Utilizing Dredged Sediment for Enhancing Growth of Eelgrass in Artificially Prepared Substrates
Dredged sediment (DS) was utilized as source of
silt-clay and organic matter in artificially prepared eelgrass substrates with mountain sand (MS) as the sand media. Addition of DS showed
improved growth of eelgrass in the mixed substrates. Increase in added
DS up to 15% silt-clay showed increased shoot growth but additional
DS in 20% silt-clay mixture didn-t result to further increase in eelgrass
growth. Improved root establishment were also found for plants in pots
with added DS as shown by the increased resistance to uprooting, increased number of rhizome nodes and longer roots. Results demonstrated that addition of DS may be beneficial to eelgrass up to a
certain extent only and too much of it might be harmful to eelgrass plants.
[1] USEPA and USACE (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers), "Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material", 2006,
available from http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/dots/budm/budm.cfm
[2] Costa-Pierce B.A. and Weinstein M.P., "Use of dredge material for coastal
restoration", Ecological Engineering vol.19, pp. 181-186, 2002.
[3] Dabwan A.H.A., Imai D., Kaneco S., Senmatsu I., Nakahama K.,
Katsumata H., Suzuki T. and Ohta K., "Water purification with sintered
porous materials fabricated at 400oC from sea bottom sediments", Journal
of Environmental Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 172-176, 2008.
[4] Imai D., Kaneco S., Dabwan A.H.A., Katsumata H., Suzuki T., Kato T.
and Ohta K., "Construction of biologically productive artificial tidal flats
with solidified sea bottom sediments", International Journal of Soil,
Sediment and Water vol.1 no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2008.
[5] Bolam S.G. and Whomersley P., "Development of macrofaunal
communities on dredged material used for mudflat enhancement: a
comparison of three beneficial use schemes after one year", Marine
Pollution Bulletin, vol. 50, pp. 40-47, 2005.
[6] USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), "Beneficial uses of dredged
material" in Engineer manual EM 1110-2-5026, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington DC., USA,1987.
[7] Shafer D.J. and Streever W.J., "A comparison of 28 natural and dredged
material salt marshes in Texas with an emphasis on geomorphological
variables", Wetlands Ecology and Management, vol.8, pp. 353-366, 2000.
[8] Streever W.J. "Spartina alterniflora marshes on dredged material: a
critical review of ongoing debate over success", Wetlands Ecology and
Management, vol.8, pp. 295-316, 2000.
[9] Bolam S.G., Schratzberger M. and Whomersley P., "Macro- and
meiofaunal recolonisation of dredged material used for habitat
enhancement: Temporal patterns in community developments", Marine
Pollution Bulletin, vol. 52, pp. 1746-1755, 2006.
[10] Ishii R., Nakano Y., Nakai S., Nishijima W. and Okada M., "Benthic
ecosystem development in an artificial tidal flat constructed from dredged
spoil" Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 56, pp. 2059-2066, 2008.
[11] Yozzo D.J., Wiber P. and Will R., "Beneficial use of dredged material for
habitat creation, enhancement, and restoration in New York-New Jersey
Harbor", Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 73, pp. 39-52,
2004.
[12] Zimmerman R.C., Reguzzoni J.L. and Alberte R.S., "Eelgrass (Zostera
marina L.) in San Francisco Bay: Role of light availability on metabolism,
growth and survival", Aquatic Botany, vol. 51, pp. 67-86, 1995.
[13] Hoshika A., Jahangir Sarker M., Ishida S., Mishima Y. and Takai N.,
"Food web analysis of an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadow and
neighbouring sites in Mitsukuchi Bay (Seto Inland Sea, Japan) using
carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios" Aquat. Bot. vol. 85 no. 3, pp.
191-197, 2006
[14] Komatsu T., "Long term changes in the Zostera bed area in the Seto Inland
Sea (Japan), especially along the coast of the Okayama Prefecture",
Oceanologica Acta, vol. 20, pp. 209-216, 1997.
[15] Orth R. J., Harwell M.C. and Fishman J. R., "A rapid and simple method
for transplanting eelgrass using single, unanchored shoots", Aquat. Bot.,
vol. 64 no. 1, pp. 77-85, 1999.
[16] van Katwijk M.M., Hermus D.C.R., de Jong D.J., Asmus R.M., de Jonge
V.N., "Habitat suitability of the Wadden Sea for restoration of Zostera
marina beds", Helgoland Mar. Res., vol. 54, pp. 117-128, 2000.
[17] Borde A.B., Thom R.M. and Fagergren E., "Eelgrass in captivity:
Population dynamics in a confined system", 2001, available from:
http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publication/01_proceedings/sessions/poster/h-b
orde.pdf.
[18] Omoto S., Torii M., Miura S., Manabe K., and Nishimura K., "Growth of
an artificial eelgrass bed on the coast of Hinase-Cho, Okayama
Prefecture", Fisheries Engineering, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 75-78, 2005 (in
Japanese with English abstract).
[19] Takeoka H., "Progress in Seto Inland Sea research", Journal of
Oceanography, vol. 58, pp. 93-107, 2002.
[20] The Japan Iron and Steel Federation, "The slag sector in the steel industry",
Nippon Slag Association, 2006, available from:
http://www.slg/e/p-paper-e.pdf.
[21] Hizon-Fradejas A.B., Nakano Y., Nakai S., Nishijima W. and Okada M.,
"Evaluation of blast furnace slag as basal media for eelgrass bed", J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. 166, pp. 1560-1566, 2009.
[22] Hosokowa Y., "Restoration of coastal tidal flat in Japan", in US-Japan
Experts Meeting on the Management of Bottom Sediments Containing
Toxic Substances, Nov.4-7, 1997, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1-8.
[23] MOE (Ministry of Environment of Japan), "Amendment 209 for law
relating to the prevention of marine pollution and maritime disaster", 2005
(in Japanese).
[24] Tamaki H., Tokuoka M., Nishijima W., Terawaki T. and Okada M. ,
"Deterioration of eelgrass, Zostera marina L.,meadows by water pollution
in Seto Inland Sea, Japan", Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 44, pp.
1253-1258, 2002.
[25] Zieman J.C., "Methods for the study of the growth and production of turtle
grass, Thalassia testudinum König", Aquaculture, vol. 4, pp. 139-143,
1974.
[26] Nakano M., Miyazaki T., Shinozawa S., Nishimura T., Physical and
Environmental Analysis of Soil, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1995,
pp. 64-74 (in Japanese).
[27] Erftemeijer P.L.A. and Koch E.W., "Sediment geology methods for
seagrass habitat", in Global Seagrass Research Methods, F.T. Short, R.G
Coles, Eds., Amsterdam:Elsevier Science, 2001, pp. 345-367.
[28] MOE (Ministry of Environment of Japan), Methods and Description of
Bottom Sedimant Survey, Japan Environmental Measurement and
Chemical Analysis Association, Tokyo, 1996 (in Japanese).
[29] Lee, J. G., Nishijima, W., Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Seiki, T., Hiraoka, K.,
Okada, M., "Comparison for structure and functions of organic matter
degradation at natural and constructed tidal flat", Jpn. Soc. Water Environ.,
vol. 20, pp. 175-184, 1997 (in Japanese).
[30] Lee, J. G., Nishijima, W., Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Seiki, T., Hiraoka, K.,
Okada, M., "Factors to Determine the Functions and Structures in Natural
and Constructed Tidal Flats", Water Res., vol. 32, pp. 2601-2606, 1998.
[31] Morse J.W., Zullig J.J., Iverson R.L., Chopin G.R., Mucci A., Millero F.J.,
"The influence of seagrass beds on carbonate sediments in the Bahamas",
Marine Chemistry , vol. 22, pp. 71-83, 1987.
[32] Koch E. W., "Beyond light: Physical, geological, and geochemical
parameters as possible submersed aquatic vegetation habitat
requirements", Estuaries, vol. 24, pp. 1-17, 2001.
[33] Huettel M. and Rusch A., "Transport of phytoplankton in permeable
sediment", Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 45, pp. 534- 549, 2000.
[34] Holmer M. and Nielsen S.L., "Sediment sulfur dynamics related to
biomass-density pattern in Zostera marina (eelgrass) beds", Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., vol.146, pp. 163-171, 1997.
[35] Fonseca M. S. and Kenworthy W. J., "Effects of current on photosynthesis
and distribution of seagrasses", Aqua. Bot., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 59-78,
1987.
[36] Eavis B.W. and Payne D., "Soil physical conditions and root growth", in
Root Growth, W.J. Whittington, Ed., Butterworths, London, 1969,
pp.315-338.
[37] Handley R. J. and Davy A. J., "Seedling root establishment may limit
Najas marina L. to sediments of low cohesive strength", Aquat. Bot.,
vol.73, pp. 129-136, 2002.
[38] Hizon-Fradejas A.B., Nakano Y., Nakai S., Nishijima W. and Okada M.,
"Anchorage and resistance to uprooting of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)
shoots planted in slag substrates", J. Water Env. Tech., vol.7, pp. 91-101,
2009.
[39] Kesser M., Swenarton J.T., Vozarik J.M. and Foertch J.F., "Decline in
eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Long Island Sound near Millstone Point,
Connecticut (USA) unrelated to thermal input", J. Sea Res., vol. 49, pp.
11-26, 2003.
[40] Imao K. and Fushimi H., "Ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.),
especially environmental factors determining the occurrence of annual
eelgrass in Lake Hamana-ko", Jap. J. Phycol., vol. 33, pp. 320-327, 1985.
[1] USEPA and USACE (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers), "Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material", 2006,
available from http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/dots/budm/budm.cfm
[2] Costa-Pierce B.A. and Weinstein M.P., "Use of dredge material for coastal
restoration", Ecological Engineering vol.19, pp. 181-186, 2002.
[3] Dabwan A.H.A., Imai D., Kaneco S., Senmatsu I., Nakahama K.,
Katsumata H., Suzuki T. and Ohta K., "Water purification with sintered
porous materials fabricated at 400oC from sea bottom sediments", Journal
of Environmental Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 172-176, 2008.
[4] Imai D., Kaneco S., Dabwan A.H.A., Katsumata H., Suzuki T., Kato T.
and Ohta K., "Construction of biologically productive artificial tidal flats
with solidified sea bottom sediments", International Journal of Soil,
Sediment and Water vol.1 no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2008.
[5] Bolam S.G. and Whomersley P., "Development of macrofaunal
communities on dredged material used for mudflat enhancement: a
comparison of three beneficial use schemes after one year", Marine
Pollution Bulletin, vol. 50, pp. 40-47, 2005.
[6] USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), "Beneficial uses of dredged
material" in Engineer manual EM 1110-2-5026, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington DC., USA,1987.
[7] Shafer D.J. and Streever W.J., "A comparison of 28 natural and dredged
material salt marshes in Texas with an emphasis on geomorphological
variables", Wetlands Ecology and Management, vol.8, pp. 353-366, 2000.
[8] Streever W.J. "Spartina alterniflora marshes on dredged material: a
critical review of ongoing debate over success", Wetlands Ecology and
Management, vol.8, pp. 295-316, 2000.
[9] Bolam S.G., Schratzberger M. and Whomersley P., "Macro- and
meiofaunal recolonisation of dredged material used for habitat
enhancement: Temporal patterns in community developments", Marine
Pollution Bulletin, vol. 52, pp. 1746-1755, 2006.
[10] Ishii R., Nakano Y., Nakai S., Nishijima W. and Okada M., "Benthic
ecosystem development in an artificial tidal flat constructed from dredged
spoil" Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 56, pp. 2059-2066, 2008.
[11] Yozzo D.J., Wiber P. and Will R., "Beneficial use of dredged material for
habitat creation, enhancement, and restoration in New York-New Jersey
Harbor", Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 73, pp. 39-52,
2004.
[12] Zimmerman R.C., Reguzzoni J.L. and Alberte R.S., "Eelgrass (Zostera
marina L.) in San Francisco Bay: Role of light availability on metabolism,
growth and survival", Aquatic Botany, vol. 51, pp. 67-86, 1995.
[13] Hoshika A., Jahangir Sarker M., Ishida S., Mishima Y. and Takai N.,
"Food web analysis of an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadow and
neighbouring sites in Mitsukuchi Bay (Seto Inland Sea, Japan) using
carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios" Aquat. Bot. vol. 85 no. 3, pp.
191-197, 2006
[14] Komatsu T., "Long term changes in the Zostera bed area in the Seto Inland
Sea (Japan), especially along the coast of the Okayama Prefecture",
Oceanologica Acta, vol. 20, pp. 209-216, 1997.
[15] Orth R. J., Harwell M.C. and Fishman J. R., "A rapid and simple method
for transplanting eelgrass using single, unanchored shoots", Aquat. Bot.,
vol. 64 no. 1, pp. 77-85, 1999.
[16] van Katwijk M.M., Hermus D.C.R., de Jong D.J., Asmus R.M., de Jonge
V.N., "Habitat suitability of the Wadden Sea for restoration of Zostera
marina beds", Helgoland Mar. Res., vol. 54, pp. 117-128, 2000.
[17] Borde A.B., Thom R.M. and Fagergren E., "Eelgrass in captivity:
Population dynamics in a confined system", 2001, available from:
http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publication/01_proceedings/sessions/poster/h-b
orde.pdf.
[18] Omoto S., Torii M., Miura S., Manabe K., and Nishimura K., "Growth of
an artificial eelgrass bed on the coast of Hinase-Cho, Okayama
Prefecture", Fisheries Engineering, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 75-78, 2005 (in
Japanese with English abstract).
[19] Takeoka H., "Progress in Seto Inland Sea research", Journal of
Oceanography, vol. 58, pp. 93-107, 2002.
[20] The Japan Iron and Steel Federation, "The slag sector in the steel industry",
Nippon Slag Association, 2006, available from:
http://www.slg/e/p-paper-e.pdf.
[21] Hizon-Fradejas A.B., Nakano Y., Nakai S., Nishijima W. and Okada M.,
"Evaluation of blast furnace slag as basal media for eelgrass bed", J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. 166, pp. 1560-1566, 2009.
[22] Hosokowa Y., "Restoration of coastal tidal flat in Japan", in US-Japan
Experts Meeting on the Management of Bottom Sediments Containing
Toxic Substances, Nov.4-7, 1997, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1-8.
[23] MOE (Ministry of Environment of Japan), "Amendment 209 for law
relating to the prevention of marine pollution and maritime disaster", 2005
(in Japanese).
[24] Tamaki H., Tokuoka M., Nishijima W., Terawaki T. and Okada M. ,
"Deterioration of eelgrass, Zostera marina L.,meadows by water pollution
in Seto Inland Sea, Japan", Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 44, pp.
1253-1258, 2002.
[25] Zieman J.C., "Methods for the study of the growth and production of turtle
grass, Thalassia testudinum König", Aquaculture, vol. 4, pp. 139-143,
1974.
[26] Nakano M., Miyazaki T., Shinozawa S., Nishimura T., Physical and
Environmental Analysis of Soil, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1995,
pp. 64-74 (in Japanese).
[27] Erftemeijer P.L.A. and Koch E.W., "Sediment geology methods for
seagrass habitat", in Global Seagrass Research Methods, F.T. Short, R.G
Coles, Eds., Amsterdam:Elsevier Science, 2001, pp. 345-367.
[28] MOE (Ministry of Environment of Japan), Methods and Description of
Bottom Sedimant Survey, Japan Environmental Measurement and
Chemical Analysis Association, Tokyo, 1996 (in Japanese).
[29] Lee, J. G., Nishijima, W., Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Seiki, T., Hiraoka, K.,
Okada, M., "Comparison for structure and functions of organic matter
degradation at natural and constructed tidal flat", Jpn. Soc. Water Environ.,
vol. 20, pp. 175-184, 1997 (in Japanese).
[30] Lee, J. G., Nishijima, W., Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Seiki, T., Hiraoka, K.,
Okada, M., "Factors to Determine the Functions and Structures in Natural
and Constructed Tidal Flats", Water Res., vol. 32, pp. 2601-2606, 1998.
[31] Morse J.W., Zullig J.J., Iverson R.L., Chopin G.R., Mucci A., Millero F.J.,
"The influence of seagrass beds on carbonate sediments in the Bahamas",
Marine Chemistry , vol. 22, pp. 71-83, 1987.
[32] Koch E. W., "Beyond light: Physical, geological, and geochemical
parameters as possible submersed aquatic vegetation habitat
requirements", Estuaries, vol. 24, pp. 1-17, 2001.
[33] Huettel M. and Rusch A., "Transport of phytoplankton in permeable
sediment", Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 45, pp. 534- 549, 2000.
[34] Holmer M. and Nielsen S.L., "Sediment sulfur dynamics related to
biomass-density pattern in Zostera marina (eelgrass) beds", Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., vol.146, pp. 163-171, 1997.
[35] Fonseca M. S. and Kenworthy W. J., "Effects of current on photosynthesis
and distribution of seagrasses", Aqua. Bot., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 59-78,
1987.
[36] Eavis B.W. and Payne D., "Soil physical conditions and root growth", in
Root Growth, W.J. Whittington, Ed., Butterworths, London, 1969,
pp.315-338.
[37] Handley R. J. and Davy A. J., "Seedling root establishment may limit
Najas marina L. to sediments of low cohesive strength", Aquat. Bot.,
vol.73, pp. 129-136, 2002.
[38] Hizon-Fradejas A.B., Nakano Y., Nakai S., Nishijima W. and Okada M.,
"Anchorage and resistance to uprooting of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)
shoots planted in slag substrates", J. Water Env. Tech., vol.7, pp. 91-101,
2009.
[39] Kesser M., Swenarton J.T., Vozarik J.M. and Foertch J.F., "Decline in
eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Long Island Sound near Millstone Point,
Connecticut (USA) unrelated to thermal input", J. Sea Res., vol. 49, pp.
11-26, 2003.
[40] Imao K. and Fushimi H., "Ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.),
especially environmental factors determining the occurrence of annual
eelgrass in Lake Hamana-ko", Jap. J. Phycol., vol. 33, pp. 320-327, 1985.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:51731", author = "Amelia B. Hizon-Fradejas and Yoichi Nakano and Satoshi Nakai and Wataru Nishijima and Mitsumasa Okada", title = "Utilizing Dredged Sediment for Enhancing Growth of Eelgrass in Artificially Prepared Substrates", abstract = "Dredged sediment (DS) was utilized as source of
silt-clay and organic matter in artificially prepared eelgrass substrates with mountain sand (MS) as the sand media. Addition of DS showed
improved growth of eelgrass in the mixed substrates. Increase in added
DS up to 15% silt-clay showed increased shoot growth but additional
DS in 20% silt-clay mixture didn-t result to further increase in eelgrass
growth. Improved root establishment were also found for plants in pots
with added DS as shown by the increased resistance to uprooting, increased number of rhizome nodes and longer roots. Results demonstrated that addition of DS may be beneficial to eelgrass up to a
certain extent only and too much of it might be harmful to eelgrass plants.", keywords = "Dredged sediment, eelgrass, eelgrass bed restoration, mountain sand, Zostera marina.", volume = "4", number = "11", pages = "796-6", }
