Torrefaction of Malaysian Palm Kernel Shell into Value-Added Solid Fuels
This project aims to investigate the potential of
torrefaction to improve the properties of Malaysian palm kernel shell
(PKS) as a solid fuel. A study towards torrefaction of PKS was
performed under various temperature and residence time of 240, 260,
and 280oC and 30, 60, and 90 minutes respectively. The torrefied
PKS was characterized in terms of the mass yield, energy yield,
elemental composition analysis, calorific value analysis, moisture and
volatile matter contents, and ash and fixed carbon contents. The mass
and energy yield changes in the torrefied PKS were observed to
prove that the temperature has more effect compare to residence time
in the torrefaction process. The C content of PKS increases while H
and O contents decrease after torrefaction, which resulted in higher
heating value between 5 to 16%. Meanwhile, torrefaction caused the
ash and fixed carbon content of PKS to increase, and the moisture
and volatile matter to decrease.
[1] L. Nunez, J. A. Rodriguez, J.Proupin, A. Vilanova, and N. Montero,
"Determination of calorific values of forest waste biomass by static
bomb calorimetry," Thermochimica Acta 371, pp. 23-31, 2001.
[2] C-S. Chou, S-H. Lin, C-C.Peng, and W-C. Lu, "The optimum
conditions for preparing solid fuel briquette of rice straw by a pistonmold
process using the Taguchi method," Fuel Processing Technology
90, pp. 1041-1046, 2009.
[3] S. Mekhilef, R. Saidur, A. Safari, and W.E.S.B. Mustaffa, "Biomass
energy in Malaysia: Current state and prospects," Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, pp. 3360- 3370, 2011.
[4] P. McKendry, "Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of
biomass," Bioresource Technology 83, pp. 37-46, 2002.
[5] M.N. Nimlos, E. Brooking. M.J. Looker, and R.J. Evans, "Biomass
torrefaction studied with a molecular beam mass spectrometer," Div.
Fuel Chem. 590, 2003.
[6] P.C.A. Bergman, A.R. Boersma, R.W.R. Zwart, and J.H.A. Kiel,
"Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power
stations," Energy Research Center of Netherand (ECN), 2005
[7] T.G. Bridgeman, J.M. Jones, I. Shield, and P.T. Williams, "Torrefaction
of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel
qualities and combustion properties," Fuel 87, pp. 844-856, 2008.
[8] A. Pimchuai, A. Dutta, and P. Basu, "Torrefaction of Agriculture
Residue to Enhance Combustible Properties," energy & fuels article,
2010.
[9] A.V. Bridgwater, "Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal
processing of biomass," Chemical Engineering Journal 91, pp. 87-102,
2003.
[10] P.C.A. Bergman and J.H.A. Kiel, "Torrefaction for biomass upgrading,"
14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 2005.
[11] T.M.I. Mahlia, M.Z. Abdulmuin, T.M.I. Alamsyah, and D. Mukhlishien,
"An alternative energy source from palm wastes industry for Malaysia
and Indonesia," Energy Conversion and Management 42, pp. 2109-
2118, 2001.
[12] M.B. Wahid, "Renewable Resources from Oil Palm for Production of
Biofuel," International Conference on Biofuels, pp. 163-169, 2007.
[13] S. Yusup, M.T. Arpin, Y. Uemura, A. Ramli, and L. Ismail, "Review on
agricultural biomass utilization as energy source in Malaysia,"
Proceedings for 16th ASEAN Regional Symposium on Chemical
Engineering, (RSCE-09), Manila, pp. 86-89, 2009.
[14] P. Gevers, G.Ramaekers, A.Frehen, M.Sijbinga, E. van Steen, J.Sturms,
and I.B.Taks, "Green energy, from wood or torrefied wood," University
of Technology Eindhoven, 2002.
[15] Y. Uemura, W. Omar, T. Tsutsui, D. Subbarao, and S. Yusup,
"Relationship between Calorific Value and Elementary Composition of
Torrefied Lignocellulosic Biomass," Journal of Applied Science 10, pp.
3250-3256, 2010.
[16] H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D.H. Lee, D.T. Liang, and C. Zheng,
"Mechanism of Palm Oil Waste Pyrolysis in a Packed Bed," Energy and
Fuels 20, pp. 1321-1328, 2006.
[17] M.J. Prins, K.J. Ptasinski, and F.J.J.G. Janssen, "Torrefaction of wood
Part 2. Analysis of products," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 77, pp. 35-40,
2006.
[1] L. Nunez, J. A. Rodriguez, J.Proupin, A. Vilanova, and N. Montero,
"Determination of calorific values of forest waste biomass by static
bomb calorimetry," Thermochimica Acta 371, pp. 23-31, 2001.
[2] C-S. Chou, S-H. Lin, C-C.Peng, and W-C. Lu, "The optimum
conditions for preparing solid fuel briquette of rice straw by a pistonmold
process using the Taguchi method," Fuel Processing Technology
90, pp. 1041-1046, 2009.
[3] S. Mekhilef, R. Saidur, A. Safari, and W.E.S.B. Mustaffa, "Biomass
energy in Malaysia: Current state and prospects," Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, pp. 3360- 3370, 2011.
[4] P. McKendry, "Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of
biomass," Bioresource Technology 83, pp. 37-46, 2002.
[5] M.N. Nimlos, E. Brooking. M.J. Looker, and R.J. Evans, "Biomass
torrefaction studied with a molecular beam mass spectrometer," Div.
Fuel Chem. 590, 2003.
[6] P.C.A. Bergman, A.R. Boersma, R.W.R. Zwart, and J.H.A. Kiel,
"Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power
stations," Energy Research Center of Netherand (ECN), 2005
[7] T.G. Bridgeman, J.M. Jones, I. Shield, and P.T. Williams, "Torrefaction
of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel
qualities and combustion properties," Fuel 87, pp. 844-856, 2008.
[8] A. Pimchuai, A. Dutta, and P. Basu, "Torrefaction of Agriculture
Residue to Enhance Combustible Properties," energy & fuels article,
2010.
[9] A.V. Bridgwater, "Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal
processing of biomass," Chemical Engineering Journal 91, pp. 87-102,
2003.
[10] P.C.A. Bergman and J.H.A. Kiel, "Torrefaction for biomass upgrading,"
14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 2005.
[11] T.M.I. Mahlia, M.Z. Abdulmuin, T.M.I. Alamsyah, and D. Mukhlishien,
"An alternative energy source from palm wastes industry for Malaysia
and Indonesia," Energy Conversion and Management 42, pp. 2109-
2118, 2001.
[12] M.B. Wahid, "Renewable Resources from Oil Palm for Production of
Biofuel," International Conference on Biofuels, pp. 163-169, 2007.
[13] S. Yusup, M.T. Arpin, Y. Uemura, A. Ramli, and L. Ismail, "Review on
agricultural biomass utilization as energy source in Malaysia,"
Proceedings for 16th ASEAN Regional Symposium on Chemical
Engineering, (RSCE-09), Manila, pp. 86-89, 2009.
[14] P. Gevers, G.Ramaekers, A.Frehen, M.Sijbinga, E. van Steen, J.Sturms,
and I.B.Taks, "Green energy, from wood or torrefied wood," University
of Technology Eindhoven, 2002.
[15] Y. Uemura, W. Omar, T. Tsutsui, D. Subbarao, and S. Yusup,
"Relationship between Calorific Value and Elementary Composition of
Torrefied Lignocellulosic Biomass," Journal of Applied Science 10, pp.
3250-3256, 2010.
[16] H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D.H. Lee, D.T. Liang, and C. Zheng,
"Mechanism of Palm Oil Waste Pyrolysis in a Packed Bed," Energy and
Fuels 20, pp. 1321-1328, 2006.
[17] M.J. Prins, K.J. Ptasinski, and F.J.J.G. Janssen, "Torrefaction of wood
Part 2. Analysis of products," J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 77, pp. 35-40,
2006.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:63837", author = "Amin A. Jaafar and Murni M. Ahmad", title = "Torrefaction of Malaysian Palm Kernel Shell into Value-Added Solid Fuels", abstract = "This project aims to investigate the potential of
torrefaction to improve the properties of Malaysian palm kernel shell
(PKS) as a solid fuel. A study towards torrefaction of PKS was
performed under various temperature and residence time of 240, 260,
and 280oC and 30, 60, and 90 minutes respectively. The torrefied
PKS was characterized in terms of the mass yield, energy yield,
elemental composition analysis, calorific value analysis, moisture and
volatile matter contents, and ash and fixed carbon contents. The mass
and energy yield changes in the torrefied PKS were observed to
prove that the temperature has more effect compare to residence time
in the torrefaction process. The C content of PKS increases while H
and O contents decrease after torrefaction, which resulted in higher
heating value between 5 to 16%. Meanwhile, torrefaction caused the
ash and fixed carbon content of PKS to increase, and the moisture
and volatile matter to decrease.", keywords = "biomass, palm kernel shell, pretreatment, solid fuel,
torrefaction", volume = "5", number = "12", pages = "1135-4", }
