The Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Virus (TTV) Infection inIranian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B
TTV is an unenveloped circular single-stranded DNA
virus with a diameter of 30-32 nm that first was described in 1997 in
Japan. TTV was detected in various populations without proven
pathology, including blood donors and in patients with chronic HBV
and HCV hepatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the
prevalence of TTV DNA in Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis B
and C. Viral TTV-DNA was studied in 442 samples (202 with HBV,
138 with HCV and 102 controls) collected from west south of Iran.
All extracted serum DNA was amplified by TTV ORF1 gene specific
primers using the semi nested PCR technique. TTV DNA was
detected in the serum of 8.9% and 10.8% patients with chronic
hepatitis B and C, respectively. Prevalence of TTV-DNA in the serum
of 102 controls was 2.9%. Results showed significant relation of TTV
with HBV and HCV in patients by using T test examination (P<0.01).
The prevalence of TTV-DNA in Iranian hepatitis B and C patients is
rather high, and compare with other countries. To control and
prevention of the distribution of TT-virus, examination of the blood
and blood products it seems to be necessary.
[1] S. Y. Hsieh, Y. H. Wu, Y. P. Ho, K. C. Tsao, C. T. Yeh, and Y. F. Liaw,
"High prevalence of TT virus infection in healthy children and adults
and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 37,
no. 6, pp. 1829-1831, Jan. 1999.
[2] H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, N. Kato, M. Ukita, H. Ikeda, H. Iizuka, Y.
Miyakawa, and M. Mayumi, "Molecular cloning and characterization of
a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of
unknown etiology." Hepatol. Res., vol. 10, pp. 1-16, Jun. 1998.
[3] K. Abe, T. Inami, K. Asano, C. Miyoshi, N. Masaki, S. Hayashi, K.
Ishikawa, Y. Takebe, K. M. Win, A. R. El-Zayadi, K. H. Han, and D. Y.
Zhang, "TT Virus Infection Is Widespread in the General Populations
from Different Geographic Regions." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 37, no. 8,
pp. 2703-2705, Aug. 1999.
[4] C. Fornai, F. Maggi, M. L. Vatteroni, M. Pistello, and M. Bendinelli,
"High prevalence of TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like Minivirus in cervical
swabs." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2022-2024, Mar. 2001.
[5] Y. Tanaka, D. Primi, R. Y. Wang, T. Umemura, A. E. Yeo, M.
Mizokami, H. J. Alter, and J. W. Shih, "Genomic and molecular
evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus)
and its relationship to the TT virus family." J. Infect. Dis., vol. 183, pp.
359-367, Des. 2001.
[6] M. S. Alfaresi, A. M. Elnazer, A. S. Alzaabi, A. A. Elkoush, and A. A.
Islam, "Transfusion transmitted virus in screened United Arab Emirates
blood donors." Saudi Med. J., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 58-62, Jul. 2006.
[7] D. H. Muljono, T. Nishizawa, F. Tsuda, M. Takahashi, and H. Okamoto,
"Molecular epidemiology of TT virus (TTV) and characterization of two
novel TTV genotypes in Indonesia. Arch. Virol., vol. 146, pp. 1249-
1266, Nov. 2001.
[8] T. Inami, N. Konomi, Y. Arakawa, and K. Abe, "High prevalence of TT
virus DNA in human saliva and semen." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 38, no.
6, pp. 2407-2408, Jul. 2000.
[9] M. Kheredpezhouh, M. Taremi, L. Gachkar, S. Aghabozorgi, and M.
Khoshbaten, "Presence and significance of transfusion-transmitted virus
infection in Iranian patients on maintenance hemodialysis." J. Microbiol.
Immunol. Infect., vol. 40, pp. 106-111, Mar. 2007.
[10] M. Irshad, Y. K. Joshi, Y. Sharma, and I. Dhar, "Transfusion transmitted
virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine."
World J. Gastroenterol., vol. 12, no. 32, pp. 5122-5134, Jan. 2006.
[11] M. Wagner, J. P. Klussmann, O. Dirsch, V. A. Rose, Guntinas-Lichius
O, D. T. H. Sudhoff, and R. Linder, "Low prevalence of transfusion
transmitted virus (TTV)-like DNA sequences in cystadenolymphoma and
pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands." Eur. Arch.
Otorhinolaryngol., vol. 263, pp. 759-763, Des. 2006.
[12] J. M. Garcia, R. B. Marugan, G. M. Garcia, M. L. M. Lindeman, J. F.
Abete, and S. D. C. Terron, "TT virus infection in patientswith chronic
hepatitis B and response of TTV to lamivudine." World J.
Gastroenterol., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1261-1264, Feb. 2003.
[13] D. Polz, R. Janowski, M. Polz-Dacewicz, A. Stec, and R. M. Zewska,
"TTV DNA detection in the saliva of patients with chronic hepatitis C."
Sectio. Ddd., vol. 1, no.78, pp. 425-428, Nov. 2008.
[14] C. H. Huang, Y. S. Zhou, R. G. Chen, C. Y. Xie, and H. T. Wang, "The
prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus infection in blood donors."
World J. Gastroentero., vol. 6, no.2, pp. 268-270, Des. 2000.
[15] I. Schreter, P. Kristian, O. E. Biro, L. Siegfried, and P. Jareuka, "The rst
evidence of TT virus infection in Slovakia." Biol. Bratis., vol. 59, no. 3,
pp. 409-412, Des. 2004.
[16] P. Simmonds, F. Davidson, C. Lycett, L. E. Prescott, D. M. MacDonald,
J. Ellender, P. L. Yap, C. A. Ludlam, G. H. Haydon, J. Gillon, and L. M.
Jarvis, "Detection of a novel DNA virus (TTV) in blood donors and
blood products." Lancet., vol. 352, pp. 191-195, Jul. 1998.
[17] T. Inami, T. Obara, M. Moriyama, Y. Arakawa, and K. Abe, "Full length
nucleotide sequence of a simian TT virus isolate obtained from a
chimpanzee: evidence for a new TT virus-like species." Virol., vol. 277,
pp. 330-335, Agu. 2000.
[18] M. Irshad, Y. K. Joshi, Y. Sharma, and I. Dhar, "Transfusion transmitted
virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine."
World J. Gastroenterol., vol. 12, no. 32, pp. 5122-5134, Jul. 2006.
[19] P. Tangkijvanich, A. Theamboonlers, P. Hirsch, P. Kullavanijaya, P.
Suwangool, and Y. Poovorawan, "TT virus infection in chronic liver
disease." Hepatogastroenterol., vol. 46, pp. 1053-1058, Feb. 1999.
[20] H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, M. Takhashi, M. Asabe, and F. Tsuda,
"Heterogeneous distribution of TT virus of distinct genotypes in multiple
tissues from infected humans." Virol., vol. 6, pp. 358-368, Des. 2001.
[21] I. K. Mushahwar, "Recently discovered blood-borne viruses: are they
hepatitis viruses or merely endosymbionts?" J. Med. Virol., vol. 62, pp.
399-404, Agu. 2000.
[22] H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, A. Tawara, Y. Peng, M. Takahashi, J.
Kishimoto, T. Tanaka, Y. Miyakawa, and M. Mayumi, "Speciesspecific
TT viruses in humans and nonhuman primates and their phylogenetic
relatedness." Virol., vol. 277, pp. 368-378, Jul. 2000.
[23] T. Zandieh, B. Babaahmadi, A. Pourfathollah, H. Galedari, J. Emam, and
M. A. Jalalifar, "Transfusion Transmitted virus (TTV) infection in
Thalassemic Patients." Iranian J. Publ. Health., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 24-
28, Agu. 2005.
[24] V. A. Arankalle, S. Gandhe, T. M. Deshmukh, M. S. Chadha, A. M.
Walimbe, and A. M. Walimbe, "Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of
TT virus DNA in Western India." Clini. Diagno. Lab. Immunol., vol. 5,
pp. 845-849, Jul. 2007.
[25] K. Nagano, Y. Fukuda, S. Yokozaki, K. Okada, K. Tanaka, K.
Funahashi, and T. Hayakawa, Low risk of TT virus (TTV) infection in
medical workers." J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 42, pp. 243-246, Agu. 1999.
[26] Y. Tanaka, D. Primi, R. Y. Wang, T. Umemura, A. E. Yeo, M.
Mizokami, H. J. Alter, and J. W. Shih, "Genomic and molecular
evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus)
and its relationship to the TT virus family." J. Infect. Dis., vol. 183, pp.
359-367, Jan. 2001.
[27] N. V. Naoumov, E. P. Petrova, M. G. Thomas, and R. Williams,
"Presence of a newly described human DNA virus (TTV) in patients with
liver disease." Lancet., vol. 352, pp. 195-197, Des. 1998.
[28] T. Nishizawa, H. Okamoto, and K. Konishi, "A novel DNA virus (TTV)
associated with elevated transaminase levels in post-transfusion hepatitis
of unknown etiology." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com., vol. 241, pp. 92-
97, Apr. 1997.
[1] S. Y. Hsieh, Y. H. Wu, Y. P. Ho, K. C. Tsao, C. T. Yeh, and Y. F. Liaw,
"High prevalence of TT virus infection in healthy children and adults
and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 37,
no. 6, pp. 1829-1831, Jan. 1999.
[2] H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, N. Kato, M. Ukita, H. Ikeda, H. Iizuka, Y.
Miyakawa, and M. Mayumi, "Molecular cloning and characterization of
a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of
unknown etiology." Hepatol. Res., vol. 10, pp. 1-16, Jun. 1998.
[3] K. Abe, T. Inami, K. Asano, C. Miyoshi, N. Masaki, S. Hayashi, K.
Ishikawa, Y. Takebe, K. M. Win, A. R. El-Zayadi, K. H. Han, and D. Y.
Zhang, "TT Virus Infection Is Widespread in the General Populations
from Different Geographic Regions." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 37, no. 8,
pp. 2703-2705, Aug. 1999.
[4] C. Fornai, F. Maggi, M. L. Vatteroni, M. Pistello, and M. Bendinelli,
"High prevalence of TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like Minivirus in cervical
swabs." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2022-2024, Mar. 2001.
[5] Y. Tanaka, D. Primi, R. Y. Wang, T. Umemura, A. E. Yeo, M.
Mizokami, H. J. Alter, and J. W. Shih, "Genomic and molecular
evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus)
and its relationship to the TT virus family." J. Infect. Dis., vol. 183, pp.
359-367, Des. 2001.
[6] M. S. Alfaresi, A. M. Elnazer, A. S. Alzaabi, A. A. Elkoush, and A. A.
Islam, "Transfusion transmitted virus in screened United Arab Emirates
blood donors." Saudi Med. J., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 58-62, Jul. 2006.
[7] D. H. Muljono, T. Nishizawa, F. Tsuda, M. Takahashi, and H. Okamoto,
"Molecular epidemiology of TT virus (TTV) and characterization of two
novel TTV genotypes in Indonesia. Arch. Virol., vol. 146, pp. 1249-
1266, Nov. 2001.
[8] T. Inami, N. Konomi, Y. Arakawa, and K. Abe, "High prevalence of TT
virus DNA in human saliva and semen." J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 38, no.
6, pp. 2407-2408, Jul. 2000.
[9] M. Kheredpezhouh, M. Taremi, L. Gachkar, S. Aghabozorgi, and M.
Khoshbaten, "Presence and significance of transfusion-transmitted virus
infection in Iranian patients on maintenance hemodialysis." J. Microbiol.
Immunol. Infect., vol. 40, pp. 106-111, Mar. 2007.
[10] M. Irshad, Y. K. Joshi, Y. Sharma, and I. Dhar, "Transfusion transmitted
virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine."
World J. Gastroenterol., vol. 12, no. 32, pp. 5122-5134, Jan. 2006.
[11] M. Wagner, J. P. Klussmann, O. Dirsch, V. A. Rose, Guntinas-Lichius
O, D. T. H. Sudhoff, and R. Linder, "Low prevalence of transfusion
transmitted virus (TTV)-like DNA sequences in cystadenolymphoma and
pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands." Eur. Arch.
Otorhinolaryngol., vol. 263, pp. 759-763, Des. 2006.
[12] J. M. Garcia, R. B. Marugan, G. M. Garcia, M. L. M. Lindeman, J. F.
Abete, and S. D. C. Terron, "TT virus infection in patientswith chronic
hepatitis B and response of TTV to lamivudine." World J.
Gastroenterol., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1261-1264, Feb. 2003.
[13] D. Polz, R. Janowski, M. Polz-Dacewicz, A. Stec, and R. M. Zewska,
"TTV DNA detection in the saliva of patients with chronic hepatitis C."
Sectio. Ddd., vol. 1, no.78, pp. 425-428, Nov. 2008.
[14] C. H. Huang, Y. S. Zhou, R. G. Chen, C. Y. Xie, and H. T. Wang, "The
prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus infection in blood donors."
World J. Gastroentero., vol. 6, no.2, pp. 268-270, Des. 2000.
[15] I. Schreter, P. Kristian, O. E. Biro, L. Siegfried, and P. Jareuka, "The rst
evidence of TT virus infection in Slovakia." Biol. Bratis., vol. 59, no. 3,
pp. 409-412, Des. 2004.
[16] P. Simmonds, F. Davidson, C. Lycett, L. E. Prescott, D. M. MacDonald,
J. Ellender, P. L. Yap, C. A. Ludlam, G. H. Haydon, J. Gillon, and L. M.
Jarvis, "Detection of a novel DNA virus (TTV) in blood donors and
blood products." Lancet., vol. 352, pp. 191-195, Jul. 1998.
[17] T. Inami, T. Obara, M. Moriyama, Y. Arakawa, and K. Abe, "Full length
nucleotide sequence of a simian TT virus isolate obtained from a
chimpanzee: evidence for a new TT virus-like species." Virol., vol. 277,
pp. 330-335, Agu. 2000.
[18] M. Irshad, Y. K. Joshi, Y. Sharma, and I. Dhar, "Transfusion transmitted
virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine."
World J. Gastroenterol., vol. 12, no. 32, pp. 5122-5134, Jul. 2006.
[19] P. Tangkijvanich, A. Theamboonlers, P. Hirsch, P. Kullavanijaya, P.
Suwangool, and Y. Poovorawan, "TT virus infection in chronic liver
disease." Hepatogastroenterol., vol. 46, pp. 1053-1058, Feb. 1999.
[20] H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, M. Takhashi, M. Asabe, and F. Tsuda,
"Heterogeneous distribution of TT virus of distinct genotypes in multiple
tissues from infected humans." Virol., vol. 6, pp. 358-368, Des. 2001.
[21] I. K. Mushahwar, "Recently discovered blood-borne viruses: are they
hepatitis viruses or merely endosymbionts?" J. Med. Virol., vol. 62, pp.
399-404, Agu. 2000.
[22] H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, A. Tawara, Y. Peng, M. Takahashi, J.
Kishimoto, T. Tanaka, Y. Miyakawa, and M. Mayumi, "Speciesspecific
TT viruses in humans and nonhuman primates and their phylogenetic
relatedness." Virol., vol. 277, pp. 368-378, Jul. 2000.
[23] T. Zandieh, B. Babaahmadi, A. Pourfathollah, H. Galedari, J. Emam, and
M. A. Jalalifar, "Transfusion Transmitted virus (TTV) infection in
Thalassemic Patients." Iranian J. Publ. Health., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 24-
28, Agu. 2005.
[24] V. A. Arankalle, S. Gandhe, T. M. Deshmukh, M. S. Chadha, A. M.
Walimbe, and A. M. Walimbe, "Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of
TT virus DNA in Western India." Clini. Diagno. Lab. Immunol., vol. 5,
pp. 845-849, Jul. 2007.
[25] K. Nagano, Y. Fukuda, S. Yokozaki, K. Okada, K. Tanaka, K.
Funahashi, and T. Hayakawa, Low risk of TT virus (TTV) infection in
medical workers." J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 42, pp. 243-246, Agu. 1999.
[26] Y. Tanaka, D. Primi, R. Y. Wang, T. Umemura, A. E. Yeo, M.
Mizokami, H. J. Alter, and J. W. Shih, "Genomic and molecular
evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus)
and its relationship to the TT virus family." J. Infect. Dis., vol. 183, pp.
359-367, Jan. 2001.
[27] N. V. Naoumov, E. P. Petrova, M. G. Thomas, and R. Williams,
"Presence of a newly described human DNA virus (TTV) in patients with
liver disease." Lancet., vol. 352, pp. 195-197, Des. 1998.
[28] T. Nishizawa, H. Okamoto, and K. Konishi, "A novel DNA virus (TTV)
associated with elevated transaminase levels in post-transfusion hepatitis
of unknown etiology." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com., vol. 241, pp. 92-
97, Apr. 1997.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:63651", author = "P. Ghasemi Dehkordi and A. Doosti and M. R. Hajimirzaei", title = "The Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Virus (TTV) Infection inIranian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B", abstract = "TTV is an unenveloped circular single-stranded DNA
virus with a diameter of 30-32 nm that first was described in 1997 in
Japan. TTV was detected in various populations without proven
pathology, including blood donors and in patients with chronic HBV
and HCV hepatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the
prevalence of TTV DNA in Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis B
and C. Viral TTV-DNA was studied in 442 samples (202 with HBV,
138 with HCV and 102 controls) collected from west south of Iran.
All extracted serum DNA was amplified by TTV ORF1 gene specific
primers using the semi nested PCR technique. TTV DNA was
detected in the serum of 8.9% and 10.8% patients with chronic
hepatitis B and C, respectively. Prevalence of TTV-DNA in the serum
of 102 controls was 2.9%. Results showed significant relation of TTV
with HBV and HCV in patients by using T test examination (P", keywords = "Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), Hepatitis Cvirus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), ORF1 gene, Semi nested PCR,Iran.", volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "70-4", }
