Zero Voltage Switched Full Bridge Converters for the Battery Charger of Electric Vehicle
This paper illustrates the study of three isolated zero
voltage switched (ZVS) PWM full bridge (FB) converters to charge
the high voltage battery in the charger of electric vehicle (EV).
EV battery chargers have several challenges such as high efficiency,
high reliability, low cost, isolation, and high power density. The
cost of magnetic and filter components in the battery charger is
reduced when switching frequency is increased. The increase in the
switching frequency increases switching losses. ZVS is used to reduce
switching losses and to operate the converter in the battery charger
at high frequency. The performance of each of the three converters
is evaluated on the basis of ZVS range, dead times of the switches,
conduction losses of switches, circulating current stress, circulating
energy, duty cycle loss, and efficiency. The limitations and merits of
each PWM FB converter are reviewed. The converter with broader
ZVS range, high efficiency and low switch stresses is selected for
battery charger applications in EV.
[1] G. Y. Choe, J. S. Kim, B. K. Lee, C.-Y. Won, and T.-W. Lee, “A
bi-directional battery charger for electric vehicles using photovoltaic pcs
systems,” in 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Sept
2010, pp. 1–6.
[2] C. C. Chan and K. T. Chau, “An overview of power electronics in electric
vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1,
pp. 3–13, Feb 1997.
[3] I. A. Khan, “Battery chargers for electric and hybrid vehicles,” in
Power Electronics in Transportation, 1994. [Proceedings], Oct 1994,
pp. 103–112.
[4] K. Jin, X. Ruan, M. Yang, and M. Xu, “A hybrid fuel cell power
system,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4,
pp. 1212–1222, April 2009.
[5] H. Aksoy and M. T. Aydemir, “Comparison of zero voltage switching
phase-shifted PWM full bridge dc-dc converter topologies,” in 2015 Intl
Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines Power Electronics (ACEMP),
Sept 2015, pp. 818–824.
[6] M. K. Yang, H. S. Cho, S. J. Lee, and W. Y. Choi, “High-efficiency
pulse-width modulated full-bridge converter for low-voltage battery
charging applications,” in Transportation Electrification Conference and
Expo (ITEC), 2014 IEEE, June 2014, pp. 1–6.
[7] X. Ruan and L. Zhang, “Voltage oscillation elimination in output
rectifier diodes in zero-voltage-switching PWM full-bridge converter: An
overview,” in 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), Sept 2015, pp. 6328–6335. [8] M. K. Yang, H. S. Cho, S. J. Lee, and W. Y. Choi, “High-efficiency
low-cost soft-swtiching DC-DC converter for ev on-board battery
chargers,” in 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition (APEC), March 2015, pp. 2050–2055.
[9] I. O. Lee and G. W. Moon, “Phase-shifted PWM converter with a wide
zvs range and reduced circulating current,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 908–919, Feb 2013.
[10] J. C. Maragao-Schmidt and J. Renes-Pinheiro, “Comparative study
of full-bridge and double half-bridge converters,” in 2015 CHILEAN
Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and
Communication Technologies (CHILECON), Oct 2015, pp. 453–460.
[11] A. J. B. Bottion and I. Barbi, “Full bridge zero-voltage-switching
PWM DC-DC converter with output capacitive filter,” in 2015 IEEE
13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power
Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC), Nov 2015, pp. 1–6.
[12] A. Ali, R. Ullah, and Z. Ullah, “DC-to-DC converters for low-voltage
high-power renewable energy systems,” World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Electrical,
Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering,
vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1299–1304, 2015.
[13] J. A. Sabate, V. Vlatkovic, R. B. Ridley, F. C. Lee, and B. H.
Cho, “Design considerations for high-voltage high-power full-bridge
zero-voltage-switched PWM converter,” in Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, 1990. APEC ’90, Conference Proceedings
1990., Fifth Annual, March 1990, pp. 275–284.
[14] X. Ruan, J. Wang, and Q. Chen, “Am improved current-doubler-rectifier
ZVS PWM full-bridge converter,” in Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 2001. PESC. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual, vol. 4, 2001, pp.
1749–1754 vol. 4.
[15] Y. Jang, M. M. Jovanovic, and Y.-M. Chang, “A new ZVS-PWM
full-bridge converter,” in Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2002.
INTELEC. 24th Annual International, 2002, pp. 232–239.
[16] C. Liu, B. Gu, J. S. Lai, M. Wang, Y. Ji, G. Cai, Z. Zhao, C. L. Chen,
C. Zheng, and P. Sun, “High-efficiency hybrid full-bridge-half-bridge
converter with shared ZVS lagging leg and dual outputs in series,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 849–861, Feb
2013.
[17] Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanovic, “A new family of full-bridge ZVS
converters,” in Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
2003. APEC ’03. Eighteenth Annual IEEE, vol. 2, Feb 2003, pp.
622–628 vol.2.
[18] G. Hua, F. C. Lee, and M. M. Jovanovic, “An improved full-bridge
zero-voltage-switched PWM converter using a saturable inductor,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 530–534, Oct 1993.
[19] R. Redl, N. O. Sokal, and L. Balogh, “A novel soft-switching full-bridge
DC/DC converter: Analysis, design considerations, and experimental
results at 1.5 kw, 100 khz,” in Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
1990. PESC ’90 Record., 21st Annual IEEE, 1990, pp. 162–172.
[20] R. Redl, L. Balogh, and D. W. Edwards, “Switch transitions in
the soft-switching full-bridge PWM phase-shift DC/DC converter:
analysis and improvements,” in Telecommunications Energy Conference,
INTELEC ’93. 15th International, vol. 1, Sep 1993, pp. 350–357 vol.1.
[21] X. Ruan and F. Liu, “An improved ZVS PWM full-bridge converter with
clamping diodes,” in Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004.
PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, vol. 2, June 2004, pp. 1476–1481
Vol.2.
[22] W. Chen, X. Ruan, Q. Chen, and J. Ge, “A novel clamping diode current
reset scheme for ZVS PWM full-bridge converter,” in 2010 IEEE Energy
Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sept 2010, pp. 1932–1937.
[23] T. Mishima, K. Akamatsu, and M. Nakaoka, “A high frequency-link
secondary-side phase-shifted full-range soft-switching PWM DC-DC
converter with ZCS active rectifier for ev battery chargers,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 5758–5773, Dec
2013.
[1] G. Y. Choe, J. S. Kim, B. K. Lee, C.-Y. Won, and T.-W. Lee, “A
bi-directional battery charger for electric vehicles using photovoltaic pcs
systems,” in 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Sept
2010, pp. 1–6.
[2] C. C. Chan and K. T. Chau, “An overview of power electronics in electric
vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1,
pp. 3–13, Feb 1997.
[3] I. A. Khan, “Battery chargers for electric and hybrid vehicles,” in
Power Electronics in Transportation, 1994. [Proceedings], Oct 1994,
pp. 103–112.
[4] K. Jin, X. Ruan, M. Yang, and M. Xu, “A hybrid fuel cell power
system,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 4,
pp. 1212–1222, April 2009.
[5] H. Aksoy and M. T. Aydemir, “Comparison of zero voltage switching
phase-shifted PWM full bridge dc-dc converter topologies,” in 2015 Intl
Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines Power Electronics (ACEMP),
Sept 2015, pp. 818–824.
[6] M. K. Yang, H. S. Cho, S. J. Lee, and W. Y. Choi, “High-efficiency
pulse-width modulated full-bridge converter for low-voltage battery
charging applications,” in Transportation Electrification Conference and
Expo (ITEC), 2014 IEEE, June 2014, pp. 1–6.
[7] X. Ruan and L. Zhang, “Voltage oscillation elimination in output
rectifier diodes in zero-voltage-switching PWM full-bridge converter: An
overview,” in 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), Sept 2015, pp. 6328–6335. [8] M. K. Yang, H. S. Cho, S. J. Lee, and W. Y. Choi, “High-efficiency
low-cost soft-swtiching DC-DC converter for ev on-board battery
chargers,” in 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition (APEC), March 2015, pp. 2050–2055.
[9] I. O. Lee and G. W. Moon, “Phase-shifted PWM converter with a wide
zvs range and reduced circulating current,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 908–919, Feb 2013.
[10] J. C. Maragao-Schmidt and J. Renes-Pinheiro, “Comparative study
of full-bridge and double half-bridge converters,” in 2015 CHILEAN
Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and
Communication Technologies (CHILECON), Oct 2015, pp. 453–460.
[11] A. J. B. Bottion and I. Barbi, “Full bridge zero-voltage-switching
PWM DC-DC converter with output capacitive filter,” in 2015 IEEE
13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power
Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC), Nov 2015, pp. 1–6.
[12] A. Ali, R. Ullah, and Z. Ullah, “DC-to-DC converters for low-voltage
high-power renewable energy systems,” World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Electrical,
Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering,
vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1299–1304, 2015.
[13] J. A. Sabate, V. Vlatkovic, R. B. Ridley, F. C. Lee, and B. H.
Cho, “Design considerations for high-voltage high-power full-bridge
zero-voltage-switched PWM converter,” in Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, 1990. APEC ’90, Conference Proceedings
1990., Fifth Annual, March 1990, pp. 275–284.
[14] X. Ruan, J. Wang, and Q. Chen, “Am improved current-doubler-rectifier
ZVS PWM full-bridge converter,” in Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 2001. PESC. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual, vol. 4, 2001, pp.
1749–1754 vol. 4.
[15] Y. Jang, M. M. Jovanovic, and Y.-M. Chang, “A new ZVS-PWM
full-bridge converter,” in Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2002.
INTELEC. 24th Annual International, 2002, pp. 232–239.
[16] C. Liu, B. Gu, J. S. Lai, M. Wang, Y. Ji, G. Cai, Z. Zhao, C. L. Chen,
C. Zheng, and P. Sun, “High-efficiency hybrid full-bridge-half-bridge
converter with shared ZVS lagging leg and dual outputs in series,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 849–861, Feb
2013.
[17] Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanovic, “A new family of full-bridge ZVS
converters,” in Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
2003. APEC ’03. Eighteenth Annual IEEE, vol. 2, Feb 2003, pp.
622–628 vol.2.
[18] G. Hua, F. C. Lee, and M. M. Jovanovic, “An improved full-bridge
zero-voltage-switched PWM converter using a saturable inductor,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 530–534, Oct 1993.
[19] R. Redl, N. O. Sokal, and L. Balogh, “A novel soft-switching full-bridge
DC/DC converter: Analysis, design considerations, and experimental
results at 1.5 kw, 100 khz,” in Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
1990. PESC ’90 Record., 21st Annual IEEE, 1990, pp. 162–172.
[20] R. Redl, L. Balogh, and D. W. Edwards, “Switch transitions in
the soft-switching full-bridge PWM phase-shift DC/DC converter:
analysis and improvements,” in Telecommunications Energy Conference,
INTELEC ’93. 15th International, vol. 1, Sep 1993, pp. 350–357 vol.1.
[21] X. Ruan and F. Liu, “An improved ZVS PWM full-bridge converter with
clamping diodes,” in Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004.
PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, vol. 2, June 2004, pp. 1476–1481
Vol.2.
[22] W. Chen, X. Ruan, Q. Chen, and J. Ge, “A novel clamping diode current
reset scheme for ZVS PWM full-bridge converter,” in 2010 IEEE Energy
Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sept 2010, pp. 1932–1937.
[23] T. Mishima, K. Akamatsu, and M. Nakaoka, “A high frequency-link
secondary-side phase-shifted full-range soft-switching PWM DC-DC
converter with ZCS active rectifier for ev battery chargers,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 5758–5773, Dec
2013.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:73796", author = "Rizwan Ullah and Abdar Ali and Zahid Ullah", title = "Zero Voltage Switched Full Bridge Converters for the Battery Charger of Electric Vehicle", abstract = "This paper illustrates the study of three isolated zero
voltage switched (ZVS) PWM full bridge (FB) converters to charge
the high voltage battery in the charger of electric vehicle (EV).
EV battery chargers have several challenges such as high efficiency,
high reliability, low cost, isolation, and high power density. The
cost of magnetic and filter components in the battery charger is
reduced when switching frequency is increased. The increase in the
switching frequency increases switching losses. ZVS is used to reduce
switching losses and to operate the converter in the battery charger
at high frequency. The performance of each of the three converters
is evaluated on the basis of ZVS range, dead times of the switches,
conduction losses of switches, circulating current stress, circulating
energy, duty cycle loss, and efficiency. The limitations and merits of
each PWM FB converter are reviewed. The converter with broader
ZVS range, high efficiency and low switch stresses is selected for
battery charger applications in EV.", keywords = "Electric vehicle, PWM FB converter, zero voltage
switching, circulating energy, duty cycle loss, battery charger.", volume = "10", number = "9", pages = "1183-10", }
