Using Mixtures of Waste Frying Oil and Pork Lard to Produce Biodiesel
Studying alternative raw materials for biodiesel production is of major importance. The use of mixtures with incorporation of wastes is an environmental friendly alternative and might reduce biodiesel production costs. The objective of the present work was: (i) to study biodiesel production using waste frying oil mixed with pork lard and (ii) to understand how mixture composition influences biodiesel quality. Biodiesel was produced by transesterification and quality was evaluated through determination of several parameters according to EN 14214. The weight fraction of lard in the mixture varied from 0 to 1 in 0.2 intervals. Biodiesel production yields varied from 81.7 to 88.0 (wt%), the lowest yields being the ones obtained using waste frying oil and lard alone as raw materials. The obtained products fulfilled most of the determined quality specifications according to European biodiesel quality standard EN 14214. Minimum purity (96.5 wt%) was closely obtained when waste frying oil was used alone and when 0.2% of lard was incorporated in the raw material (96.3 wt%); however, it ranged from 93.9 to 96.3 (wt%) being always close to the limit. From the evaluation of the influence of mixture composition in biodiesel quality, it was possible to establish a model to be used for predicting some parameters of biodiesel resulting from mixtures of waste frying oil with lard when different lard contents are used.
[1] L. C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar, S. N. Naik, "Technical aspects of biodiesel
production by transesterification--a review," Renew Sustain Energ Rev,
Vol. 10, no. 3, pp 248-268, 2006.
[2] J. Van Gerpen, "Biodiesel processing and production," Fuel Process.
Technol., Vol. 86, no. 10, pp 1097-1107, 2005.
[3] S. M. P. Meneghetti, M. R. Meneghetti, T. M. Serra, D. C. Barbosa, C.
R. Wolf, "Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Mixtures:
Cottonseed, Soybean, and Castor Oils," Energy Fuels, Vol. 21, no. 6, pp
3746-3747., 2007.
[4] S. Lebedevas, A. Vaicekauskas, G.. Lebedeva, V. Makareviciene, P.
Janulis, K. Kazancev, "Use of Waste Fats of Animal and Vegetable
Origin for the Production of Biodiesel Fuel: Quality, Motor Properties,
and Emissions of Harmful Components," Energy Fuels, Vol. 20, no. 5,
pp 2274-2280, 2006.
[5] Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, S. Tang, "Comparison of two different
processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil," J. Mol. Catal.
TABLE IV
FITTING OF SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS OF BIODIESEL FROM OIL/LARD MIXTURES VERSUS INCORPORATED LARD FRACTION - LINEAR REGRESSION PARAMETERS
Parameter a b r2 p-value Pwfo Plard Plard-Poil
Iodine value (g I2/100g) -50 118 1.000 <0.0001 117 67 -50
Density (kg m-3) -7.4 883.4 0.989 <0.0001 883.4 875.7 -7.6
Viscosity (mm2s-1) 0.02 4.70 0.040 0.705 4.69 4.71 0.02
Methyl ester content (% wt) -2.5 96.1 0.615 0.0647 96.3 94.4 -1.9
Linolenic methyl ester content (% wt) 0.3 0.6 0.995 <0.05 0.6 1.0 0.3
Pwfo - Property of waste frying oil, PLard - Property of lard, a - slope, b - intercept, r2 - determination coefficient,
p -probability value (using an F-test).
Fig. 2 Methyl ester content (wt %) of biodiesel samples
obtained using different mixtures of waste frying oil and lard.
A: Chem. Vol. 252, no. 1-2, pp 107-112, 2006.
[6] J. M. Dias, M. C. M., Alvim-Ferraz, M. F. Almeida, "Comparison of the
performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during
transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel
quality," Fuel DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.06.014, 2008.
[7] S. Zheng, M. Kates, M. A. Dube, D. D. McLean, "Acid-catalyzed
production of biodiesel from waste frying oil", Biomass Bioenergy, Vol.
30, no. 3, pp 267-272, 2006.
[8] M. I. Al-Widyan, A. O. Al-Shyoukh, "Experimental evaluation of the
transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel," Bioresour. Technol.
Vol. 85, no. 3, pp 253-256, 2002.
[9] J. B. Rossel, "Classical analysis of oils and fats. In Analysis of oils and
fats", Hamilton, R. J., Rossel, J. B., Ed. Elsevier Applied Science:
London, 1986.
[10] M. S. Graboski, R. L. McCormick, "Combustion of fat and vegetable oil
derived fuels in diesel engines," Prog Energ Combust, Vol. 24, no. 2, pp
125-164, 1998.
[11] M. Çetinkaya, F. Karaosmanolu, "Optimization of Base-Catalyzed
Transesterification Reaction of Used Cooking Oil," Energy Fuels, Vol.
18, pp 1888-1895, 2004.
[12] CAC, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Codex standard for fats and oils
from animal sources (CODEX-STAN 211-1999). In Fats, oils and
related products, Second ed.; Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program.
Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Vol. 8, Rome,
2001.
[13] D. Y. C. Leung, B. C. P. Koo, Y. Guo , "Degradation of biodiesel under
different storage conditions," Bioresour. Technol. Vol. 97, no. 2, pp 250-
256., 2006.
[14] J. M. Encinar, J. F. González, A. Rodríguez-Reinares, "Biodiesel from
Used Frying Oil. Variables Affecting the Yields and Characteristics of
the Biodiesel," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 44, pp 5491-5499, 2005.
[1] L. C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar, S. N. Naik, "Technical aspects of biodiesel
production by transesterification--a review," Renew Sustain Energ Rev,
Vol. 10, no. 3, pp 248-268, 2006.
[2] J. Van Gerpen, "Biodiesel processing and production," Fuel Process.
Technol., Vol. 86, no. 10, pp 1097-1107, 2005.
[3] S. M. P. Meneghetti, M. R. Meneghetti, T. M. Serra, D. C. Barbosa, C.
R. Wolf, "Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Mixtures:
Cottonseed, Soybean, and Castor Oils," Energy Fuels, Vol. 21, no. 6, pp
3746-3747., 2007.
[4] S. Lebedevas, A. Vaicekauskas, G.. Lebedeva, V. Makareviciene, P.
Janulis, K. Kazancev, "Use of Waste Fats of Animal and Vegetable
Origin for the Production of Biodiesel Fuel: Quality, Motor Properties,
and Emissions of Harmful Components," Energy Fuels, Vol. 20, no. 5,
pp 2274-2280, 2006.
[5] Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, S. Tang, "Comparison of two different
processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil," J. Mol. Catal.
TABLE IV
FITTING OF SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS OF BIODIESEL FROM OIL/LARD MIXTURES VERSUS INCORPORATED LARD FRACTION - LINEAR REGRESSION PARAMETERS
Parameter a b r2 p-value Pwfo Plard Plard-Poil
Iodine value (g I2/100g) -50 118 1.000 <0.0001 117 67 -50
Density (kg m-3) -7.4 883.4 0.989 <0.0001 883.4 875.7 -7.6
Viscosity (mm2s-1) 0.02 4.70 0.040 0.705 4.69 4.71 0.02
Methyl ester content (% wt) -2.5 96.1 0.615 0.0647 96.3 94.4 -1.9
Linolenic methyl ester content (% wt) 0.3 0.6 0.995 <0.05 0.6 1.0 0.3
Pwfo - Property of waste frying oil, PLard - Property of lard, a - slope, b - intercept, r2 - determination coefficient,
p -probability value (using an F-test).
Fig. 2 Methyl ester content (wt %) of biodiesel samples
obtained using different mixtures of waste frying oil and lard.
A: Chem. Vol. 252, no. 1-2, pp 107-112, 2006.
[6] J. M. Dias, M. C. M., Alvim-Ferraz, M. F. Almeida, "Comparison of the
performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during
transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel
quality," Fuel DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.06.014, 2008.
[7] S. Zheng, M. Kates, M. A. Dube, D. D. McLean, "Acid-catalyzed
production of biodiesel from waste frying oil", Biomass Bioenergy, Vol.
30, no. 3, pp 267-272, 2006.
[8] M. I. Al-Widyan, A. O. Al-Shyoukh, "Experimental evaluation of the
transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel," Bioresour. Technol.
Vol. 85, no. 3, pp 253-256, 2002.
[9] J. B. Rossel, "Classical analysis of oils and fats. In Analysis of oils and
fats", Hamilton, R. J., Rossel, J. B., Ed. Elsevier Applied Science:
London, 1986.
[10] M. S. Graboski, R. L. McCormick, "Combustion of fat and vegetable oil
derived fuels in diesel engines," Prog Energ Combust, Vol. 24, no. 2, pp
125-164, 1998.
[11] M. Çetinkaya, F. Karaosmanolu, "Optimization of Base-Catalyzed
Transesterification Reaction of Used Cooking Oil," Energy Fuels, Vol.
18, pp 1888-1895, 2004.
[12] CAC, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Codex standard for fats and oils
from animal sources (CODEX-STAN 211-1999). In Fats, oils and
related products, Second ed.; Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program.
Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Vol. 8, Rome,
2001.
[13] D. Y. C. Leung, B. C. P. Koo, Y. Guo , "Degradation of biodiesel under
different storage conditions," Bioresour. Technol. Vol. 97, no. 2, pp 250-
256., 2006.
[14] J. M. Encinar, J. F. González, A. Rodríguez-Reinares, "Biodiesel from
Used Frying Oil. Variables Affecting the Yields and Characteristics of
the Biodiesel," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 44, pp 5491-5499, 2005.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:61927", author = "Joana M. Dias and Conceição A. Ferraz and Manuel F. Almeida", title = "Using Mixtures of Waste Frying Oil and Pork Lard to Produce Biodiesel", abstract = "Studying alternative raw materials for biodiesel production is of major importance. The use of mixtures with incorporation of wastes is an environmental friendly alternative and might reduce biodiesel production costs. The objective of the present work was: (i) to study biodiesel production using waste frying oil mixed with pork lard and (ii) to understand how mixture composition influences biodiesel quality. Biodiesel was produced by transesterification and quality was evaluated through determination of several parameters according to EN 14214. The weight fraction of lard in the mixture varied from 0 to 1 in 0.2 intervals. Biodiesel production yields varied from 81.7 to 88.0 (wt%), the lowest yields being the ones obtained using waste frying oil and lard alone as raw materials. The obtained products fulfilled most of the determined quality specifications according to European biodiesel quality standard EN 14214. Minimum purity (96.5 wt%) was closely obtained when waste frying oil was used alone and when 0.2% of lard was incorporated in the raw material (96.3 wt%); however, it ranged from 93.9 to 96.3 (wt%) being always close to the limit. From the evaluation of the influence of mixture composition in biodiesel quality, it was possible to establish a model to be used for predicting some parameters of biodiesel resulting from mixtures of waste frying oil with lard when different lard contents are used.
", keywords = "Biodiesel, mixtures, transesterification, waste.", volume = "2", number = "8", pages = "206-5", }
