications, Vol. 146, No. 3, May 1999.
[23] Aglen, O., and Andersson, A., "Thermal Analysis of a High Speed
Generator," Industry Applications Conference, 38th IAS Annual
Meeting. Con. vol.1, pp. 547- 554, 12-16 Oct. 2003. Current Version
Published: 2004-01-07 IEEE Transactions, 2003.
[24] Pepi, J., and Mongeau, P., " High power density permanent magnet
generators," DRS Electric power technologies, Inc., 2004.
[25] Kong X., Wang F., and Sun Y. (2007) ÔÇÿComparison of High Speed PM
Generator with PM Doubly Fed Reluctance Generator for Distributed
Power Generation System-, 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial
Electronics and Applications, 2007. ICIEA 2007, pp. 1193 - 1197.
[26] I. Boldea and S. A. Nasar, Induction Machine Handbook, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Fl, 2001.
[27] B. Amin, "Contribution to iron-loss evaluation in electrical machines",
European Trans. on Elect. Power Eng., vol. 5, 1995, pp. 325-332.
[28] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, E. Bolte, B. Ackermann, "Instantaneous Magnetic
Field distribution in brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part I:
open-circuit field", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 124-
135.
[29] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field distribution in
brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part II: armature-reaction field",
IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 136-142.
[30] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field distribution in
brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part III: effect of stator
slotting", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 143-151.
[31] Z.Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Instantaneous Magnetic Field distribution in
brushless permanent-magnet dc motors, part IV: magnetic field on
load", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 29, 1993, pp. 152-158.
[32] J.G. Zhu, S.Y.R. Hui, V.S. Ramsden, "Discrete modelling of magnetic
cores including hysteresis, eddy current, and anomalous losses", IEE
Proc., Part A, Sc., Measure. and Tech., vol. 140, 1993, pp. 317-322.
[33] I. Boldea, Variable speed electric generators, CRC Press, Florida, 2006.
[34] J.G. Zhu, S.Y.R. Hui, V.S. Ramsden, "A generalized dynamic circuit
model of magnetic cores for low- and high-frequency applications - Part
I: Theoretical calculation of the equivalent core loss resistance", IEEE
Trans. Power Elect., vol. 11, 1996, pp.246-250.
[35] Moré, J.J. and Sorensen D.C. "Computing a Trust Region Step", SIAM
Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 3, 1983, pp 553-
572.
[36] Zhang, Y. "Solving Large-Scale Linear Programs by Interior-Point
Methods Under the
[37] MATLAB Environment", Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, Technical
Report TR96-01, 1995.
[38] Pepi, J. and Mongeau, P. , High power density permanent magnet
generators, DRS Electric power technologies, Inc, 2004.
[39] Conn, A. R., Gould N. I. M., and Toint Ph. L. (1991) ÔÇÿA Globally
Convergent Augmented Lagrangian Algorithm for Optimization with
General Constraints and Simple Bounds-, SIAM Journal on Numerical
Analysis, Volume 28, Number 2, pages 545-572.
[40] Conn, A. R., Gould N. I. M., and Toint Ph. L. (1997) ÔÇÿA Globally
Convergent Augmented Lagrangian Barrier Algorithm for Optimization
with General Inequality Constraints and Simple Bounds-, Mathematics
of Computation, Volume 66, Number 217, pages 261-288.
[41] I. H. Shames, and J. M. Pitarresi, Introduction to Solid Mechanics, 3rd
Ed., Prentice Hall, 2000.
[42] M. F. Ashby, and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials, Pergamon
Press, 1991.
[43] J. L. Kirtley, and E. C. Lovelace, "Drag Loss in Retaining Rings of
Permanent Magnet Motors," SatCon Technology Corporation, March,
2003.
[44] H. Polinder and M. J. Hoeijmakers, "Eddy-Current Losses in the
Permanent Magnets of a PM Machine," EMD 97, Conference
Publication No. 444, 1997.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:54166", author = "A. El Shahat and A. Keyhani and H. El Shewy", title = "400 kW Six Analytical High Speed Generator Designs for Smart Grid Systems", abstract = "High Speed PM Generators driven by micro-turbines
are widely used in Smart Grid System. So, this paper proposes
comparative study among six classical, optimized and genetic
analytical design cases for 400 kW output power at tip speed 200
m/s. These six design trials of High Speed Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generators (HSPMSGs) are: Classical Sizing;
Unconstrained optimization for total losses and its minimization;
Constrained optimized total mass with bounded constraints are
introduced in the problem formulation. Then a genetic algorithm is
formulated for obtaining maximum efficiency and minimizing
machine size. In the second genetic problem formulation, we attempt
to obtain minimum mass, the machine sizing that is constrained by
the non-linear constraint function of machine losses. Finally, an
optimum torque per ampere genetic sizing is predicted. All results are
simulated with MATLAB, Optimization Toolbox and its Genetic
Algorithm. Finally, six analytical design examples comparisons are
introduced with study of machines waveforms, THD and rotor losses.", keywords = "High Speed, Micro - Turbines, Optimization, PM Generators, Smart Grid, MATLAB.", volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "492-18", }
