Unequal Error Protection of Facial Features for Personal ID Images Coding
This paper presents an approach for an unequal error
protection of facial features of personal ID images coding. We
consider unequal error protection (UEP) strategies for the efficient
progressive transmission of embedded image codes over noisy
channels. This new method is based on the progressive image
compression embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm and UEP
technique with defined region of interest (ROI). In this case is ROI
equal facial features within personal ID image. ROI technique is
important in applications with different parts of importance. In ROI
coding, a chosen ROI is encoded with higher quality than the
background (BG). Unequal error protection of image is provided by
different coding techniques and encoding LL band separately. In our
proposed method, image is divided into two parts (ROI, BG) that
consist of more important bytes (MIB) and less important bytes
(LIB). The proposed unequal error protection of image transmission
has shown to be more appropriate to low bit rate applications,
producing better quality output for ROI of the compresses image.
The experimental results verify effectiveness of the design. The
results of our method demonstrate the comparison of the UEP of
image transmission with defined ROI with facial features and the
equal error protection (EEP) over additive white gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel.
[1] J. M. Shapiro, "Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet
coefficients," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 41, no. 12,
pp. 3445-3462, 1993.
[2] M. Tamilarasi, and V. Palanisamy, "An Efficient Embedded Coding For
Medical Image Compression Using Contourlet Transform," European
Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 442-454, 2011.
[3] M. Antonini, M. Barlaud, P. Mathieu, and I. Daubechies, "Image coding
using wavelet transform," IEEE Transactions of Image Processing, vol.
1, no. 2, pp. 205-220, 1992.
[4] C. Chapman, S. Sanei, R. Dilmaghani, and F. Said, "Progressive
transmission of medical images using embedded Zerotree wavelet
encoding," Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Biomedical
Circuits and Systems (BioCAS -04), pp. S3.3-9-S3.3-12, 2004.
[5] R. S. Dilmaghani, A. Ahmadian, M. Ghavami, and A. H. Aghvami,
"Progressive medical image transmission and compression," IEEE
Signal Processing Letters, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 806-809, 2004.
[6] M. N. Wu, C. C. Lin, and C. C. Chang, "A fast wavelet-based image
progressive transmission method based on vector quantization," 1st
International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and
Control (ICICIC -06), vol. 2, pp. 677-680, Beijing, China, 2006.
[7] J. L. Lo, S. Sanei, and K. Nazarpour, "An Adaptive Source - Channel
Coding with Feedback for Progressive Transmission of Medical
Images," International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, vol.
2009, no. 519417, pp. 1 - 12, 2009.
[8] H-S. Kong, A. Vetro, T. Hata, and N. Kuwahara, "Fast Region-of-
Interest Transcoding for JPEG 2000 Images," IEEE International
Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), vol. 2, pp. 952-955, 2005.
[9] J. Oliver, and M. P. Malumbres, "An Implementation of the EZW
Algorithm," Universidad Jaume I (SNRFAI 2001), pp. 37-42, 2001.
[10] A. P. Bradley, and F. W. M. Stentiford, "JPEG 2000 and Region of
Interest Coding," Digital Image Computing Techniques and
Applications (DICTA), vol. 303-308, 2002.
[11] R. Arun, and D. Murugan, "Medical Image Compression Using Region
Growing Segmentation," International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, vol. 3, no. 8, 2012.
[12] Ch. Doukas, and I. Maglogiannis, "Adaptive Transmission of Medical
Image and Video Using Scalable Coding and Context-Aware Wireless
Medical Networks," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications
and Networking, vol. 2008, no. 428397, 2008.
[13] M. I. Iqbal, and H. J. Zepernick, "On Region of Interest Coding for
Wireless Imaging," International Conference on Signal Processing and
Communication Systems, Australia, 2007.
[14] Z. Wang, and A. C. Bovik, "Bitplane-by-Bitplane Shift (BbBShift) - A
Suggestion for JPEG2000 Region of Interest Image Coding," IEEE
Signal Processing Letters, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 160-162, May 2002.
[15] Z. Wang, S. Banerjee, B. L. Evans and A. C. Bovik, "Generalized
Bitplane-by-Bitplane Shift Method for JPEG2000 ROI Coding," IEEE
International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 81-84, Sep.
2002.
[16] L. Liu, and G. Fan, "A New JPEG 2000 Region-of-Interest Image
Coding Method: Partial Significant Bitplanes Shift," IEEE Signal
Processing Letters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35-38, Feb. 2003.
[17] L. Liu, and G. Fan, "A New Method for JPEG 2000 Region-of-Interest
Image Coding: Most Significant Bitplanes Shift," Processing of the 45th
IEEE Int. Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 176-
179, Aug. 2002.
[18] P. Poda, and A. Tamtaoui, "On the Enhancement of Unequal Error
Protection Performances in Images Transmission over Time-Varying
Channels," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and
Network Security, vol. 6, no. 9B, pp. 168-174, Sep. 2006.
[19] N. V. Deetzen, and W. Henkel, "Unequal error protection multilevel
codes and hierarchical modulation for multimedia transmission,"
Proceedings IEEE 2008 Int. Symp. Inform. Theory, ISIT 2008, pp. 2237-
2241, 2008.
[20] V. Stankovic, D. Saupe, and R. Hamzaoui, "Rate-distortion unequal
error protection for fractal image codes," ICIP, vol. 3, pp. 98-101, 2001.
[21] T. K. Moon, Error correction coding - Mathematical methods and
algorithm. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ch. 6.
[22] A. P. Bradley, "Can Region of Interest Coding Improve Overall
Perceived Image Quality," Proc. APRS Workshop on Digital Image
Computing, pp. 41-44, Feb. 2003.
[23] H. Lin, J. Si, and G. P. Abousleman, "Knowledge-Based Hierarchical
Region-of-Interest Detection.," IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech
and Signal Processing, vol. 4, pp. IV-3628-IV-3631, May 2002.
[24] X. C. Yin, C. P. Liu, and Z. Han, "Financial Document Image Coding
With Regions of Interest Using JPEG2000," Proc. Int. Conf. on
Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 96-100, 2005.
[25] V. S. Shingate, T. R. Sontakke, and S. N. Talbar, "Still Image
Compression using Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Encoding,"
International Journal of Computer Science & Communication, vol. 1,
no. 1, pp. 21-24, 2010.
[26] M. Tamilarasi, and V. Palanisamy, "Fuzzy Based Image Compression on
ROI using Optimized Directional Contourlet Transform," International
Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 217-221,
2009.
[27] Y. Yatawara, M. Caldera, T. M. Kusuma, and H.-J. Zepernick, "Unequal
Error Protection for ROI Coded Images over Fading Channels," Systems
Communications ICW-05, pp. 111-115, 2005.
[28] M. H. Le, and R. Liyana-Pathirana, "Unequal Error Protection Codes for
Wavelet Image Transmission over W-CDMA, AWGN and Rayleigh
Fading Channels," 10th International Conference on
Telecommunications (ICT 2003), vol. 2, pp. 1140 - 1146, 2003.
[29] B. Masnick, and J. Wolf, "On Linear Unequal Error Protection Codes,"
IEEE Trans, Inform, Theory, vol. IT-13, pp. 600 - 607, 1967.
[30] J. L. Lo, S. Sanei, and K. Nazarpour, "An Adaptive Source - Channel
Coding with Feedback for Progressive Transmission of Medical
Images," International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, vol.
2009, no. 519417, pp. 1 - 12, 2009.
[31] L. Liu, and G. A. Fan, "New JPEG 2000 Region-of-Interest Image
Coding Method: Partial Significant Bitplanes Shift," IEEE Signal
Processing Letters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35-38, 2003.
[32] F. Idris, and F. Atef, "An Efficient Method for Region of Interest Coding
in JPEG 2000," 5th WSEAS International Conference on Signal
Processing, pp. 65-69, 2006.
[33] M. J. T. Smith, and S. L. Eddins, "Analysis/Synthesis Techniques for
Subband Image Coding," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, and Signal
Proc., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1446 - 1456, 1990.
[34] P. H. Westerink, "Subband coding of images," PhD thesis, Technische
Universiteit Delft, 1989.
[35] R. Vargic, I. Kotuliak, and V. Zeman, "Error concealment for JPEG2000
using wavelet transform," RTT2007, LiptovskÛ Ján, pp. 435-439, Sep.
10-12, 2007.
[1] J. M. Shapiro, "Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet
coefficients," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 41, no. 12,
pp. 3445-3462, 1993.
[2] M. Tamilarasi, and V. Palanisamy, "An Efficient Embedded Coding For
Medical Image Compression Using Contourlet Transform," European
Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 442-454, 2011.
[3] M. Antonini, M. Barlaud, P. Mathieu, and I. Daubechies, "Image coding
using wavelet transform," IEEE Transactions of Image Processing, vol.
1, no. 2, pp. 205-220, 1992.
[4] C. Chapman, S. Sanei, R. Dilmaghani, and F. Said, "Progressive
transmission of medical images using embedded Zerotree wavelet
encoding," Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Biomedical
Circuits and Systems (BioCAS -04), pp. S3.3-9-S3.3-12, 2004.
[5] R. S. Dilmaghani, A. Ahmadian, M. Ghavami, and A. H. Aghvami,
"Progressive medical image transmission and compression," IEEE
Signal Processing Letters, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 806-809, 2004.
[6] M. N. Wu, C. C. Lin, and C. C. Chang, "A fast wavelet-based image
progressive transmission method based on vector quantization," 1st
International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and
Control (ICICIC -06), vol. 2, pp. 677-680, Beijing, China, 2006.
[7] J. L. Lo, S. Sanei, and K. Nazarpour, "An Adaptive Source - Channel
Coding with Feedback for Progressive Transmission of Medical
Images," International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, vol.
2009, no. 519417, pp. 1 - 12, 2009.
[8] H-S. Kong, A. Vetro, T. Hata, and N. Kuwahara, "Fast Region-of-
Interest Transcoding for JPEG 2000 Images," IEEE International
Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), vol. 2, pp. 952-955, 2005.
[9] J. Oliver, and M. P. Malumbres, "An Implementation of the EZW
Algorithm," Universidad Jaume I (SNRFAI 2001), pp. 37-42, 2001.
[10] A. P. Bradley, and F. W. M. Stentiford, "JPEG 2000 and Region of
Interest Coding," Digital Image Computing Techniques and
Applications (DICTA), vol. 303-308, 2002.
[11] R. Arun, and D. Murugan, "Medical Image Compression Using Region
Growing Segmentation," International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, vol. 3, no. 8, 2012.
[12] Ch. Doukas, and I. Maglogiannis, "Adaptive Transmission of Medical
Image and Video Using Scalable Coding and Context-Aware Wireless
Medical Networks," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications
and Networking, vol. 2008, no. 428397, 2008.
[13] M. I. Iqbal, and H. J. Zepernick, "On Region of Interest Coding for
Wireless Imaging," International Conference on Signal Processing and
Communication Systems, Australia, 2007.
[14] Z. Wang, and A. C. Bovik, "Bitplane-by-Bitplane Shift (BbBShift) - A
Suggestion for JPEG2000 Region of Interest Image Coding," IEEE
Signal Processing Letters, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 160-162, May 2002.
[15] Z. Wang, S. Banerjee, B. L. Evans and A. C. Bovik, "Generalized
Bitplane-by-Bitplane Shift Method for JPEG2000 ROI Coding," IEEE
International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 81-84, Sep.
2002.
[16] L. Liu, and G. Fan, "A New JPEG 2000 Region-of-Interest Image
Coding Method: Partial Significant Bitplanes Shift," IEEE Signal
Processing Letters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35-38, Feb. 2003.
[17] L. Liu, and G. Fan, "A New Method for JPEG 2000 Region-of-Interest
Image Coding: Most Significant Bitplanes Shift," Processing of the 45th
IEEE Int. Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 176-
179, Aug. 2002.
[18] P. Poda, and A. Tamtaoui, "On the Enhancement of Unequal Error
Protection Performances in Images Transmission over Time-Varying
Channels," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and
Network Security, vol. 6, no. 9B, pp. 168-174, Sep. 2006.
[19] N. V. Deetzen, and W. Henkel, "Unequal error protection multilevel
codes and hierarchical modulation for multimedia transmission,"
Proceedings IEEE 2008 Int. Symp. Inform. Theory, ISIT 2008, pp. 2237-
2241, 2008.
[20] V. Stankovic, D. Saupe, and R. Hamzaoui, "Rate-distortion unequal
error protection for fractal image codes," ICIP, vol. 3, pp. 98-101, 2001.
[21] T. K. Moon, Error correction coding - Mathematical methods and
algorithm. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ch. 6.
[22] A. P. Bradley, "Can Region of Interest Coding Improve Overall
Perceived Image Quality," Proc. APRS Workshop on Digital Image
Computing, pp. 41-44, Feb. 2003.
[23] H. Lin, J. Si, and G. P. Abousleman, "Knowledge-Based Hierarchical
Region-of-Interest Detection.," IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech
and Signal Processing, vol. 4, pp. IV-3628-IV-3631, May 2002.
[24] X. C. Yin, C. P. Liu, and Z. Han, "Financial Document Image Coding
With Regions of Interest Using JPEG2000," Proc. Int. Conf. on
Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 96-100, 2005.
[25] V. S. Shingate, T. R. Sontakke, and S. N. Talbar, "Still Image
Compression using Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Encoding,"
International Journal of Computer Science & Communication, vol. 1,
no. 1, pp. 21-24, 2010.
[26] M. Tamilarasi, and V. Palanisamy, "Fuzzy Based Image Compression on
ROI using Optimized Directional Contourlet Transform," International
Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 217-221,
2009.
[27] Y. Yatawara, M. Caldera, T. M. Kusuma, and H.-J. Zepernick, "Unequal
Error Protection for ROI Coded Images over Fading Channels," Systems
Communications ICW-05, pp. 111-115, 2005.
[28] M. H. Le, and R. Liyana-Pathirana, "Unequal Error Protection Codes for
Wavelet Image Transmission over W-CDMA, AWGN and Rayleigh
Fading Channels," 10th International Conference on
Telecommunications (ICT 2003), vol. 2, pp. 1140 - 1146, 2003.
[29] B. Masnick, and J. Wolf, "On Linear Unequal Error Protection Codes,"
IEEE Trans, Inform, Theory, vol. IT-13, pp. 600 - 607, 1967.
[30] J. L. Lo, S. Sanei, and K. Nazarpour, "An Adaptive Source - Channel
Coding with Feedback for Progressive Transmission of Medical
Images," International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, vol.
2009, no. 519417, pp. 1 - 12, 2009.
[31] L. Liu, and G. A. Fan, "New JPEG 2000 Region-of-Interest Image
Coding Method: Partial Significant Bitplanes Shift," IEEE Signal
Processing Letters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 35-38, 2003.
[32] F. Idris, and F. Atef, "An Efficient Method for Region of Interest Coding
in JPEG 2000," 5th WSEAS International Conference on Signal
Processing, pp. 65-69, 2006.
[33] M. J. T. Smith, and S. L. Eddins, "Analysis/Synthesis Techniques for
Subband Image Coding," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, and Signal
Proc., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1446 - 1456, 1990.
[34] P. H. Westerink, "Subband coding of images," PhD thesis, Technische
Universiteit Delft, 1989.
[35] R. Vargic, I. Kotuliak, and V. Zeman, "Error concealment for JPEG2000
using wavelet transform," RTT2007, LiptovskÛ Ján, pp. 435-439, Sep.
10-12, 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:53102", author = "T. Hirner and J. Polec", title = "Unequal Error Protection of Facial Features for Personal ID Images Coding", abstract = "This paper presents an approach for an unequal error
protection of facial features of personal ID images coding. We
consider unequal error protection (UEP) strategies for the efficient
progressive transmission of embedded image codes over noisy
channels. This new method is based on the progressive image
compression embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm and UEP
technique with defined region of interest (ROI). In this case is ROI
equal facial features within personal ID image. ROI technique is
important in applications with different parts of importance. In ROI
coding, a chosen ROI is encoded with higher quality than the
background (BG). Unequal error protection of image is provided by
different coding techniques and encoding LL band separately. In our
proposed method, image is divided into two parts (ROI, BG) that
consist of more important bytes (MIB) and less important bytes
(LIB). The proposed unequal error protection of image transmission
has shown to be more appropriate to low bit rate applications,
producing better quality output for ROI of the compresses image.
The experimental results verify effectiveness of the design. The
results of our method demonstrate the comparison of the UEP of
image transmission with defined ROI with facial features and the
equal error protection (EEP) over additive white gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel.", keywords = "Embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW), equal error protection (EEP), facial features, personal ID images, region of interest (ROI), unequal error protection (UEP)", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "628-7", }
