Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and their Correlations in Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently characterized by
autonomic nervous dysfunction. Analysis of heart rate variability
(HRV) has become a popular noninvasive tool for assessing the
activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this paper, changes
in ANS activity are quantified by means of frequency and time
domain analysis of R-R interval variability. Electrocardiograms
(ECG) of 16 patients suffering from DM and of 16 healthy volunteers
were recorded. Frequency domain analysis of extracted normal to
normal interval (NN interval) data indicates significant difference in
very low frequency (VLF) power, low frequency (LF) power and
high frequency (HF) power, between the DM patients and control
group. Time domain measures, standard deviation of NN interval
(SDNN), root mean square of successive NN interval differences
(RMSSD), successive NN intervals differing more than 50 ms (NN50
Count), percentage value of NN50 count (pNN50), HRV triangular
index and triangular interpolation of NN intervals (TINN) also show
significant difference between the DM patients and control group.
[1] T. C. Huang, D. Ramaekers, J. Lin, H. Ector, H. De Geest and A. E.
Aubert, "Analysis of Heart Rate Variability using Power Spectral
Analysis and Nonlinear Dynamics", IEEE J. Computers in Cardiology,
1994, pp. 569-572.
[2] Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North
American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, "Heart Rate
Variability - Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and
clinical use", European Heart Journal, 17, 1996, pp. 354-381.
[3] J. Sztajzel, "Heart rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic
method to measure the autonomic nervous system", Swiss Med Wkly,
134, 2004, pp. 514-522.
[4] Jeffrey J. Goldberger, "Sympathovagal balance: how should we measure
it?" Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 4), 1999, pp. H1273-
H1280.
[5] Awdah Al-Hazimi, Nabil Al-Ama, Ahmad Syiamic, Reem Qosti, and
Khidir Abdel-Galil, "Time domain analysis of heart rate variability in
diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy," Annals of
Saudi Medicine, 22 (5-6), 2002, pp. 400-402.
[6] O. May, H. Arildsen and M. Moller, "Parasympathetic function during
deep breathing in the general population: relation to coronary risk
factors and normal range," Journal of Internal Medicine, 245, 1999, pp.
287-294.
[7] Phyllis K. Stein, Heart Rate Variability in Heart Failure and Sudden
Death, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, HRV
2006, pp. 39-40.
[8] P. J. Geevarghese, A. K. Abraham and Annie. P. A, A Hand - Book for
Diabetics, P. J. Geevarghese, 8th edition, Cochin, Kerala, India, 1999,
pp. 8-9.
[9] Nathan D. M, Cleary P. A, Backlund J. Y, Genuth S. M, Lachin J. M,
Orchard T. J, and Raskin P. Zinman B, "Diabetes Control and
Complications Trial / Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
Complications (DCCT/EDIC)," Study Research Group, Intensive
diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1
diabetes, N. Engl J. Med, 353, 2005, pp. 2643-53.
[10] The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, "The
effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression
of neuropathy," Ann. Intern. Med. 1995, 122, pp. 561-568.
[11] Weiss J, and Sumpio B, "Review of prevalence and outcome of vascular
disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.", Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc.
Surg. 31 (2), 2006, pp. 143-50.
[12] Emily B. Schroeder, Lloyd E. Chambless, Duanping Liao, Ronald J.
Prineas, Gregory W. Evans, Wayne D. Rosamond, and Gerardo Heiss,
"Diabetes, Glucose, Insulin, and Heart Rate Variability," Diabetes Care,
Volume 28, Number 3, March 2005, pp. 668-674.
[13] Akihito Uehara, Chinori Kurata, Toshihiko Sugi, Tadashi Mikami, and
Sakae Shouda, "Diabetic cardiac autonomic dysfunction:
parasympathetic versus sympathetic," Annals of Nuclear Medicine, 13
(2), 1999, pp. 95-100.
[14] P. Cugini, M. Curione, C. Cammarota, F. Bernardini, D. Cipriani, R. De
Rosa, P. Francia, T. De Laurentis, E. De Marco, A. Napoli, and F.
Falluca, "Is a Reduced Entropy in Heart Rate Variability an Early
Finding of Silent Cardiac Neurovegitative Dysautonomia in Type 2
Diabetic Mellitus ?," Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology, 4 (4),
2001, pp. 289-294.
[15] Herbert Jelinek, Allyson Flynn, and Paul Warner, "Automated
assessment of cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes in rural
and remote health care practice," The national SARRAH conference,
2004, pp. 1-7.
[16] Lijun Tian, and Willis J. Tompkins, "Time domain based algorithm for
detection of Ventricular Fibrillation," IEEE Proceedings, 19th
international conference, Nov. 1997, pp. 374-377.
[1] T. C. Huang, D. Ramaekers, J. Lin, H. Ector, H. De Geest and A. E.
Aubert, "Analysis of Heart Rate Variability using Power Spectral
Analysis and Nonlinear Dynamics", IEEE J. Computers in Cardiology,
1994, pp. 569-572.
[2] Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North
American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, "Heart Rate
Variability - Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and
clinical use", European Heart Journal, 17, 1996, pp. 354-381.
[3] J. Sztajzel, "Heart rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic
method to measure the autonomic nervous system", Swiss Med Wkly,
134, 2004, pp. 514-522.
[4] Jeffrey J. Goldberger, "Sympathovagal balance: how should we measure
it?" Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 4), 1999, pp. H1273-
H1280.
[5] Awdah Al-Hazimi, Nabil Al-Ama, Ahmad Syiamic, Reem Qosti, and
Khidir Abdel-Galil, "Time domain analysis of heart rate variability in
diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy," Annals of
Saudi Medicine, 22 (5-6), 2002, pp. 400-402.
[6] O. May, H. Arildsen and M. Moller, "Parasympathetic function during
deep breathing in the general population: relation to coronary risk
factors and normal range," Journal of Internal Medicine, 245, 1999, pp.
287-294.
[7] Phyllis K. Stein, Heart Rate Variability in Heart Failure and Sudden
Death, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, HRV
2006, pp. 39-40.
[8] P. J. Geevarghese, A. K. Abraham and Annie. P. A, A Hand - Book for
Diabetics, P. J. Geevarghese, 8th edition, Cochin, Kerala, India, 1999,
pp. 8-9.
[9] Nathan D. M, Cleary P. A, Backlund J. Y, Genuth S. M, Lachin J. M,
Orchard T. J, and Raskin P. Zinman B, "Diabetes Control and
Complications Trial / Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
Complications (DCCT/EDIC)," Study Research Group, Intensive
diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1
diabetes, N. Engl J. Med, 353, 2005, pp. 2643-53.
[10] The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, "The
effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression
of neuropathy," Ann. Intern. Med. 1995, 122, pp. 561-568.
[11] Weiss J, and Sumpio B, "Review of prevalence and outcome of vascular
disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.", Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc.
Surg. 31 (2), 2006, pp. 143-50.
[12] Emily B. Schroeder, Lloyd E. Chambless, Duanping Liao, Ronald J.
Prineas, Gregory W. Evans, Wayne D. Rosamond, and Gerardo Heiss,
"Diabetes, Glucose, Insulin, and Heart Rate Variability," Diabetes Care,
Volume 28, Number 3, March 2005, pp. 668-674.
[13] Akihito Uehara, Chinori Kurata, Toshihiko Sugi, Tadashi Mikami, and
Sakae Shouda, "Diabetic cardiac autonomic dysfunction:
parasympathetic versus sympathetic," Annals of Nuclear Medicine, 13
(2), 1999, pp. 95-100.
[14] P. Cugini, M. Curione, C. Cammarota, F. Bernardini, D. Cipriani, R. De
Rosa, P. Francia, T. De Laurentis, E. De Marco, A. Napoli, and F.
Falluca, "Is a Reduced Entropy in Heart Rate Variability an Early
Finding of Silent Cardiac Neurovegitative Dysautonomia in Type 2
Diabetic Mellitus ?," Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology, 4 (4),
2001, pp. 289-294.
[15] Herbert Jelinek, Allyson Flynn, and Paul Warner, "Automated
assessment of cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes in rural
and remote health care practice," The national SARRAH conference,
2004, pp. 1-7.
[16] Lijun Tian, and Willis J. Tompkins, "Time domain based algorithm for
detection of Ventricular Fibrillation," IEEE Proceedings, 19th
international conference, Nov. 1997, pp. 374-377.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:52939", author = "P. T. Ahamed Seyd and V. I. Thajudin Ahamed and Jeevamma Jacob and Paul Joseph K", title = "Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and their Correlations in Diabetes Mellitus", abstract = "Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently characterized by
autonomic nervous dysfunction. Analysis of heart rate variability
(HRV) has become a popular noninvasive tool for assessing the
activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this paper, changes
in ANS activity are quantified by means of frequency and time
domain analysis of R-R interval variability. Electrocardiograms
(ECG) of 16 patients suffering from DM and of 16 healthy volunteers
were recorded. Frequency domain analysis of extracted normal to
normal interval (NN interval) data indicates significant difference in
very low frequency (VLF) power, low frequency (LF) power and
high frequency (HF) power, between the DM patients and control
group. Time domain measures, standard deviation of NN interval
(SDNN), root mean square of successive NN interval differences
(RMSSD), successive NN intervals differing more than 50 ms (NN50
Count), percentage value of NN50 count (pNN50), HRV triangular
index and triangular interpolation of NN intervals (TINN) also show
significant difference between the DM patients and control group.", keywords = "Autonomic nervous system, diabetes mellitus,
frequency domain and time domain analysis, heart rate variability.", volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "90-4", }
