Effect of Flowrate and Coolant Temperature on the Efficiency of Progressive Freeze Concentration on Simulated Wastewater
Freeze concentration freezes or crystallises the water
molecules out as ice crystals and leaves behind a highly concentrated
solution. In conventional suspension freeze concentration where ice
crystals formed as a suspension in the mother liquor, separation of
ice is difficult. The size of the ice crystals is still very limited which
will require usage of scraped surface heat exchangers, which is very
expensive and accounted for approximately 30% of the capital cost.
This research is conducted using a newer method of freeze
concentration, which is progressive freeze concentration. Ice crystals
were formed as a layer on the designed heat exchanger surface. In
this particular research, a helical structured copper crystallisation
chamber was designed and fabricated. The effect of two operating
conditions on the performance of the newly designed crystallisation
chamber was investigated, which are circulation flowrate and coolant
temperature. The performance of the design was evaluated by the
effective partition constant, K, calculated from the volume and
concentration of the solid and liquid phase. The system was also
monitored by a data acquisition tool in order to see the temperature
profile throughout the process. On completing the experimental
work, it was found that higher flowrate resulted in a lower K, which
translated into high efficiency. The efficiency is the highest at 1000
ml/min. It was also found that the process gives the highest
efficiency at a coolant temperature of -6 °C.
[1] Holt, S. (1999), The Role of Freeze Concentration in Waste Water
Disposal, Filtration and Separation Journal, 34 - 35.
[2] Miyawaki O., Liu L., Shirai Y., Sakashita S. and Kagitani K. (2005).
Tubular ice system for scale-up of progressive freeze-concentration.
Journal of Food Engineering. Vol (69): 107-113
[3] Rogers, A., 1999, Freeze Concentration in Hazardous Wastewater
Management, The Challenge: Establishing the Best Hazardous
Wastewater Management Approach, Techapplication Bulletin, Ellectric
Power Research Institute, USA.
[4] Halde, R. (1979). Concentration of impurities by progressive freezing.
Water Research 14, 575-580.
[5] Muller, M., & Sekoulov, I. (1992). Waste water reuse by freeze
concentration with a falling film reactor. Water Science and Technology,
26, 1475-1482.
[6] Ruemekorf, R (1994). Freeze concentration: its application in hazardous
wastewater treatment. J. Environmental Science and Pollution Control
Ser, 7, 513-524.
[7] Partyka, V. (1986) Freezing for wastewater recovery. Metal Finishing,
84(11), 55-57
[8] Shirai, Y. (1998). Conditions of producing an ice layer with high purity
for freeze wastewater treatment. J. of Food Engineering 38, 297-308.
[9] Gu, X., Suzuki, T., and Miyawaki, O. (2005). Limiting Partition
Coefficient in Progressive Freeze Concentration. Journal of Food
Science. Vol (70): 546-51.
[10] Widehem P. and Cochet N. (2003). Pseudomonas syringae as an ice
nucleator-application to freeze-concentration. Process Biochemistry.
Vol (39): 405-410.
[11] Kagitani, K. and Hayakawa, K. (2006). Method of controlling
pregressive freeze concentration, US Patent, US7017367B2.
[12] Vaz, D. and Castanheira, I. (2000), Uncertainty budgets and mpes in
refractometry: A project Study, OIML bulletin Volume XLI Number 4,
8-11.
[13] Ramos, F. A., Delgado, J.L., Bautista, E., Morales, A. L. and Duque, C.
(2005). Changes in volatiles with the application of progressive freeze
concentration to Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth), Journal of Food
Engineering 69, 291-297.
[14] Wakisaka, M., Shirai, Y. and Sakashita, S. (2001) Chemical Engineering
and Processing 40, 201-208.
[15] Flesland, O. (1995). Freeze concentration by layer crystallization.
Drying Technology, 13(8-9), 1713-1739.
[16] Chen, P., Chen X. D. And Free, K. W. (1998) Solute inclusion in ice
formed from sucrose solutions on a sub-cooled surface - an
experimental study, Journal of Food Engineering 38, 1-13.
[1] Holt, S. (1999), The Role of Freeze Concentration in Waste Water
Disposal, Filtration and Separation Journal, 34 - 35.
[2] Miyawaki O., Liu L., Shirai Y., Sakashita S. and Kagitani K. (2005).
Tubular ice system for scale-up of progressive freeze-concentration.
Journal of Food Engineering. Vol (69): 107-113
[3] Rogers, A., 1999, Freeze Concentration in Hazardous Wastewater
Management, The Challenge: Establishing the Best Hazardous
Wastewater Management Approach, Techapplication Bulletin, Ellectric
Power Research Institute, USA.
[4] Halde, R. (1979). Concentration of impurities by progressive freezing.
Water Research 14, 575-580.
[5] Muller, M., & Sekoulov, I. (1992). Waste water reuse by freeze
concentration with a falling film reactor. Water Science and Technology,
26, 1475-1482.
[6] Ruemekorf, R (1994). Freeze concentration: its application in hazardous
wastewater treatment. J. Environmental Science and Pollution Control
Ser, 7, 513-524.
[7] Partyka, V. (1986) Freezing for wastewater recovery. Metal Finishing,
84(11), 55-57
[8] Shirai, Y. (1998). Conditions of producing an ice layer with high purity
for freeze wastewater treatment. J. of Food Engineering 38, 297-308.
[9] Gu, X., Suzuki, T., and Miyawaki, O. (2005). Limiting Partition
Coefficient in Progressive Freeze Concentration. Journal of Food
Science. Vol (70): 546-51.
[10] Widehem P. and Cochet N. (2003). Pseudomonas syringae as an ice
nucleator-application to freeze-concentration. Process Biochemistry.
Vol (39): 405-410.
[11] Kagitani, K. and Hayakawa, K. (2006). Method of controlling
pregressive freeze concentration, US Patent, US7017367B2.
[12] Vaz, D. and Castanheira, I. (2000), Uncertainty budgets and mpes in
refractometry: A project Study, OIML bulletin Volume XLI Number 4,
8-11.
[13] Ramos, F. A., Delgado, J.L., Bautista, E., Morales, A. L. and Duque, C.
(2005). Changes in volatiles with the application of progressive freeze
concentration to Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth), Journal of Food
Engineering 69, 291-297.
[14] Wakisaka, M., Shirai, Y. and Sakashita, S. (2001) Chemical Engineering
and Processing 40, 201-208.
[15] Flesland, O. (1995). Freeze concentration by layer crystallization.
Drying Technology, 13(8-9), 1713-1739.
[16] Chen, P., Chen X. D. And Free, K. W. (1998) Solute inclusion in ice
formed from sucrose solutions on a sub-cooled surface - an
experimental study, Journal of Food Engineering 38, 1-13.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:63942", author = "M. Jusoh and R. Mohd Yunus and M. A. Abu Hassan", title = "Effect of Flowrate and Coolant Temperature on the Efficiency of Progressive Freeze Concentration on Simulated Wastewater", abstract = "Freeze concentration freezes or crystallises the water
molecules out as ice crystals and leaves behind a highly concentrated
solution. In conventional suspension freeze concentration where ice
crystals formed as a suspension in the mother liquor, separation of
ice is difficult. The size of the ice crystals is still very limited which
will require usage of scraped surface heat exchangers, which is very
expensive and accounted for approximately 30% of the capital cost.
This research is conducted using a newer method of freeze
concentration, which is progressive freeze concentration. Ice crystals
were formed as a layer on the designed heat exchanger surface. In
this particular research, a helical structured copper crystallisation
chamber was designed and fabricated. The effect of two operating
conditions on the performance of the newly designed crystallisation
chamber was investigated, which are circulation flowrate and coolant
temperature. The performance of the design was evaluated by the
effective partition constant, K, calculated from the volume and
concentration of the solid and liquid phase. The system was also
monitored by a data acquisition tool in order to see the temperature
profile throughout the process. On completing the experimental
work, it was found that higher flowrate resulted in a lower K, which
translated into high efficiency. The efficiency is the highest at 1000
ml/min. It was also found that the process gives the highest
efficiency at a coolant temperature of -6 °C.", keywords = "Freeze concentration, progressive freeze
concentration, freeze wastewater treatment, ice crystals.", volume = "2", number = "11", pages = "358-4", }