The Potential of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting as a Water Resource in Jordan: Featuring Two Application Case Studies
Roof top rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been
carried out worldwide to provide an inexpensive source of water for
many people. This research aims at evaluating the potential of roof
top rain water harvesting as a resource in Jordan. For the purpose of
this work, two case studies at Al-Jubiha and Shafa-Badran districts in
Amman city were selected. All existing rooftops in both districts
were identified by digitizing 2012 satellite images of the two districts
using Google earth and ArcGIS tools. Rational method was used to
estimate the potential volume of rainwater that can be harvested from
the digitized rooftops. Results indicated that 1.17 and 0.526 MCM/yr
can be harvested in Al-Jubiha and Shafa-Badran districts,
respectively. This study should increase the attention to the
importance of implementing RWH technique in Jordanian residences
as a viable alternative for ensuring a continued source of non-potable
water.
[1] S. Nortcliff, G. Carr, R. Potter, K. Darmame, "Jordan’s Water
Resources: Challenges for the Future," Geographical Paper No. 185,
2008.
[2] E. Salameh and H. Bannayan," Water Resources of Jordan, Present
Status and Future Potential," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Amman, 1993.
[3] R. Potter, N. Barham, and K. Darmame, "The polarized social and
residential structure of the city of Amman : a contemporary view using
GIS," Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant, 2,
2007, pp. 48-5224.
[4] R. Potter,K. Darmame, and S. Nortcliff, "The provision of urban water
under conditions of ‘water stress’, privatization and deprivatisation in
Amman," Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant, 2,
2007, pp. 52-54
[5] USEP," A Guideline for Water Reuse", EPA Report 625-R-04-108, US
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
[6] T. Herrmann and U. Schmida," Urban Water", 1 (1999), pp. 307–316.
[7] P.J. Coombes, J.R. Argue and G. Kuczera, "Urban Water", 1 (1999), pp.
335–343.
[8] E. Ghisi, A. Montibeller and R. Schmidt, "Building Environment", 41,
(2006), pp. 204–210.
[9] M. Amin, and A. Alazba," Probable Sources of Rainwater
Contamination In A Rainwater Harvesting System and Remedial
Options," Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12),
2011, pp.1054-1064.
[10] R. K. Sivanappan." Rain Water Harvesting, Conservation and
Management Strategies for Urban and Rural Sectors," National Seminar
on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management, 11-12 Nov., 2006,
Nagpur.
[11] Y.J Kim, M.Y. Han, and Y.H. Kim., "A study on the rainwater tank
design in RSR system for urban drain capacity improvement" in 2006
Proc. of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater and of Water Quality
Conference, Vol.1. pp.601-622.
[12] A. S. Jasrotia, A. Majhi, and S. Singh, "Water Balance Approach for
Rainwater Harvesting using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques,"
Jammu Himalaya, India, Water Resources Management, (2009), 23, pp.
3035–3055.
[13] D. Prinz, "Water harvesting in the Mediterranean environment—Its past
role and future prospect," in: N. Tsiourtis, ed., Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean under Drought of Water Shortage
Conditions, International Symposium., Nicosia, Cyprus, 1995, pp. 135–
144.
[14] F.A. Abdulla, A.W. Al-Shareef, "Roof rainwater harvesting systems for
household water supply in Jordan. Desalination, 243, 2009, pp.195–207.
[15] M. Abu-Zreig, and A. Hazaymeh, "Urban Rainfall Harvesting to
Alleviate Water Shortages and Combat Desertification in the Arid Land
of Jordan," Journal of Arid Land Studies, 22 (1), 2012, pp.87 -90.
[16] J. Radaideh , K. Al-Zboon , A. Al-Harahsheh, and R. Al-Adamat,"
Quality Assessment of Harvested Rainwater for Domestic Uses," 2(1),
2009, pp.26 -31.
[17] JMD, Jordan Metrological Department, climate in Jordan, annual report
2010.
[18] MWI, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Annual Report, Amman, Jordan,
2004, www.mwi.gov.jo.
[1] S. Nortcliff, G. Carr, R. Potter, K. Darmame, "Jordan’s Water
Resources: Challenges for the Future," Geographical Paper No. 185,
2008.
[2] E. Salameh and H. Bannayan," Water Resources of Jordan, Present
Status and Future Potential," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Amman, 1993.
[3] R. Potter, N. Barham, and K. Darmame, "The polarized social and
residential structure of the city of Amman : a contemporary view using
GIS," Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant, 2,
2007, pp. 48-5224.
[4] R. Potter,K. Darmame, and S. Nortcliff, "The provision of urban water
under conditions of ‘water stress’, privatization and deprivatisation in
Amman," Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant, 2,
2007, pp. 52-54
[5] USEP," A Guideline for Water Reuse", EPA Report 625-R-04-108, US
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
[6] T. Herrmann and U. Schmida," Urban Water", 1 (1999), pp. 307–316.
[7] P.J. Coombes, J.R. Argue and G. Kuczera, "Urban Water", 1 (1999), pp.
335–343.
[8] E. Ghisi, A. Montibeller and R. Schmidt, "Building Environment", 41,
(2006), pp. 204–210.
[9] M. Amin, and A. Alazba," Probable Sources of Rainwater
Contamination In A Rainwater Harvesting System and Remedial
Options," Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12),
2011, pp.1054-1064.
[10] R. K. Sivanappan." Rain Water Harvesting, Conservation and
Management Strategies for Urban and Rural Sectors," National Seminar
on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management, 11-12 Nov., 2006,
Nagpur.
[11] Y.J Kim, M.Y. Han, and Y.H. Kim., "A study on the rainwater tank
design in RSR system for urban drain capacity improvement" in 2006
Proc. of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater and of Water Quality
Conference, Vol.1. pp.601-622.
[12] A. S. Jasrotia, A. Majhi, and S. Singh, "Water Balance Approach for
Rainwater Harvesting using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques,"
Jammu Himalaya, India, Water Resources Management, (2009), 23, pp.
3035–3055.
[13] D. Prinz, "Water harvesting in the Mediterranean environment—Its past
role and future prospect," in: N. Tsiourtis, ed., Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean under Drought of Water Shortage
Conditions, International Symposium., Nicosia, Cyprus, 1995, pp. 135–
144.
[14] F.A. Abdulla, A.W. Al-Shareef, "Roof rainwater harvesting systems for
household water supply in Jordan. Desalination, 243, 2009, pp.195–207.
[15] M. Abu-Zreig, and A. Hazaymeh, "Urban Rainfall Harvesting to
Alleviate Water Shortages and Combat Desertification in the Arid Land
of Jordan," Journal of Arid Land Studies, 22 (1), 2012, pp.87 -90.
[16] J. Radaideh , K. Al-Zboon , A. Al-Harahsheh, and R. Al-Adamat,"
Quality Assessment of Harvested Rainwater for Domestic Uses," 2(1),
2009, pp.26 -31.
[17] JMD, Jordan Metrological Department, climate in Jordan, annual report
2010.
[18] MWI, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Annual Report, Amman, Jordan,
2004, www.mwi.gov.jo.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:68058", author = "Zain M. Al-Houri and Oday K. Abu-Hadba and Khaled A. Hamdan", title = "The Potential of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting as a Water Resource in Jordan: Featuring Two Application Case Studies", abstract = "Roof top rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been
carried out worldwide to provide an inexpensive source of water for
many people. This research aims at evaluating the potential of roof
top rain water harvesting as a resource in Jordan. For the purpose of
this work, two case studies at Al-Jubiha and Shafa-Badran districts in
Amman city were selected. All existing rooftops in both districts
were identified by digitizing 2012 satellite images of the two districts
using Google earth and ArcGIS tools. Rational method was used to
estimate the potential volume of rainwater that can be harvested from
the digitized rooftops. Results indicated that 1.17 and 0.526 MCM/yr
can be harvested in Al-Jubiha and Shafa-Badran districts,
respectively. This study should increase the attention to the
importance of implementing RWH technique in Jordanian residences
as a viable alternative for ensuring a continued source of non-potable
water.
", keywords = "Amman districts, ArcGIS, Rational method, Roof
top rain water harvesting.", volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "147-7", }
