Use of Multiple Linear Regressions to Evaluate the Influence of O3 and PM10 on Biological Pollutants
Exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to a
number of health outcomes, starting from modest transient changes in
the respiratory tract and impaired pulmonary function, continuing to
restrict activity/reduce performance and to the increase emergency
rooms visits, hospital admissions or mortality. The increase of
allergenic symptoms has been associated with air contaminants such
as ozone, particulate matter, fungal spores and pollen.
Considering the potential relevance of crossed effects of nonbiological
pollutants and airborne pollens and fungal spores on
allergy worsening, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence
of non-biological pollutants (O3 and PM10) and meteorological
parameters on the concentrations of pollen and fungal spores using
multiple linear regressions.
The data considered in this study were collected in Oporto which
is the second largest Portuguese city, located in the North. Daily
mean of O3, PM10, pollen and fungal spore concentrations,
temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind velocity, pollen
and fungal spore concentrations, for 2003, 2004 and 2005 were
considered. Results showed that the 90th percentile of the adjusted
coefficient of determination, P90 (R2aj), of the multiple regressions
varied from 0.613 to 0.916 for pollen and from 0.275 to 0.512 for
fungal spores. O3 and PM10 showed to have some influence on the
biological pollutants. Among the meteorological parameters
analysed, temperature was the one that most influenced the pollen
and fungal spores airborne concentrations. Relative humidity also
showed to have some influence on the fungal spore dispersion.
Nevertheless, the models for each pollen and fungal spore were
different depending on the analysed period, which means that the
correlations identified as statistically significant can not be, even so,
consistent enough.
[1] B. Binková, M. Bobak, A. Chatterjee, A. J. Chauhan, J. Dejmek, D. W.
Dockery, M. Everard, F. Forastiere, F. Gilliland, S. Holgate, S. Johnston,
M. Krzyzanowski, B. Kuna-Dibbert, R. Maynard, O. Raaschou-Nielsen,
J. Samet, J. Schneider, P. J. Skerrett, R. J. Šrám, D. Walters, S. K.
Weiland, G. Winneke, "The effects of air pollution on children-s health
and development: a review of evidence", WHO Monograph, WHO
Regional Office for Europe, Bonn, 2004.
[2] K. Donaldson, M. I. Gilmour, W. MacNee, "Asthma and PM10",
Respiratory Research, vol. 1, 2002, pp. 12-15.
[3] D. W. Dockery, C. A. Pope, "Acute Respiratory Effects of Particulate
Air Pollution", Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 15, 1994, pp. 107-
132.
[4] P. E. Tolbert, M. Klein, K. B. Metzger, J. Peel, W. D. Flanders, K. Todd,
J. Mulholland, P. B. Ryan, H. Frumkin,. "Interim results of the study of
particulates and health in Atlanta (SOPHIA)", Journal of Exposure
Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, vol. 10, 2000, pp. 446-460.
[5] EEA, "Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003. Overview of
exceedances of EC ozone threshold values during summer season April-
August 2003 and comparisons with previous years", Topic report
nº3/2003, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2003
[6] B. Brunekreef, S. T. Holgate, "Air Pollution and health", The Lancet,
vol. 360, 2002, pp. 1233-1242.
[7] V. Stone, "Environmental air pollution" American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine vol. 162, 2000, pp. 44-47.
[8] B. Simon-Nobbe, U. Denk, V. Pöll, R. Rid, M. Breitenbach, "The
Spectrum of Fungal Allergy", International Archives of Allergy and
Immunology, vol. 145, 2008, pp. 58-86.
[9] M. Berico, A. Luciani, M. Formignani, "Atmospheric aerosol in an
urban area-measurements of TSP and PM10 standards and pulmonary
deposition assessments", Atmospheric Environment, vol. 31, 1997, pp.
3659-3665.
[10] H. A. Burge, "An update on pollen and fungal spore aerobiology",
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 110, 2002, pp. 544-
552.
[11] I. Abreu, H. Ribeiro, "Allergenic pollen in the city of Porto (Portugal)"
Allergy, vol. 60, 2005, pp. 1452-1457.
[12] M. Oliveira, H. Ribeiro, I. Abreu, "Annual variation of fungal spores in
atmosphere of Porto: 2003", Annals of Agricultural and Environmental
Medicine, vol. 12, 2005, pp. 309-315.
[13] M. Smith, J. Emberlin, "Constructing a 7-day ahead forecast model for
grass pollen at north London, United Kingdom", Clinical and
Experimental Allergy, vol. 35, 2005, pp. 1400-1406.
[14] E. Ridolo, R. Albertini, D. Giordano, L. Soliani, I. Usberti, P. P.
Dall'Aglio , "Airborne pollen concentrations and the incidence of
allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in northern Italy from 1992 to
2003", International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 142,
2007, pp. 151-157.
[15] C. Calder├│n, J. Lacey, A. McCartney, I. Rosas, "Influence of urban
climate upon distribution of airborne Deuteromycete spore
concentrations in Mexico City", International Journal of
Biometeorology, vol. 40, 1997, pp. 71-80.
[16] R. K. Katial, Y. Zhang, R .H. Jones, P. D. Dyer, "Atmospheric mold
spore counts in relation to meteorological parameters", International
Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 41, 1997, pp. 17-22.
[17] J. Angulo-Romero, A. Mediavilla-Molina, E. Domínguez-Vilches,
"Conidia of Alternaria in the atmosphere of the city of Cordoba, Spain
in relation to meteorological parameters", International Journal of
Biometeorology, vol. 43, 1999, pp. 45-49.
[18] S. Sabariego, C. D. Guardia, F. Alba, "The effect of meteorological
factors on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada
(southern Spain)", International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 44,
2000, pp. 1-5.
[19] A. Vliet, A. Overeem, R. Groot, A. Jacobs, F. Spieksma, "The influence
of temperature and climate change on the timing of pollen release in the
Netherlands", International Journal of Climatology, vol. 22, 2002, pp.
1757-1767.
[20] H. Ribeiro, M. Cunha, I. Abreu, "Airborne pollen concentration in the
region of Braga, Portugal, and its relationship with meteorological
parameters", Aerobiologia, vol. 19, 2003, pp. 21-27.
[21] B. J. Green, M. Dettmann, E. Yli-Panula, S. Rutherford, R. Simpson,
"Atmospheric Poaceae pollen frequencies and associations with
meteorological parameters in Brisbane, Australia: a 5-year record, 1994-
1999", International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 48, 2004, pp. 172-
178.
[22] A. Adhikari, T. Reponen, S A. Grinshpun, D. Martuzevicius, G
LeMasters, "Correlation of ambient inhalable bioaerosols with
particulate matter and ozone: A two-year study", Environmental
Pollution, vol. 140, 2006, pp. 16-28.
[23] H.-M. Ho, C. Y. Rao, H.-H. Hsu, Y.-H. Chiu, C.-M. Liu, H. J. Chao,
"Characteristics and determinants of ambient fungal spores in Hualien,
Taiwan", Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, 2005, pp. 5839-5850.
[24] WHO, Air Quality Guidelines-Global Update 2005, World Health
Organization Regional Office, Copenhagen, 2005.
[25] A. Monteiro, Oporto Urban Climate: Contribution for the definition of
land use planning strategies, Calouste Gulbenkin Foundation, Lisbon,
1997. [O Clima Urbano do Porto: Contribuição para a definição das
estratégias de planeamento e ordenamento do territ├│rio, Funda├º├úo
Calouste Gulbenkian].
[26] F. D. Santos, K. Forbes, R. Moita. Climate Change in Portugal:
Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation Measures SIAM Project. Gradiva,
Lisbon, 2002.
[27] M. W. Gardner, S. R. Dorling, "Statistical surface ozone models: an
improved methodology to account for non-linear behaviour",
Atmospheric Environment, vol. 34, 2000, pp. 21-34.
[28] Chaloulakou A., Saisana M., Spyrellis N.,2003. Comparative
assessment of neural networks and regression models for forecasting
summertime ozone in Athens. Science of the Total Environment 313, 1-
13.
[29] D. Broadhurst, R. Goodacre, A. Jones, J. J. Rowland, D. B. Kell.
"Genetic algorithms as a method for variable selection in multiple linear
regression and partial least squares regression, with applications to
pyrolysis mass spectrometry", Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 348, 1997,
pp. 71-86.
[30] O. Deeb, B. Hemmateenejad, A. Jaber, R. Garduno-Juarez, R. Miri,
"Effect of the electronic and physicochemical parameters on the
carcinogenesis activity of some sulfa drugs using QSAR analysis based
on genetic-MLR and genetic-PLS", Chemosphere, vol. 67, 2007, pp.
2122-2130.
[31] H. Behrendt, W. M. Becker, K. H. Friedrichs, V. Darson, R. Tomingas,
"Interaction between aeroallergens and airborne particulate matter",
International Archives of Allergy & Immunology, vol. 99, 1992, pp. 425-
428.
[32] M. D' Amato, "Environmental urban factors (air pollution and allergens)
and the rising trends in allergic respiratory diseases", Allergy, vol.
57(Suppl 72), 2002, pp. 30-33.
[1] B. Binková, M. Bobak, A. Chatterjee, A. J. Chauhan, J. Dejmek, D. W.
Dockery, M. Everard, F. Forastiere, F. Gilliland, S. Holgate, S. Johnston,
M. Krzyzanowski, B. Kuna-Dibbert, R. Maynard, O. Raaschou-Nielsen,
J. Samet, J. Schneider, P. J. Skerrett, R. J. Šrám, D. Walters, S. K.
Weiland, G. Winneke, "The effects of air pollution on children-s health
and development: a review of evidence", WHO Monograph, WHO
Regional Office for Europe, Bonn, 2004.
[2] K. Donaldson, M. I. Gilmour, W. MacNee, "Asthma and PM10",
Respiratory Research, vol. 1, 2002, pp. 12-15.
[3] D. W. Dockery, C. A. Pope, "Acute Respiratory Effects of Particulate
Air Pollution", Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 15, 1994, pp. 107-
132.
[4] P. E. Tolbert, M. Klein, K. B. Metzger, J. Peel, W. D. Flanders, K. Todd,
J. Mulholland, P. B. Ryan, H. Frumkin,. "Interim results of the study of
particulates and health in Atlanta (SOPHIA)", Journal of Exposure
Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, vol. 10, 2000, pp. 446-460.
[5] EEA, "Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003. Overview of
exceedances of EC ozone threshold values during summer season April-
August 2003 and comparisons with previous years", Topic report
nº3/2003, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2003
[6] B. Brunekreef, S. T. Holgate, "Air Pollution and health", The Lancet,
vol. 360, 2002, pp. 1233-1242.
[7] V. Stone, "Environmental air pollution" American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine vol. 162, 2000, pp. 44-47.
[8] B. Simon-Nobbe, U. Denk, V. Pöll, R. Rid, M. Breitenbach, "The
Spectrum of Fungal Allergy", International Archives of Allergy and
Immunology, vol. 145, 2008, pp. 58-86.
[9] M. Berico, A. Luciani, M. Formignani, "Atmospheric aerosol in an
urban area-measurements of TSP and PM10 standards and pulmonary
deposition assessments", Atmospheric Environment, vol. 31, 1997, pp.
3659-3665.
[10] H. A. Burge, "An update on pollen and fungal spore aerobiology",
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 110, 2002, pp. 544-
552.
[11] I. Abreu, H. Ribeiro, "Allergenic pollen in the city of Porto (Portugal)"
Allergy, vol. 60, 2005, pp. 1452-1457.
[12] M. Oliveira, H. Ribeiro, I. Abreu, "Annual variation of fungal spores in
atmosphere of Porto: 2003", Annals of Agricultural and Environmental
Medicine, vol. 12, 2005, pp. 309-315.
[13] M. Smith, J. Emberlin, "Constructing a 7-day ahead forecast model for
grass pollen at north London, United Kingdom", Clinical and
Experimental Allergy, vol. 35, 2005, pp. 1400-1406.
[14] E. Ridolo, R. Albertini, D. Giordano, L. Soliani, I. Usberti, P. P.
Dall'Aglio , "Airborne pollen concentrations and the incidence of
allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in northern Italy from 1992 to
2003", International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 142,
2007, pp. 151-157.
[15] C. Calder├│n, J. Lacey, A. McCartney, I. Rosas, "Influence of urban
climate upon distribution of airborne Deuteromycete spore
concentrations in Mexico City", International Journal of
Biometeorology, vol. 40, 1997, pp. 71-80.
[16] R. K. Katial, Y. Zhang, R .H. Jones, P. D. Dyer, "Atmospheric mold
spore counts in relation to meteorological parameters", International
Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 41, 1997, pp. 17-22.
[17] J. Angulo-Romero, A. Mediavilla-Molina, E. Domínguez-Vilches,
"Conidia of Alternaria in the atmosphere of the city of Cordoba, Spain
in relation to meteorological parameters", International Journal of
Biometeorology, vol. 43, 1999, pp. 45-49.
[18] S. Sabariego, C. D. Guardia, F. Alba, "The effect of meteorological
factors on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada
(southern Spain)", International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 44,
2000, pp. 1-5.
[19] A. Vliet, A. Overeem, R. Groot, A. Jacobs, F. Spieksma, "The influence
of temperature and climate change on the timing of pollen release in the
Netherlands", International Journal of Climatology, vol. 22, 2002, pp.
1757-1767.
[20] H. Ribeiro, M. Cunha, I. Abreu, "Airborne pollen concentration in the
region of Braga, Portugal, and its relationship with meteorological
parameters", Aerobiologia, vol. 19, 2003, pp. 21-27.
[21] B. J. Green, M. Dettmann, E. Yli-Panula, S. Rutherford, R. Simpson,
"Atmospheric Poaceae pollen frequencies and associations with
meteorological parameters in Brisbane, Australia: a 5-year record, 1994-
1999", International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 48, 2004, pp. 172-
178.
[22] A. Adhikari, T. Reponen, S A. Grinshpun, D. Martuzevicius, G
LeMasters, "Correlation of ambient inhalable bioaerosols with
particulate matter and ozone: A two-year study", Environmental
Pollution, vol. 140, 2006, pp. 16-28.
[23] H.-M. Ho, C. Y. Rao, H.-H. Hsu, Y.-H. Chiu, C.-M. Liu, H. J. Chao,
"Characteristics and determinants of ambient fungal spores in Hualien,
Taiwan", Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, 2005, pp. 5839-5850.
[24] WHO, Air Quality Guidelines-Global Update 2005, World Health
Organization Regional Office, Copenhagen, 2005.
[25] A. Monteiro, Oporto Urban Climate: Contribution for the definition of
land use planning strategies, Calouste Gulbenkin Foundation, Lisbon,
1997. [O Clima Urbano do Porto: Contribuição para a definição das
estratégias de planeamento e ordenamento do territ├│rio, Funda├º├úo
Calouste Gulbenkian].
[26] F. D. Santos, K. Forbes, R. Moita. Climate Change in Portugal:
Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation Measures SIAM Project. Gradiva,
Lisbon, 2002.
[27] M. W. Gardner, S. R. Dorling, "Statistical surface ozone models: an
improved methodology to account for non-linear behaviour",
Atmospheric Environment, vol. 34, 2000, pp. 21-34.
[28] Chaloulakou A., Saisana M., Spyrellis N.,2003. Comparative
assessment of neural networks and regression models for forecasting
summertime ozone in Athens. Science of the Total Environment 313, 1-
13.
[29] D. Broadhurst, R. Goodacre, A. Jones, J. J. Rowland, D. B. Kell.
"Genetic algorithms as a method for variable selection in multiple linear
regression and partial least squares regression, with applications to
pyrolysis mass spectrometry", Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 348, 1997,
pp. 71-86.
[30] O. Deeb, B. Hemmateenejad, A. Jaber, R. Garduno-Juarez, R. Miri,
"Effect of the electronic and physicochemical parameters on the
carcinogenesis activity of some sulfa drugs using QSAR analysis based
on genetic-MLR and genetic-PLS", Chemosphere, vol. 67, 2007, pp.
2122-2130.
[31] H. Behrendt, W. M. Becker, K. H. Friedrichs, V. Darson, R. Tomingas,
"Interaction between aeroallergens and airborne particulate matter",
International Archives of Allergy & Immunology, vol. 99, 1992, pp. 425-
428.
[32] M. D' Amato, "Environmental urban factors (air pollution and allergens)
and the rising trends in allergic respiratory diseases", Allergy, vol.
57(Suppl 72), 2002, pp. 30-33.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:64255", author = "S. I. V. Sousa and F.G. Martins and M. C. Pereira and M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz and H. Ribeiro and M. Oliveira and I. Abreu", title = "Use of Multiple Linear Regressions to Evaluate the Influence of O3 and PM10 on Biological Pollutants", abstract = "Exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to a
number of health outcomes, starting from modest transient changes in
the respiratory tract and impaired pulmonary function, continuing to
restrict activity/reduce performance and to the increase emergency
rooms visits, hospital admissions or mortality. The increase of
allergenic symptoms has been associated with air contaminants such
as ozone, particulate matter, fungal spores and pollen.
Considering the potential relevance of crossed effects of nonbiological
pollutants and airborne pollens and fungal spores on
allergy worsening, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence
of non-biological pollutants (O3 and PM10) and meteorological
parameters on the concentrations of pollen and fungal spores using
multiple linear regressions.
The data considered in this study were collected in Oporto which
is the second largest Portuguese city, located in the North. Daily
mean of O3, PM10, pollen and fungal spore concentrations,
temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind velocity, pollen
and fungal spore concentrations, for 2003, 2004 and 2005 were
considered. Results showed that the 90th percentile of the adjusted
coefficient of determination, P90 (R2aj), of the multiple regressions
varied from 0.613 to 0.916 for pollen and from 0.275 to 0.512 for
fungal spores. O3 and PM10 showed to have some influence on the
biological pollutants. Among the meteorological parameters
analysed, temperature was the one that most influenced the pollen
and fungal spores airborne concentrations. Relative humidity also
showed to have some influence on the fungal spore dispersion.
Nevertheless, the models for each pollen and fungal spore were
different depending on the analysed period, which means that the
correlations identified as statistically significant can not be, even so,
consistent enough.", keywords = "Air pollutants, meteorological parameters, biologicalpollutants, multiple linear correlations.", volume = "2", number = "8", pages = "131-6", }