Development of Face Surrogate for Impact Protection Design for Cyclist
Bicycle usage for exercise, recreation, and commuting
to work in Australia shows that pedal cycling is the fourth most
popular activity with 10.6% increase in participants between 2001
and 2007. As with other means of transport, accident and injury
becomes common although mandatory bicycle helmet wearing has
been introduced. The research aims to develop a face surrogate made
of sandwich of rigid foam and rubber sheets to represent human
facial bone under blunt impact. The facial surrogate will serve as an
important test device for further development of facial-impact
protection for cyclist. A test procedure was developed to simulate the
energy of impact and record data to evaluate the effect of impact on
facial bones. Drop tests were performed to establish a suitable
combination of materials. It was found that the sandwich structure of
rigid extruded-polystyrene foam (density of 40 kg/m3 with a pattern
of 6-mm-holes), Neoprene rubber sponge, and Abrasaflex rubber
backing, had impact characteristics comparable to that of human
facial bone. In particular, the foam thickness of 30 mm and 25 mm
was found suitable to represent human zygoma (cheekbone) and
maxilla (upper-jaw bone), respectively.
[1] Australian Sports Commission, Participation in exercise, recreation and
sport: Annual Report 2007, in Exercise, Recreation, and Sport Survey.
2007.
[2] Henderson, M., The Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmets: A Review. 1995,
Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute.
[3] Cycling Promotion Fund, Bicycle Sales in Australia. 2006.
[4] Harrison, M.G. and J.P. Shepherd (1999) Prevention of maxillofacial
injuries in cyclists. The circumstances and scope for prevention of
maxillofacial injuries in cyclists Volume, 82-86.
[5] Thompson, D.C., et al., A Case-Control Study of the Effectiveness of
Bicycle Safety Helmets in Preventing Facial Injury. Am J Public Health,
1990(80): p. 1471-1474.
[6] Thompson, R.S., et al., Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in
preventing serious facial injury. Jama-Journal of the American Medical
Association, 1996. 276(24): p. 1974-1975.
[7] Parish, K.D. and V. Cothran, Facial Soft Tissue Injuries. 2006.
[8] , D.B., M. Sacapano, and R.A. Hardesty, Facial Fractures in Children.
WJM, 1997. 167(2): p. 100.
[9] Lindqvist, C., et al., Maxillofacial fractures sustained in bicycle
accidents. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1986. 15(1): p. 12-18.
[10] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Methods of testing
protective helmets 2512.1:1998, in Australian/New Zealand Standard.
1998.
[11] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Pedal cycle helmets
2063:1996, in Australian/New Zealand Standard. 1996.
[12] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Methods of testing
protective helmets 2512.9:2006, in Australian/New Zealand Standard.
2006.
[13] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Methods of testing
protective helmets 2512.3.1:1999, in Australian/New Zealand Standard.
1999.
[14] Perl, T.R., et al., Deformable Load Sensing Hybrid III Face. Stapp Car
Crash Conference Proceedings, 1989. 33: p. 29-42.
[15] Melvin, J.W., et al., A Biomechanical Face for the Hybrid III Dummy.
Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings, 1995. 39: p. 140-151.
[16] Allsop, D.L., et al., Facial Impact Response - A Comparison of the
Hybrid III Dummy and Human Cadaver. Stapp Car Crash Conference
Proceedings, 1988. 32: p. 139-155.
[17] Nyquist, G.W., et al., Facial Impact Tolerance and Response. Stapp Car
Crash Conference Proceedings, 1986. 30: p. 379-400.
[18] Bowman, B.M., Development of Anthropometric Analogous Headforms.
1994, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
[19] Melvin, J.W., et al., Review of Dummy Design and Use. 1985,
Transportation Research Institure, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
[20] Hampson, D., Facial injury: A review of biomechanical studies and test
procedures for facial injury assessment. Journal of Biomechanics, 1995.
28(1): p. 1-7.
[1] Australian Sports Commission, Participation in exercise, recreation and
sport: Annual Report 2007, in Exercise, Recreation, and Sport Survey.
2007.
[2] Henderson, M., The Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmets: A Review. 1995,
Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute.
[3] Cycling Promotion Fund, Bicycle Sales in Australia. 2006.
[4] Harrison, M.G. and J.P. Shepherd (1999) Prevention of maxillofacial
injuries in cyclists. The circumstances and scope for prevention of
maxillofacial injuries in cyclists Volume, 82-86.
[5] Thompson, D.C., et al., A Case-Control Study of the Effectiveness of
Bicycle Safety Helmets in Preventing Facial Injury. Am J Public Health,
1990(80): p. 1471-1474.
[6] Thompson, R.S., et al., Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in
preventing serious facial injury. Jama-Journal of the American Medical
Association, 1996. 276(24): p. 1974-1975.
[7] Parish, K.D. and V. Cothran, Facial Soft Tissue Injuries. 2006.
[8] , D.B., M. Sacapano, and R.A. Hardesty, Facial Fractures in Children.
WJM, 1997. 167(2): p. 100.
[9] Lindqvist, C., et al., Maxillofacial fractures sustained in bicycle
accidents. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1986. 15(1): p. 12-18.
[10] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Methods of testing
protective helmets 2512.1:1998, in Australian/New Zealand Standard.
1998.
[11] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Pedal cycle helmets
2063:1996, in Australian/New Zealand Standard. 1996.
[12] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Methods of testing
protective helmets 2512.9:2006, in Australian/New Zealand Standard.
2006.
[13] Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Methods of testing
protective helmets 2512.3.1:1999, in Australian/New Zealand Standard.
1999.
[14] Perl, T.R., et al., Deformable Load Sensing Hybrid III Face. Stapp Car
Crash Conference Proceedings, 1989. 33: p. 29-42.
[15] Melvin, J.W., et al., A Biomechanical Face for the Hybrid III Dummy.
Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings, 1995. 39: p. 140-151.
[16] Allsop, D.L., et al., Facial Impact Response - A Comparison of the
Hybrid III Dummy and Human Cadaver. Stapp Car Crash Conference
Proceedings, 1988. 32: p. 139-155.
[17] Nyquist, G.W., et al., Facial Impact Tolerance and Response. Stapp Car
Crash Conference Proceedings, 1986. 30: p. 379-400.
[18] Bowman, B.M., Development of Anthropometric Analogous Headforms.
1994, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
[19] Melvin, J.W., et al., Review of Dummy Design and Use. 1985,
Transportation Research Institure, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
[20] Hampson, D., Facial injury: A review of biomechanical studies and test
procedures for facial injury assessment. Journal of Biomechanics, 1995.
28(1): p. 1-7.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:53439", author = "Sanga Monthatipkul and Pio Iovenitti and Igor Sbarski", title = "Development of Face Surrogate for Impact Protection Design for Cyclist", abstract = "Bicycle usage for exercise, recreation, and commuting
to work in Australia shows that pedal cycling is the fourth most
popular activity with 10.6% increase in participants between 2001
and 2007. As with other means of transport, accident and injury
becomes common although mandatory bicycle helmet wearing has
been introduced. The research aims to develop a face surrogate made
of sandwich of rigid foam and rubber sheets to represent human
facial bone under blunt impact. The facial surrogate will serve as an
important test device for further development of facial-impact
protection for cyclist. A test procedure was developed to simulate the
energy of impact and record data to evaluate the effect of impact on
facial bones. Drop tests were performed to establish a suitable
combination of materials. It was found that the sandwich structure of
rigid extruded-polystyrene foam (density of 40 kg/m3 with a pattern
of 6-mm-holes), Neoprene rubber sponge, and Abrasaflex rubber
backing, had impact characteristics comparable to that of human
facial bone. In particular, the foam thickness of 30 mm and 25 mm
was found suitable to represent human zygoma (cheekbone) and
maxilla (upper-jaw bone), respectively.", keywords = "Facial impact protection, face surrogate, cyclist,accident prevention", volume = "3", number = "12", pages = "353-6", }