The Effects of Mirror Therapy on Clinical Improvement in Hemiplegic Lower Extremity Rehabilitation in Subjects with Chronic Stroke
Background: The effectiveness of mirror therapy
(MT) has been investigated in acute hemiplegia. The present study
examines whether MT, given during chronic stroke, was more
effective in promoting motor recovery of the lower extremity and
walking speed than standard rehabilitation alone. Methods: The study
enrolled 30 patients with chronic stroke. Fifteen patients each were
assigned to the treatment group and the control group. All patients
received a conventional rehabilitation program for a 4-week period.
In addition to this rehabilitation program, patients in the treatment
group received mirror therapy for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. Main
measures: Passive ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion, gait
speed, Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery, plantar flexor muscle
tone by Modified Ashworth Scale. Results: No significant difference
was found in the outcome measures among groups before treatment.
When compared with standard rehabilitation, mirror therapy
improved Ankle ROM, Brunnstrom stages and waking speed
(p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between
two groups on MAS (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Mirror therapy combined
with a conventional stroke rehabilitation program enhances lowerextremity
motor recovery and walking speed in chronic stroke
patients.
[1] L. Liu, D. Wang, K. S. L. Wong, and Y. Wang, “Stroke and stroke care
in China,” Stroke, vol. 42, 2011, pp. 3651–3654.
[2] S. C. Johnston, S. Mendis, and CD. Mathers, “Global variation in stroke
burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and
modeling. Lancet Neurol,” vol.8, 2009, pp. 345–354.
[3] American Heart Association, “Heart disease and stroke statistics,”
Dallas, TX, American Heart Association, 2005.
[4] V. S. Ramachandran, D. Rogers-Ramachandran and S. Cobb, “Touching
the phantom limb,” Nature, vol. 377, 1995, pp. 489-490.
[5] E. L. Altschuler, S. B. Wisdom SB, L. Stone L, et al., “Rehabilitation of
hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror,” Lancet, vol. 353, 1999, pp.
2035-2036.
[6] H. Thieme H, J. Mehrholz, M. Pohl, J. Behrens, and C. Dohle, “Mirror
therapy for improving motor function after stroke,” Cochrane Database
Syst Rev, vol. 3, 2012, CD008449.
[7] C. S. McCabe, R. C. Haigh, E. F. Ring, P. W. Halligan, P. D. Wall, and
D. R. Blake, “A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback
in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1),”
Rheumatology, vol. 42, 2003, pp. 97-101.
[8] S. Sutbeyaz, G. Yavuzer, N. Sezer, and B.F. Koseoglu, “Mirror therapy
enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after
stroke: arandomizedcontrolled trial,” Archives of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, vol. 88. No. 5, 2007, pp. 555 –559.
[9] A. H. Bakhtiary, and E. Fatemy, "Does electrical stimulation reduce
spasticity after stroke? A randomized controlled study." Clinical
Rehabilitation 22, no. 5 (2008): 418-425.
[10] R. W. Bohannon and M. B. Smith MB, “Internal reliability of a modified
Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity,” J PhysTher 1987; 67:206–208.
[11] K. S. G. Chua, K. H Kong, and Y. C. Lui, “Botulinum toxin A in the
treatment of hemiplegic spastic foot drop: clinical and functional
outcomes,” Singapore Med J 2000; 41: 209–213.
[12] J. W. Lance, and J. G. McLeod, A Physiological Approach to Clinical
Neurology. London: Butterworth.1981.
[13] C. L. Chen, H. C. Chen, S. F. Tang, C. Y. Wu, P. T. Cheng, and W. H.
Hong, “Gait performance with compensatory adaptations in stroke
patients with different degrees of motor recovery, ” Am J Phys Med
Rehabil 2003; 82:925-35.
[14] D. T. Wade DT. Measurement in neurological. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1992.
[15] H. Thieme, J. Mehrholz, M. Pohl, J. Behrens, and C. Dohle, “Mirror
therapy for improving motor function after stroke,” Stroke, Cochrane
Data base Syst Rev 3, vol. 44, 2013, CD008449.
[16] Wade DT, Wood VA, Heller A, Maggs J, Langton Hewer R. Walking
after stroke. Measurement and recovery over the .rst 3 months. Scand J
Rehabil Med 1987; 19: 25–30.
[17] J. H. Burridge, I. D. Swain, and P. N. Taylor, “Functional electric
stimulation: a review of the literature published on common peroneal
nerve stimulation for the correction of dropped foot,” Rev ClinGerontol
vol. 8, 1998, pp.155-61.
[18] G. Yavuzer, R. Selles, N. Sezer, S. Sütbeyaz, J. B. Bussmann, F.
Köseoğlu, M. B. Atay, and H. J. Stam, “Mirror therapy improves hand
function in subacute stroke: a randomizedcontr- olled trial,” Arch Phys
Med Rehabil. Vol. 89, no. 3, 2008, pp. 393-8.
[19] M. F.Michielsen, R. W. Selles, J. N. Van Der Geest, M. Eckhardt, G.
Yavuzer, H. J. Stam, M. Smits, G. M. Ribbers, J. B. and Bussmann,
“Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in
chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled
trial,”Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011, 25(3):223-33.
[20] K. Lamont, M. Chin, and M. Kogan, “Mirror box therapy: seeing is
believing,” Explore (New York, N.Y.), vol. 7, no. 6, 2011, pp. 369 e
372.
[21] J. J. Summers, F. A. Kagerer, M. I. Garry, C. Y. Hiraga, and A. Loftus,
and J. H. Cauraugh JH, “Bilateral and unilateral movement training on
upper limb function in chronic stroke patients: a TMS study,” J
NeurolSci 2007; 252:76-82.
[1] L. Liu, D. Wang, K. S. L. Wong, and Y. Wang, “Stroke and stroke care
in China,” Stroke, vol. 42, 2011, pp. 3651–3654.
[2] S. C. Johnston, S. Mendis, and CD. Mathers, “Global variation in stroke
burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and
modeling. Lancet Neurol,” vol.8, 2009, pp. 345–354.
[3] American Heart Association, “Heart disease and stroke statistics,”
Dallas, TX, American Heart Association, 2005.
[4] V. S. Ramachandran, D. Rogers-Ramachandran and S. Cobb, “Touching
the phantom limb,” Nature, vol. 377, 1995, pp. 489-490.
[5] E. L. Altschuler, S. B. Wisdom SB, L. Stone L, et al., “Rehabilitation of
hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror,” Lancet, vol. 353, 1999, pp.
2035-2036.
[6] H. Thieme H, J. Mehrholz, M. Pohl, J. Behrens, and C. Dohle, “Mirror
therapy for improving motor function after stroke,” Cochrane Database
Syst Rev, vol. 3, 2012, CD008449.
[7] C. S. McCabe, R. C. Haigh, E. F. Ring, P. W. Halligan, P. D. Wall, and
D. R. Blake, “A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback
in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1),”
Rheumatology, vol. 42, 2003, pp. 97-101.
[8] S. Sutbeyaz, G. Yavuzer, N. Sezer, and B.F. Koseoglu, “Mirror therapy
enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after
stroke: arandomizedcontrolled trial,” Archives of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, vol. 88. No. 5, 2007, pp. 555 –559.
[9] A. H. Bakhtiary, and E. Fatemy, "Does electrical stimulation reduce
spasticity after stroke? A randomized controlled study." Clinical
Rehabilitation 22, no. 5 (2008): 418-425.
[10] R. W. Bohannon and M. B. Smith MB, “Internal reliability of a modified
Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity,” J PhysTher 1987; 67:206–208.
[11] K. S. G. Chua, K. H Kong, and Y. C. Lui, “Botulinum toxin A in the
treatment of hemiplegic spastic foot drop: clinical and functional
outcomes,” Singapore Med J 2000; 41: 209–213.
[12] J. W. Lance, and J. G. McLeod, A Physiological Approach to Clinical
Neurology. London: Butterworth.1981.
[13] C. L. Chen, H. C. Chen, S. F. Tang, C. Y. Wu, P. T. Cheng, and W. H.
Hong, “Gait performance with compensatory adaptations in stroke
patients with different degrees of motor recovery, ” Am J Phys Med
Rehabil 2003; 82:925-35.
[14] D. T. Wade DT. Measurement in neurological. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1992.
[15] H. Thieme, J. Mehrholz, M. Pohl, J. Behrens, and C. Dohle, “Mirror
therapy for improving motor function after stroke,” Stroke, Cochrane
Data base Syst Rev 3, vol. 44, 2013, CD008449.
[16] Wade DT, Wood VA, Heller A, Maggs J, Langton Hewer R. Walking
after stroke. Measurement and recovery over the .rst 3 months. Scand J
Rehabil Med 1987; 19: 25–30.
[17] J. H. Burridge, I. D. Swain, and P. N. Taylor, “Functional electric
stimulation: a review of the literature published on common peroneal
nerve stimulation for the correction of dropped foot,” Rev ClinGerontol
vol. 8, 1998, pp.155-61.
[18] G. Yavuzer, R. Selles, N. Sezer, S. Sütbeyaz, J. B. Bussmann, F.
Köseoğlu, M. B. Atay, and H. J. Stam, “Mirror therapy improves hand
function in subacute stroke: a randomizedcontr- olled trial,” Arch Phys
Med Rehabil. Vol. 89, no. 3, 2008, pp. 393-8.
[19] M. F.Michielsen, R. W. Selles, J. N. Van Der Geest, M. Eckhardt, G.
Yavuzer, H. J. Stam, M. Smits, G. M. Ribbers, J. B. and Bussmann,
“Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in
chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled
trial,”Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011, 25(3):223-33.
[20] K. Lamont, M. Chin, and M. Kogan, “Mirror box therapy: seeing is
believing,” Explore (New York, N.Y.), vol. 7, no. 6, 2011, pp. 369 e
372.
[21] J. J. Summers, F. A. Kagerer, M. I. Garry, C. Y. Hiraga, and A. Loftus,
and J. H. Cauraugh JH, “Bilateral and unilateral movement training on
upper limb function in chronic stroke patients: a TMS study,” J
NeurolSci 2007; 252:76-82.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:69124", author = "Hassan M. Abo Salem and Xiaolin Huang", title = "The Effects of Mirror Therapy on Clinical Improvement in Hemiplegic Lower Extremity Rehabilitation in Subjects with Chronic Stroke", abstract = "Background: The effectiveness of mirror therapy
(MT) has been investigated in acute hemiplegia. The present study
examines whether MT, given during chronic stroke, was more
effective in promoting motor recovery of the lower extremity and
walking speed than standard rehabilitation alone. Methods: The study
enrolled 30 patients with chronic stroke. Fifteen patients each were
assigned to the treatment group and the control group. All patients
received a conventional rehabilitation program for a 4-week period.
In addition to this rehabilitation program, patients in the treatment
group received mirror therapy for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. Main
measures: Passive ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion, gait
speed, Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery, plantar flexor muscle
tone by Modified Ashworth Scale. Results: No significant difference
was found in the outcome measures among groups before treatment.
When compared with standard rehabilitation, mirror therapy
improved Ankle ROM, Brunnstrom stages and waking speed
(p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between
two groups on MAS (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Mirror therapy combined
with a conventional stroke rehabilitation program enhances lowerextremity
motor recovery and walking speed in chronic stroke
patients.
", keywords = "Mirror therapy, stroke, MAS, walking speed.", volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "163-4", }
