Transesterification of Jojoba Oil-Wax Using Microwave Technique
Jojoba oil-wax is extracted from the seeds of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider), a perennial shrub that grows in semi desert areas in Egypt and in some parts of the world. The main uses of jojoba oil-wax are in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, but new uses could arise related to the search of new energetic crops. This paper summarizes a process to convert the jojoba oil-wax to biodiesel by transesterification with ethanol and a series of aliphatic alcohols using a more economic and energy saving method in a domestic microwave. The effect of time and power of the microwave on the extent of the transesterification using ethanol and other aliphatic alcohols has been studied. The separation of the alkyl esters from the fatty alcohols rich fraction has been done in a single crystallization step at low temperature (−18°C) from low boiling point petroleum ether. Gas chromatography has been used to follow up the transesterification process. All products have been characterized by spectral analysis.
[1] Singh SP, Singh D. Biodiesel production through the use of different
sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of
diesel: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010; 14:
200–216
[2] Ma F, Clement LD, Hanna MA. The effect of mixing on
transesterification of beef tallow. BioresourTechnol 1999;69: 289–93.
[3] Ratledge, Boulton CA. Fats and oils. In: Moo Young M., Blanch HN,
Dream S, Wang DIC, editors, Comparative Biotechnology in industry,
agriculture and medicine, vol. 3. New York: Pergamon Press; 1985, p.
983–1003.
[4] Lee I, Johnson LA, Hammond EG. Use of branched-chain esters to
reduce the crystallization temperature of Biodiesel. J Am Oil ChemSoc
1995; 72: 1155–60.
[5] European Committee for Standarisation (DIN). Automotive fuels. Fatty
acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines. Requirements and test
methods. European Standard EN 14214; 2003.
[6] Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ, Navarro A.
Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and
tallow. Biomass and Bioenergy 2000; 18: 515–27.
[7] Freedman B, Butterfield RO, Pryde EH. Transesterification kinetics of
soybean oil. J Am Oil ChemSoc 1986; 63(10):1375–80.
[8] Noureddini H, Zhu D. Kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil. J
Am Oil ChemSoc 1997; 74: 1457–63.
[9] Antolın G, Tinaut FV, Briceno Y, Castano V, Perez C, Ramırez AI.
Optimization of Biodiesel production by sunflower oil
transesterification. BioresourTechnol 2002; 83(2): 111–4.
[10] Mohamed M, Soumanoua B, Uwe T, Bornscheuer A. Improvement in
lipasecatalyzed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from sunflower oil.
Enzyme MicrobTechnol 2003; 33: 97–103.
[11] Darnoko D, Cheryan M. Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a
batch reactor. J Am Oil ChemSoc 2000; 77(12): 1263–7.
[12] Kusdiana D, Saka S. Kinetics of transestrification in rapseed oil to
biodiesel fuel as tested in supercritical methanol. Fuel 2001; 80: 693–5.
[13] Zou L, Atkinson S. Characterizing vehicle emissions from the burning
of biodiesel made from vegetable oil. Environ Technol 2003; 24: 1253.
[14] Kose O, Tuter M, Aksoy HA. Immobilized candida antarctica lipasecatalyzed
alcoholysis of cotton seed oil in a solvent-free medium.
BioresourTechnol 2002; 83:125–9.
[15] Foidl N, Foidl G, Sanchez M, Mittelbach M, Hackel S. Jatropha curcas
L. as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua.
BioresourTechnol 1996; 58: 77–82.
[16] LaureanoCanoira_, Ramo´ n Alca´ ntara, M% a Jesu´ s Garcı´a-
Martı´nez, Jesu´ s Carrasco. Biodiesel from Jojoba oil-wax:
Transesterification with methanol and properties as a fuel. Biomass and
Bioenergy 2006; 30: 76–81.
[17] He Y, Bao YD. Study on cottonseed oil as a partial substitute for diesel
oil in fuel for single-cylinder diesel engine. Renew Energ 2005;30:805–
13.
[18] Mustafa C, Ahmet E, Erol A. Performance and exhaust emissions of a
biodiesel engine. ApplEnerg 2006;83:594–605.
[19] Radwan MS, Ismail MA, Elfeky SMS, Abu-Elyazeed OSM. Jojoba
methyl ester as a diesel fuel substitute: preparation and characterization.
ApplThermEng 2007;27:314–22.
[20] Selim MYE, Radwan MS, Saleh HE. Performance of dual fuel engine
running on jojoba oil as pilot fuel and CNG or LPG. In: Summer heat
transfer conference. Canada: ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering; 2007.
[21] Ejim CE, Fleck BA, Amirfazli A. Analytical study for atomization of
biodiesels and their blends in a typical injector: surface tension and
viscosity effects. Fuel 2007;86:1534–44
[22] Busson-Breysse J, Farines M, Soulier J. Jojoba wax: its esters and some
of its minor components. J Am Oil ChemSoc 1994; 71(9): 999–1001.
[23] Canoira L, Alca′ntara R, García-Martínez MJ, Carrasco J. Biodiesel
from jojoba oil-wax: transesterification with methanol and properties as
a fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 2006; 30: 76–81.
[24] Hamilton R J, Raie M Y. Structure of the Alcohols Derived From Wax
Esters in Jojoba Oil. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 1975; 14: 92-96
[25] Shani A, Lurie P. Synthesis of jojobamide and homojojobamide. J Am
Oil ChemSoc 1980; 112–4.
[26] Al-Widyan, A. Mu’taz, Al-Muhtaseb, Energy Conversion and
Management 51, 1702 (2010).
[27] Silverstein R. M. Clayton Bassler G. Morrill T. C.Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley, Fifth Ed. (1991).
[28] D. Groffe, P. Groffe, S. Takhar, Petroleum Science And Technology
19(2001) 205
[29] Al-Sabagh A. M. NoorEl-Din M. R. Morsi R. E. Elsabee M Z. Oil
Soluble Styrene- Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Derivatives and Their
Flow Improver Properties of Waxy Crude Oil. J Petroleum Science and
Engineering 65 (200).
[1] Singh SP, Singh D. Biodiesel production through the use of different
sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of
diesel: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010; 14:
200–216
[2] Ma F, Clement LD, Hanna MA. The effect of mixing on
transesterification of beef tallow. BioresourTechnol 1999;69: 289–93.
[3] Ratledge, Boulton CA. Fats and oils. In: Moo Young M., Blanch HN,
Dream S, Wang DIC, editors, Comparative Biotechnology in industry,
agriculture and medicine, vol. 3. New York: Pergamon Press; 1985, p.
983–1003.
[4] Lee I, Johnson LA, Hammond EG. Use of branched-chain esters to
reduce the crystallization temperature of Biodiesel. J Am Oil ChemSoc
1995; 72: 1155–60.
[5] European Committee for Standarisation (DIN). Automotive fuels. Fatty
acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines. Requirements and test
methods. European Standard EN 14214; 2003.
[6] Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ, Navarro A.
Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and
tallow. Biomass and Bioenergy 2000; 18: 515–27.
[7] Freedman B, Butterfield RO, Pryde EH. Transesterification kinetics of
soybean oil. J Am Oil ChemSoc 1986; 63(10):1375–80.
[8] Noureddini H, Zhu D. Kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil. J
Am Oil ChemSoc 1997; 74: 1457–63.
[9] Antolın G, Tinaut FV, Briceno Y, Castano V, Perez C, Ramırez AI.
Optimization of Biodiesel production by sunflower oil
transesterification. BioresourTechnol 2002; 83(2): 111–4.
[10] Mohamed M, Soumanoua B, Uwe T, Bornscheuer A. Improvement in
lipasecatalyzed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from sunflower oil.
Enzyme MicrobTechnol 2003; 33: 97–103.
[11] Darnoko D, Cheryan M. Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a
batch reactor. J Am Oil ChemSoc 2000; 77(12): 1263–7.
[12] Kusdiana D, Saka S. Kinetics of transestrification in rapseed oil to
biodiesel fuel as tested in supercritical methanol. Fuel 2001; 80: 693–5.
[13] Zou L, Atkinson S. Characterizing vehicle emissions from the burning
of biodiesel made from vegetable oil. Environ Technol 2003; 24: 1253.
[14] Kose O, Tuter M, Aksoy HA. Immobilized candida antarctica lipasecatalyzed
alcoholysis of cotton seed oil in a solvent-free medium.
BioresourTechnol 2002; 83:125–9.
[15] Foidl N, Foidl G, Sanchez M, Mittelbach M, Hackel S. Jatropha curcas
L. as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua.
BioresourTechnol 1996; 58: 77–82.
[16] LaureanoCanoira_, Ramo´ n Alca´ ntara, M% a Jesu´ s Garcı´a-
Martı´nez, Jesu´ s Carrasco. Biodiesel from Jojoba oil-wax:
Transesterification with methanol and properties as a fuel. Biomass and
Bioenergy 2006; 30: 76–81.
[17] He Y, Bao YD. Study on cottonseed oil as a partial substitute for diesel
oil in fuel for single-cylinder diesel engine. Renew Energ 2005;30:805–
13.
[18] Mustafa C, Ahmet E, Erol A. Performance and exhaust emissions of a
biodiesel engine. ApplEnerg 2006;83:594–605.
[19] Radwan MS, Ismail MA, Elfeky SMS, Abu-Elyazeed OSM. Jojoba
methyl ester as a diesel fuel substitute: preparation and characterization.
ApplThermEng 2007;27:314–22.
[20] Selim MYE, Radwan MS, Saleh HE. Performance of dual fuel engine
running on jojoba oil as pilot fuel and CNG or LPG. In: Summer heat
transfer conference. Canada: ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering; 2007.
[21] Ejim CE, Fleck BA, Amirfazli A. Analytical study for atomization of
biodiesels and their blends in a typical injector: surface tension and
viscosity effects. Fuel 2007;86:1534–44
[22] Busson-Breysse J, Farines M, Soulier J. Jojoba wax: its esters and some
of its minor components. J Am Oil ChemSoc 1994; 71(9): 999–1001.
[23] Canoira L, Alca′ntara R, García-Martínez MJ, Carrasco J. Biodiesel
from jojoba oil-wax: transesterification with methanol and properties as
a fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 2006; 30: 76–81.
[24] Hamilton R J, Raie M Y. Structure of the Alcohols Derived From Wax
Esters in Jojoba Oil. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 1975; 14: 92-96
[25] Shani A, Lurie P. Synthesis of jojobamide and homojojobamide. J Am
Oil ChemSoc 1980; 112–4.
[26] Al-Widyan, A. Mu’taz, Al-Muhtaseb, Energy Conversion and
Management 51, 1702 (2010).
[27] Silverstein R. M. Clayton Bassler G. Morrill T. C.Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley, Fifth Ed. (1991).
[28] D. Groffe, P. Groffe, S. Takhar, Petroleum Science And Technology
19(2001) 205
[29] Al-Sabagh A. M. NoorEl-Din M. R. Morsi R. E. Elsabee M Z. Oil
Soluble Styrene- Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Derivatives and Their
Flow Improver Properties of Waxy Crude Oil. J Petroleum Science and
Engineering 65 (200).
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:67139", author = "Labiba I. Hussein and Maher Z. Elsabee and Eid A. Ismail and Hala F. Naguib and Hilda A. Aziz and Moataz A. Elsawy", title = "Transesterification of Jojoba Oil-Wax Using Microwave Technique", abstract = "Jojoba oil-wax is extracted from the seeds of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider), a perennial shrub that grows in semi desert areas in Egypt and in some parts of the world. The main uses of jojoba oil-wax are in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, but new uses could arise related to the search of new energetic crops. This paper summarizes a process to convert the jojoba oil-wax to biodiesel by transesterification with ethanol and a series of aliphatic alcohols using a more economic and energy saving method in a domestic microwave. The effect of time and power of the microwave on the extent of the transesterification using ethanol and other aliphatic alcohols has been studied. The separation of the alkyl esters from the fatty alcohols rich fraction has been done in a single crystallization step at low temperature (−18°C) from low boiling point petroleum ether. Gas chromatography has been used to follow up the transesterification process. All products have been characterized by spectral analysis.
", keywords = "Jojoba oil, transesterification, microwave, gas chromatography jojoba esters, Jojoba alcohol.", volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "291-5", }
