The study explored varied types of human smiles and
extracted most of the key factors affecting the smiles. These key
factors then were converted into a set of control points which could
serve to satisfy the needs for creation of facial expression for 3D
animators and be further applied to the face simulation for robots in the
future. First, hundreds of human smile pictures were collected and
analyzed to identify the key factors for face expression. Then, the
factors were converted into a set of control points and sizing
parameters calculated proportionally. Finally, two different faces
were constructed for validating the parameters via the process of
simulating smiles of the same type as the original one.
[1] P. Ekman, "Emotion in the Human Face" Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1983
[2] R. J. Davidson, "On Emotion, Moods, and Related Affective Constructs",
The Nature of Emotion, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, pp.
51-55.
[3] C. E. Izard, "The face of emotion", New York: Appletion-Century-Crofts,
1971
[4] C. E. Izard, "An Empirical Analysis of Anxiety in Terms of Discrete
Emotions", In Patterns of Emotions A New Analysis of Anxiety and
Depression, Oxford University Press, New York, 1972, pp. 83-88.
[5] R. Plutchik, "Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis", New York:
Harper & Row, 1980
[6] R. Plutchik, "Emotions, evolution and adaptive processes", In M.D.
Arnold (Ed.), Feelings and Emotions: The Loyola Symposium, Academic
Press, New York and London, 1970, pp.3-24.
[7] C. E. Izard, Human Emotions, New York, Plenum, 1977.
[8] I. Kotsia & I. Pitas, "Facial Expression Recognition in Image Sequences
Using Geometric Deformation Features and Support Vector Machines",
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 16, 2007, pp. 172-187.
[9] G. A. Abrantes & F. Pereira, "MPEG-4 Facial Animation Technology:
Survey, Implementation, and Results", IEEE Transaction on Circuits and
Systems for Video Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, 1999, pp. 290-305.
[10] J. Sung & D. Kim, "Pose-Robust Facial Expression Recognition Using
View-Based 2D $+$ 3D AAM", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and
Cybernetics, Part A, vol. 38, no. 4, 2008, pp. 852-866.
[11] C. Samir, A. Srivastava, M. Daoudi, "Three-Dimensional Face
Recognition Using Shapes of Facial Curves", IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 28, Issue. 11, 2006, pp.
1858-1863
[1] P. Ekman, "Emotion in the Human Face" Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1983
[2] R. J. Davidson, "On Emotion, Moods, and Related Affective Constructs",
The Nature of Emotion, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, pp.
51-55.
[3] C. E. Izard, "The face of emotion", New York: Appletion-Century-Crofts,
1971
[4] C. E. Izard, "An Empirical Analysis of Anxiety in Terms of Discrete
Emotions", In Patterns of Emotions A New Analysis of Anxiety and
Depression, Oxford University Press, New York, 1972, pp. 83-88.
[5] R. Plutchik, "Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis", New York:
Harper & Row, 1980
[6] R. Plutchik, "Emotions, evolution and adaptive processes", In M.D.
Arnold (Ed.), Feelings and Emotions: The Loyola Symposium, Academic
Press, New York and London, 1970, pp.3-24.
[7] C. E. Izard, Human Emotions, New York, Plenum, 1977.
[8] I. Kotsia & I. Pitas, "Facial Expression Recognition in Image Sequences
Using Geometric Deformation Features and Support Vector Machines",
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 16, 2007, pp. 172-187.
[9] G. A. Abrantes & F. Pereira, "MPEG-4 Facial Animation Technology:
Survey, Implementation, and Results", IEEE Transaction on Circuits and
Systems for Video Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, 1999, pp. 290-305.
[10] J. Sung & D. Kim, "Pose-Robust Facial Expression Recognition Using
View-Based 2D $+$ 3D AAM", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and
Cybernetics, Part A, vol. 38, no. 4, 2008, pp. 852-866.
[11] C. Samir, A. Srivastava, M. Daoudi, "Three-Dimensional Face
Recognition Using Shapes of Facial Curves", IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 28, Issue. 11, 2006, pp.
1858-1863
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:49351", author = "Shyue-Ran Li and Kuohsiang Chen", title = "3D Definition for Human Smiles", abstract = "The study explored varied types of human smiles and
extracted most of the key factors affecting the smiles. These key
factors then were converted into a set of control points which could
serve to satisfy the needs for creation of facial expression for 3D
animators and be further applied to the face simulation for robots in the
future. First, hundreds of human smile pictures were collected and
analyzed to identify the key factors for face expression. Then, the
factors were converted into a set of control points and sizing
parameters calculated proportionally. Finally, two different faces
were constructed for validating the parameters via the process of
simulating smiles of the same type as the original one.", keywords = "3D animation, facial expression, numerical, robot,smile parameter.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "1476-6", }