Treatment of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent by Coagulation
The pulp and paper mill effluent is one of the high
polluting effluent amongst the effluents obtained from polluting
industries. All the available methods for treatment of pulp and paper
mill effluent have certain drawbacks. The coagulation is one of the
cheapest process for treatment of various organic effluents. Thus, the
removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour of paper mill
effluent is studied using coagulation process. The batch coagulation
process was performed using various coagulants like: aluminium
chloride, poly aluminium chloride and copper sulphate. The initial
pH of the effluent (Coagulation pH) has tremendous effect on COD
and colour removal. Poly aluminium chloride (PAC) as coagulant
reduced COD to 84 % and 92 % of colour was removed at an
optimum pH 5 and coagulant dose of 8 ml l-1. With aluminium
chloride at an optimum pH = 4 and coagulant dose of 5 g l-1, 74 %
COD and 86 % colour removal were observed. The results using
copper sulphate as coagulant (a less commercial coagulant) were
encouraging. At an optimum pH 6 and mass loading of 5 g l-1, 76 %
COD reduction and 78 % colour reduction were obtained. It was also
observed that after addition of coagulant, the pH of the effluent
decreases. The decrease in pH was highest for AlCl3, which was
followed by PAC and CuSO4. Significant amount of COD reductions
was obtained by coagulation process. Since the coagulation process
is the first stage for treatment of effluent and some of the coagulant
cations usually remain in the treated effluents. Thus, cation like
copper may be one of the good catalyst for second stage of treatment
process like wet oxidation. The copper has been found to be good
oxidation catalyst then iron and aluminum.
[1] N. M. Sakam, Industrial Effluents, Origin Characteristics, Effects
Analysis and Treatment, Sakthi Publications, India (1987).
[2] P. Holt, G. Barton, C. Mitchell, Electrocoagulation as wastewater
treatment, The Third Annual Australian Environmental Engineering
Research Event. 23-26 November, Castlemaine, Victoria (1999).
[3] D. W. Francis, P. A. Turner, J. T. Wearing, AOX reduction of kraft
bleach plant effluent by chemical pretreatment ´Ç¡ Pilot-scale trials. Water
Res. 31, (1997), 2397.
[4] C. W. Bryant, G. L. Amy, B. C. Alleman, Lagoons, ponds, and aerobic
digestion, J. Water Pollut.Control Fed 60, (1988), 828-831.
[5] J. A. Rintala, S. S. Lepisto, Anaerobic treatment of thermomechanical
pulping whitewater at 35-70 oC. Water Res. 26, (1992), 1297.
[6] A. Schnell, P. Steell, H. Melcer, J. H. Carey, P. V. Hodson, Enhanced
biological treatment of bleached kraft mill effluent - I Removal of
chlorinated organic compound and toxicity. Water Res. 34, (2000), 493.
[7] F. Cecen, W. Urban, R. Haberl, Biological and advanced treatment of
sulphate pulp bleaching effluent. Water Sci Technol. 26, (1992), 435-
444.
[8] D. Liverniche, L. Jurasek, M. Desrochers, J. Dorica, Removal of colour
from kraft mill wastewaters with cultures of white rot fungi and with
immobilized mycelium of coriolus versicolor. J Biotechnol & Bioen. 25,
(1983), 2055-2065.
[9] F. Archibald, L. Roy-Arcand, Photo degradation of high molecular
weight kraft bleachery effluent organochlorine and colour. Water Res.
29, (1995), 661.
[10] Stephenson RJ and Duff SJB, Coagulation and precipitation of a
mechanical pulping effluent - I. Removal of carbon, colour and
turbidity. Wat Res. 30: 781-792 (1996).
[11] Dilek FB and Gök├ºay CF, Treatment of effluents from hemp-based pulp
and paper industry. I Waste characterization and physico-chemical
treatability. Wat. Sc. Tech .29: 161-163 (1994).
[12] Srivastava VC, Mall ID and Mishra IM, Treatment of pulp and paper
mill wastewater with polyaluminium chloride and bagasse fly ash.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Engg. Aspects 260: 17-28
(2005).
[13] Garg A, Mishra IM and Chand S, Thermochemical precipitation as a
pretreatment step for the chemical oxygen demand and colour removal
from pulp and paper mill effluent. Ind Eng Chem Res. 44: 2016-2026
(2005).
[14] Dilek FB and Bese S, Treatment of pulping effluents by using alum and
clay-Color removal and sludge characteristics. Water SA 27: 361-366
(2001).
[15] APHA in; Clesceri L, Greenberg AE and Trussell RR (Eds.), Standard
Methods for Water and Waste Water Examination. 17th ed., New York,
1989.
[16] Dentel SK and Gossett, JM, Mechanisms of coagulation with aluminium
salts. J. Am. Wat. Wks. Assoc. 80: 187-198 (1988).
[17] Ching HW., Tanaka, TS and Elimelech M., Dynamics of coagulation of
kaolin particles with ferric chloride. Water Res. 28(3): 559-569 (1994).
[18] Randatke, SJ, Organic contaminant removal by coagulation and related
process combinations. J. Am. Wat. Wks. Assoc. 80(5): 40-56 (1988).
[19] Licsko I., Dissolved organics removal by solid-liquid phase separation
(adsorption and coagulation). Water Sci. Technol. 27: 245-248 (1993).
[20] Stumm W and Morgan JJ, Chemical aspects of coagulation, J. Am. Wat.
Wks. Assoc. 54, 971-994 (1962).
[21] Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 4, 4th ed.,
John Wiley: New York, 1993.
[22] Jekel MR, Interaction of humic acids and aluminium salts in the
flocculation process. Water Res. 20: 1535-1542 (1986).
[23] Chaudhari PK, Mishra, IM and Chand S, Treatment of biodigester
effluent with energy recovery using various inorganic flocculant.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Engg. Aspects., 296: 238-247
(2007).
[24] Genovese CV and Gonzalez JF, Solids removal by coagulation from
fisheries wastewaters. Water SA 24: 371-372 (1998).
[1] N. M. Sakam, Industrial Effluents, Origin Characteristics, Effects
Analysis and Treatment, Sakthi Publications, India (1987).
[2] P. Holt, G. Barton, C. Mitchell, Electrocoagulation as wastewater
treatment, The Third Annual Australian Environmental Engineering
Research Event. 23-26 November, Castlemaine, Victoria (1999).
[3] D. W. Francis, P. A. Turner, J. T. Wearing, AOX reduction of kraft
bleach plant effluent by chemical pretreatment ´Ç¡ Pilot-scale trials. Water
Res. 31, (1997), 2397.
[4] C. W. Bryant, G. L. Amy, B. C. Alleman, Lagoons, ponds, and aerobic
digestion, J. Water Pollut.Control Fed 60, (1988), 828-831.
[5] J. A. Rintala, S. S. Lepisto, Anaerobic treatment of thermomechanical
pulping whitewater at 35-70 oC. Water Res. 26, (1992), 1297.
[6] A. Schnell, P. Steell, H. Melcer, J. H. Carey, P. V. Hodson, Enhanced
biological treatment of bleached kraft mill effluent - I Removal of
chlorinated organic compound and toxicity. Water Res. 34, (2000), 493.
[7] F. Cecen, W. Urban, R. Haberl, Biological and advanced treatment of
sulphate pulp bleaching effluent. Water Sci Technol. 26, (1992), 435-
444.
[8] D. Liverniche, L. Jurasek, M. Desrochers, J. Dorica, Removal of colour
from kraft mill wastewaters with cultures of white rot fungi and with
immobilized mycelium of coriolus versicolor. J Biotechnol & Bioen. 25,
(1983), 2055-2065.
[9] F. Archibald, L. Roy-Arcand, Photo degradation of high molecular
weight kraft bleachery effluent organochlorine and colour. Water Res.
29, (1995), 661.
[10] Stephenson RJ and Duff SJB, Coagulation and precipitation of a
mechanical pulping effluent - I. Removal of carbon, colour and
turbidity. Wat Res. 30: 781-792 (1996).
[11] Dilek FB and Gök├ºay CF, Treatment of effluents from hemp-based pulp
and paper industry. I Waste characterization and physico-chemical
treatability. Wat. Sc. Tech .29: 161-163 (1994).
[12] Srivastava VC, Mall ID and Mishra IM, Treatment of pulp and paper
mill wastewater with polyaluminium chloride and bagasse fly ash.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Engg. Aspects 260: 17-28
(2005).
[13] Garg A, Mishra IM and Chand S, Thermochemical precipitation as a
pretreatment step for the chemical oxygen demand and colour removal
from pulp and paper mill effluent. Ind Eng Chem Res. 44: 2016-2026
(2005).
[14] Dilek FB and Bese S, Treatment of pulping effluents by using alum and
clay-Color removal and sludge characteristics. Water SA 27: 361-366
(2001).
[15] APHA in; Clesceri L, Greenberg AE and Trussell RR (Eds.), Standard
Methods for Water and Waste Water Examination. 17th ed., New York,
1989.
[16] Dentel SK and Gossett, JM, Mechanisms of coagulation with aluminium
salts. J. Am. Wat. Wks. Assoc. 80: 187-198 (1988).
[17] Ching HW., Tanaka, TS and Elimelech M., Dynamics of coagulation of
kaolin particles with ferric chloride. Water Res. 28(3): 559-569 (1994).
[18] Randatke, SJ, Organic contaminant removal by coagulation and related
process combinations. J. Am. Wat. Wks. Assoc. 80(5): 40-56 (1988).
[19] Licsko I., Dissolved organics removal by solid-liquid phase separation
(adsorption and coagulation). Water Sci. Technol. 27: 245-248 (1993).
[20] Stumm W and Morgan JJ, Chemical aspects of coagulation, J. Am. Wat.
Wks. Assoc. 54, 971-994 (1962).
[21] Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 4, 4th ed.,
John Wiley: New York, 1993.
[22] Jekel MR, Interaction of humic acids and aluminium salts in the
flocculation process. Water Res. 20: 1535-1542 (1986).
[23] Chaudhari PK, Mishra, IM and Chand S, Treatment of biodigester
effluent with energy recovery using various inorganic flocculant.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Engg. Aspects., 296: 238-247
(2007).
[24] Genovese CV and Gonzalez JF, Solids removal by coagulation from
fisheries wastewaters. Water SA 24: 371-372 (1998).
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:62299", author = "Pradeep Kumar and Tjoon Tow Teng and Shri Chand and Kailas L. Wasewar", title = "Treatment of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent by Coagulation", abstract = "The pulp and paper mill effluent is one of the high
polluting effluent amongst the effluents obtained from polluting
industries. All the available methods for treatment of pulp and paper
mill effluent have certain drawbacks. The coagulation is one of the
cheapest process for treatment of various organic effluents. Thus, the
removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour of paper mill
effluent is studied using coagulation process. The batch coagulation
process was performed using various coagulants like: aluminium
chloride, poly aluminium chloride and copper sulphate. The initial
pH of the effluent (Coagulation pH) has tremendous effect on COD
and colour removal. Poly aluminium chloride (PAC) as coagulant
reduced COD to 84 % and 92 % of colour was removed at an
optimum pH 5 and coagulant dose of 8 ml l-1. With aluminium
chloride at an optimum pH = 4 and coagulant dose of 5 g l-1, 74 %
COD and 86 % colour removal were observed. The results using
copper sulphate as coagulant (a less commercial coagulant) were
encouraging. At an optimum pH 6 and mass loading of 5 g l-1, 76 %
COD reduction and 78 % colour reduction were obtained. It was also
observed that after addition of coagulant, the pH of the effluent
decreases. The decrease in pH was highest for AlCl3, which was
followed by PAC and CuSO4. Significant amount of COD reductions
was obtained by coagulation process. Since the coagulation process
is the first stage for treatment of effluent and some of the coagulant
cations usually remain in the treated effluents. Thus, cation like
copper may be one of the good catalyst for second stage of treatment
process like wet oxidation. The copper has been found to be good
oxidation catalyst then iron and aluminum.", keywords = "Aluminium based coagulants, Coagulation, Copper,PAC, Pulp and paper mill effluent, Wastewater treatment", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "738-6", }