The Effects of Four Organic Cropping Sequences on Soil Phosphorous Cycling and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Organic farmers across Saskatchewan face soil
phosphorus (P) shortages. Due to the restriction on inputs in organic
systems, farmers rely on crop rotation and naturally-occurring
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for plant P supply. Crop rotation
is important for disease, pest, and weed management. Crops that are
not colonized by AMF (non-mycorrhizal) can decrease colonization
of a following crop. An experiment was performed to quantify soil P
cycling in four cropping sequences under organic management and
determine if mustard (non-mycorrhizal) was delaying the
colonization of subsequent wheat. Soils from the four cropping
sequences were measured for inorganic soil P (Pi), AMF spore
density (SD), phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA, for AMF
biomarker counts), and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPase,
related to AMF metabolic activity). Plants were measured for AMF
colonization and P content and uptake of above-ground biomass. A
lack of difference in AMF activity indicated that mustard was not
depressing colonization. Instead, AMF colonization was largely
determined by crop type and crop rotation.
<p>[1] Buckman, H. O. and N. C. Brady. 1969. The nature and properties of
soils. The MacMillan Company, New York, NY.
[2] Brady, N. C. 1990. The nature and properties of soils. Mamillan
Publishing Company, New York, NY.
[3] Canadian Organic Growers 2011.
[4] Wallace Canadian Organic Growers 2001.
[5] Beckie, H. J. and S. A. Brandt. 1997. Nitrogen contribution of field pea
in annual cropping systems. 1. Nitrogen residual effect. Canadian
Journal of Plant Science 77:311-322.
[6] Phatak, S. C., N. B. Callaway, and C. S. Vavrina. 1987. Biological
control and its integration in weed management systems for purple and
yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus). Weed
Technology 1:84-91.
[7] Dapaah, H. K. and T. J. Vyn. 1998. Nitrogen fertilization and cover crop
effects on soil structure stability and corn performance. Communications
in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29:2557-2569.
[8] Delgado, J. A., R. R. Riggenbach, R. T. Sparks, M. A. Dillon, L. A.
Kawanabe, and R. J. Ristau. 2001. Evaluation of nitrate-nitrogen
transport in a potato-barley rotation. Soil Science Society of America
Journal 65:878-883.
[9] Zhu, H. H., Q. Yao, X. T. Sun, and Y. L. Hu. 2007. Colonization, ALP
activity and plant growth promotion of native and exotic arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi at low pH. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39:942-950.
[10] George, E., K. Haussler, S. K. Kothari, X. L. Li, and H. Marshner. 1992.
Contribution of mycorrhizal hyphae to nutrient and water uptake of
plants. In: Eds. D. J. Read, D. H. Lewis, A. H. Fitter, I. J. Alexander,
Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. C. A. B. International, United Kingdom. pp.
42-47.
[11] Karasawa, T., Y. Kasahara, and A. Takebe. 2002. Differences in growth
responses of maize to preceding cropping caused by fluctuation in the
population of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 34:851-857.
[12] Bendini, S., L. Avio, E. Argese, and M. Giovannetti. 2007. Effects of
long-term land use on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related
soil protein. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 120: 463-466.
[13] Allen, M. F., J.C. Sexton, T.S. Moore Jr., and M. Christensen. 1981.
Influence of phosphate source on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal
rhizae of Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytologist 87:687-694.
[14] Douds, D. D. and N. C. Schenk. 1990. Increased sporulation of
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by manipulation of nutrient
regimes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56:413-418.
[15] Qian, P., J. J. Schoenau, and R. E. Karamanos. 1994. Simultaneous
extraction of available phosphorous and potassium with a new soil test:
A modification of Kelowna extraction. Communications in Soil Science
and Plant Analysis 25:627-635.
[16] Dandan, Z. and Z. Zhiwei, 2007. Biodiversity of arbscular mycorrhizal
fungi in the hot-dry valley of the Jinsha River, southwest China. Applied
Soil Ecology 37:118-128.
[17] White, D. C., W. M. Davis, J. S. Nickels, J. C. King, and R. J. Bobbie.
1979. Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by
extractable lipid phosphate. Oecologia 40:51-62.
[18] Tabatabai, M. A. and J. M. Bremner. 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl
phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 1:301-307.
[19] Vierheilig, H., A. P. Coughlan, U. Wyss, and Y. Piche. 1998. Ink and
vinegar, a simple staining technique for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64:5004-5007.
[20] Giavonnetti, M. and B. Mosse. 1980. An evaluation of techniques for
measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New
Phytologist 84:489-500.
[21] Thomas, R. L., R. W. Sheard, and J. R. Moyer. 1967. Comparison of
conventional and automated procedures for N, P, and K analysis of plant
material using a single digestion. Agronomy Journal 59:240-243.
[22] Olsson, P. A. 1999. Nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response
to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist 117:365-386.
[23] Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. and S. Gianinazzi. 1978. Enzymatic studies on
the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. II. Soluble alkaline
phosphatase specific to mycorrhizal infection in onion roots.
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 12:45-53.
[24] Jajabi-Hare, S. H., J. Therien, and P. M. Charest. 1990. High-resolution
cytochemical study of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal association,
Glomus clarum-Allium porrum. New Phytologist 114:481-496.
[25] Guillemin, J. P., M. O. Orozco, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, and S.
Gianinazzi. 1995. Influence of phosphate fertilization on fungal alkaline
phosphatasae and succinate dehydrogenase activities in arbuscular
mycorrhiza of soybean and pineapple. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment 53:63-69.
[26] Tisdale, S. L. and W. L. Nelson. 1975. Soil fertility and fertilizers, third
edition. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY.
[27] Koide, R. T. 1991. Nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response
to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist 117:365-386.
[28] Asimi, S., V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, and S. Gianinazzi. 1980. Influence of
increasing soil phosphorous levels on interactions between vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium in soybeans. Canadian Journal of
Botany 58:2200-2205.
[29] Hinsinger, P. 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere
as affected by root induced chemical changes: A review. Plant and Soil
237:173-195.
[30] Chen, X., J. Tang, G. Zhi, and S. Hu. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal
colonization and phosphorus acquisition of plants: Effects of coexisting
plant species. Applied Soil Ecology 28:259-269.</p>
<p>[1] Buckman, H. O. and N. C. Brady. 1969. The nature and properties of
soils. The MacMillan Company, New York, NY.
[2] Brady, N. C. 1990. The nature and properties of soils. Mamillan
Publishing Company, New York, NY.
[3] Canadian Organic Growers 2011.
[4] Wallace Canadian Organic Growers 2001.
[5] Beckie, H. J. and S. A. Brandt. 1997. Nitrogen contribution of field pea
in annual cropping systems. 1. Nitrogen residual effect. Canadian
Journal of Plant Science 77:311-322.
[6] Phatak, S. C., N. B. Callaway, and C. S. Vavrina. 1987. Biological
control and its integration in weed management systems for purple and
yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus). Weed
Technology 1:84-91.
[7] Dapaah, H. K. and T. J. Vyn. 1998. Nitrogen fertilization and cover crop
effects on soil structure stability and corn performance. Communications
in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29:2557-2569.
[8] Delgado, J. A., R. R. Riggenbach, R. T. Sparks, M. A. Dillon, L. A.
Kawanabe, and R. J. Ristau. 2001. Evaluation of nitrate-nitrogen
transport in a potato-barley rotation. Soil Science Society of America
Journal 65:878-883.
[9] Zhu, H. H., Q. Yao, X. T. Sun, and Y. L. Hu. 2007. Colonization, ALP
activity and plant growth promotion of native and exotic arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi at low pH. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39:942-950.
[10] George, E., K. Haussler, S. K. Kothari, X. L. Li, and H. Marshner. 1992.
Contribution of mycorrhizal hyphae to nutrient and water uptake of
plants. In: Eds. D. J. Read, D. H. Lewis, A. H. Fitter, I. J. Alexander,
Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. C. A. B. International, United Kingdom. pp.
42-47.
[11] Karasawa, T., Y. Kasahara, and A. Takebe. 2002. Differences in growth
responses of maize to preceding cropping caused by fluctuation in the
population of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 34:851-857.
[12] Bendini, S., L. Avio, E. Argese, and M. Giovannetti. 2007. Effects of
long-term land use on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related
soil protein. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 120: 463-466.
[13] Allen, M. F., J.C. Sexton, T.S. Moore Jr., and M. Christensen. 1981.
Influence of phosphate source on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal
rhizae of Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytologist 87:687-694.
[14] Douds, D. D. and N. C. Schenk. 1990. Increased sporulation of
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by manipulation of nutrient
regimes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56:413-418.
[15] Qian, P., J. J. Schoenau, and R. E. Karamanos. 1994. Simultaneous
extraction of available phosphorous and potassium with a new soil test:
A modification of Kelowna extraction. Communications in Soil Science
and Plant Analysis 25:627-635.
[16] Dandan, Z. and Z. Zhiwei, 2007. Biodiversity of arbscular mycorrhizal
fungi in the hot-dry valley of the Jinsha River, southwest China. Applied
Soil Ecology 37:118-128.
[17] White, D. C., W. M. Davis, J. S. Nickels, J. C. King, and R. J. Bobbie.
1979. Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by
extractable lipid phosphate. Oecologia 40:51-62.
[18] Tabatabai, M. A. and J. M. Bremner. 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl
phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 1:301-307.
[19] Vierheilig, H., A. P. Coughlan, U. Wyss, and Y. Piche. 1998. Ink and
vinegar, a simple staining technique for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64:5004-5007.
[20] Giavonnetti, M. and B. Mosse. 1980. An evaluation of techniques for
measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New
Phytologist 84:489-500.
[21] Thomas, R. L., R. W. Sheard, and J. R. Moyer. 1967. Comparison of
conventional and automated procedures for N, P, and K analysis of plant
material using a single digestion. Agronomy Journal 59:240-243.
[22] Olsson, P. A. 1999. Nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response
to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist 117:365-386.
[23] Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. and S. Gianinazzi. 1978. Enzymatic studies on
the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. II. Soluble alkaline
phosphatase specific to mycorrhizal infection in onion roots.
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 12:45-53.
[24] Jajabi-Hare, S. H., J. Therien, and P. M. Charest. 1990. High-resolution
cytochemical study of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal association,
Glomus clarum-Allium porrum. New Phytologist 114:481-496.
[25] Guillemin, J. P., M. O. Orozco, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, and S.
Gianinazzi. 1995. Influence of phosphate fertilization on fungal alkaline
phosphatasae and succinate dehydrogenase activities in arbuscular
mycorrhiza of soybean and pineapple. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment 53:63-69.
[26] Tisdale, S. L. and W. L. Nelson. 1975. Soil fertility and fertilizers, third
edition. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY.
[27] Koide, R. T. 1991. Nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response
to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist 117:365-386.
[28] Asimi, S., V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, and S. Gianinazzi. 1980. Influence of
increasing soil phosphorous levels on interactions between vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium in soybeans. Canadian Journal of
Botany 58:2200-2205.
[29] Hinsinger, P. 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere
as affected by root induced chemical changes: A review. Plant and Soil
237:173-195.
[30] Chen, X., J. Tang, G. Zhi, and S. Hu. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal
colonization and phosphorus acquisition of plants: Effects of coexisting
plant species. Applied Soil Ecology 28:259-269.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:59882", author = "R. J. Parham and J. D. Knight", title = "The Effects of Four Organic Cropping Sequences on Soil Phosphorous Cycling and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi", abstract = "Organic farmers across Saskatchewan face soil
phosphorus (P) shortages. Due to the restriction on inputs in organic
systems, farmers rely on crop rotation and naturally-occurring
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for plant P supply. Crop rotation
is important for disease, pest, and weed management. Crops that are
not colonized by AMF (non-mycorrhizal) can decrease colonization
of a following crop. An experiment was performed to quantify soil P
cycling in four cropping sequences under organic management and
determine if mustard (non-mycorrhizal) was delaying the
colonization of subsequent wheat. Soils from the four cropping
sequences were measured for inorganic soil P (Pi), AMF spore
density (SD), phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA, for AMF
biomarker counts), and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPase,
related to AMF metabolic activity). Plants were measured for AMF
colonization and P content and uptake of above-ground biomass. A
lack of difference in AMF activity indicated that mustard was not
depressing colonization. Instead, AMF colonization was largely
determined by crop type and crop rotation.
", keywords = "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, crop rotation, organic
farming, phosphorous, soil microbiology.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "640-3", }
