The Effect of Zeolite on Sandy-Silt Soil Mechanical Properties
It is well known that cemented sand is one of the best approaches for soil stabilization. In some cases, a blend of sand, cement and other pozzolan materials such as zeolite, nano-particles and fiber can be widely (commercially) available and be effectively used in soil stabilization, especially in road construction. In this research, we investigate the effects of CaO which is based on the geotechnical characteristics of zeolite composition with sandy silt soil. Zeolites have low amount of CaO in their structures, that is, varying from 3% to 10%, and by removing the cement paste, we want to investigate the effect of zeolite pozzolan without any activator on soil samples strength. In this research, experiments are concentrated on various weight percentages of zeolite in the soil to examine the effect of the zeolite on drainage shear strength and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) both with and without curing. The study also investigates their liquid limit and plastic limit behavior and makes a comparative result by using Feng's and Wroth-Wood's methods in fall cone (cone penetrometer) device; in the final the SEM images have been presented. The results show that by increasing the percentage of zeolite in without-curing samples, the fine zeolite particles increase some soil's strength, but in the curing-state we can see a relatively higher strength toward without-curing state, since the zeolites have no plastic behavior, the pozzolanic property of zeolites plays a much higher role than cementing properties. Indeed, it is better to combine zeolite particle with activator material such as cement or lime to gain better results.
[1] T. Armbruster, M. E. Gunter, Crystal Structures of Natural Zeolites, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 45(1)(2001)1{67. arXiv: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/rimg/articl-pdf/45/1/1/2940740/1ArmbrusterGunter.pdf,doi:10.2138/rmg.2001.45.1.URL https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2001.45.1
[2] N. Mostafa, S. El-Hemaly, E. Al-Wakeel, S. El-Korashy, P. Brown, Characterization and evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of Egyptian industrial by-products: I: Silica fume and delaminated kaolin, Cement and Concrete Research 31 (2001) 467{474. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00485-3.
[3] F. Helfferich, Ion exchange, Dover Publications, New York, 1995.
[4] N. Hataf, P. Ghadir, N. Ranjbar, Investigation of soil stabilization using chitosan biopolymer, Journal of Cleaner Production 170. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.256.
[5] N. Feng, G.-F. Peng, Applications of natural zeolite to construction and building materials in china, Construction and Building Materials - CONSTR BUILD MATER 19 (2005) 579{584. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.013.
[6] A. Kaya, S. Durukan, Utilization of bentonite-embedded zeolite as clay liner, Applied Clay Science 25 (2004) 83{91. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2003.07.002.
[7] Y. Yukselen-Aksoy, Characterization of two natural zeolites for geotechnical and Geoenviromental applications, Characterization of two natural zeolites for geotechnical and Geoenviromental applications 50. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.015.
[8] M. Turkoz, P. Vural, The effects of cement and natural zeolite additives on problematic clay soils, Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 20. doi:10.1515/secm-2012-0104.
[9] V. Georgiannou, D. Lefas, M. Konstadinou, M. Perraki, Geotechnical properties of a natural zeolite, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 170 (2017) 1{12. doi:10.1680/jgeen.16.00157.
[10] A. Ramezanianpour, Cement replacement materials: properties, durability, sustainability, Springer, Heidelberg, 2013.
[11] ASTM, Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard E_ort, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012. doi:10.1520/D0698-12E02.
[12] B. Standard, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Compressibility, permeability and durability tests, British Standard Institute, UK, London,389 Chiswick High Road,W4 4AL, BSI Customer Services, 2015.
[13] T. Feng, Fall-cone penetration and water content relationship of clays, Geotechnique 51 (2001) 819{821. doi:10.1680/geot.51.9.819.41032.
[14] A. S. A Rashid, K. Kassim, A. Katimon, N. Noor, Determination of plastic limit of soil using modified methods, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 20 (2008) 295{305.
[15] C. Wroth, D. Wood, The correlation of index properties with some basic engineering properties of soils, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 15 (2011) 137{145. doi:10.1139/t78-014.
[16] M. Budhu, Soil mechanics and foundations, Wiley, New York, 2011.
[17] G. Mertens, R. Snellings, K. Van Balen, B. Bicer-Simsir, P. Verlooy, J. Elsen, Pozzolanic reactions of common natural zeolites with lime and parameters affecting their reactivity, Cement and Concrete Research 39 (2009) 233{240. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.008.
[18] T. Perraki, G. Kakali, F. Kontoleon, The e_ect of natural zeolites on the early hydration of portland cement, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 61 (2003) 205{212. doi:10.1016/S1387-1811(03)00369-X.
[19] ASTM, Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
[20] ASTM, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.
[21] B. Uzal, L. Turanl_, H. Yucel, M. C. Goncuoglu, A. C_ ulfaz, Pozzolanic activity of clinopetilolite: A comparative study with silica fume, y ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan, Cement and Concrete Research 40 (2010) 398{404. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.016.
[22] F. Massazza, Properties and applications of natural pozzolanas, Structure and performance of cements (2002) 326{352.
[23] B. Ahmadi, M. Shekarchi, Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material, Cement and Concrete Composites 32 (2010) 134{141. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.006.
[24] F. Ling, K. Kassim, A. Abd Karim, J. Kan, Strength and stiffness of artificial organic soil admixed with lime zeolite, Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (2015) 1422{1427. doi:10.4028/www.scienti_c.net/AMM.773-774.1422.
[25] S. Martinez-Ramirez, M. Blanco-Varela, I. Ere~na, M. Gener, Pozzolanic reactivity of zeolitic rocks from two different Cuban deposits: Characterization of reaction products, Applied Clay Science - APPL CLAY SCI 32 (2006) 40{52. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2005.12.001.
[26] K. Kayabali, Engineering aspects of a novel landfill liner material: bentonite-amended natural zeolite, Engineering Geology 46 (1997) 105{114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00102-0. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795296001020
[27] H. Mola-Abasi, I. Shooshpasha, Influence of zeolite and cement additions on mechanical behavior of sandy soil, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 8. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.01.008.
[28] ASTM, Standard test method for California bearing ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014. doi:10.1520/D1883-16.
[1] T. Armbruster, M. E. Gunter, Crystal Structures of Natural Zeolites, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 45(1)(2001)1{67. arXiv: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/rimg/articl-pdf/45/1/1/2940740/1ArmbrusterGunter.pdf,doi:10.2138/rmg.2001.45.1.URL https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2001.45.1
[2] N. Mostafa, S. El-Hemaly, E. Al-Wakeel, S. El-Korashy, P. Brown, Characterization and evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of Egyptian industrial by-products: I: Silica fume and delaminated kaolin, Cement and Concrete Research 31 (2001) 467{474. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00485-3.
[3] F. Helfferich, Ion exchange, Dover Publications, New York, 1995.
[4] N. Hataf, P. Ghadir, N. Ranjbar, Investigation of soil stabilization using chitosan biopolymer, Journal of Cleaner Production 170. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.256.
[5] N. Feng, G.-F. Peng, Applications of natural zeolite to construction and building materials in china, Construction and Building Materials - CONSTR BUILD MATER 19 (2005) 579{584. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.013.
[6] A. Kaya, S. Durukan, Utilization of bentonite-embedded zeolite as clay liner, Applied Clay Science 25 (2004) 83{91. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2003.07.002.
[7] Y. Yukselen-Aksoy, Characterization of two natural zeolites for geotechnical and Geoenviromental applications, Characterization of two natural zeolites for geotechnical and Geoenviromental applications 50. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.015.
[8] M. Turkoz, P. Vural, The effects of cement and natural zeolite additives on problematic clay soils, Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 20. doi:10.1515/secm-2012-0104.
[9] V. Georgiannou, D. Lefas, M. Konstadinou, M. Perraki, Geotechnical properties of a natural zeolite, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 170 (2017) 1{12. doi:10.1680/jgeen.16.00157.
[10] A. Ramezanianpour, Cement replacement materials: properties, durability, sustainability, Springer, Heidelberg, 2013.
[11] ASTM, Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard E_ort, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012. doi:10.1520/D0698-12E02.
[12] B. Standard, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Compressibility, permeability and durability tests, British Standard Institute, UK, London,389 Chiswick High Road,W4 4AL, BSI Customer Services, 2015.
[13] T. Feng, Fall-cone penetration and water content relationship of clays, Geotechnique 51 (2001) 819{821. doi:10.1680/geot.51.9.819.41032.
[14] A. S. A Rashid, K. Kassim, A. Katimon, N. Noor, Determination of plastic limit of soil using modified methods, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 20 (2008) 295{305.
[15] C. Wroth, D. Wood, The correlation of index properties with some basic engineering properties of soils, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 15 (2011) 137{145. doi:10.1139/t78-014.
[16] M. Budhu, Soil mechanics and foundations, Wiley, New York, 2011.
[17] G. Mertens, R. Snellings, K. Van Balen, B. Bicer-Simsir, P. Verlooy, J. Elsen, Pozzolanic reactions of common natural zeolites with lime and parameters affecting their reactivity, Cement and Concrete Research 39 (2009) 233{240. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.008.
[18] T. Perraki, G. Kakali, F. Kontoleon, The e_ect of natural zeolites on the early hydration of portland cement, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 61 (2003) 205{212. doi:10.1016/S1387-1811(03)00369-X.
[19] ASTM, Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
[20] ASTM, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.
[21] B. Uzal, L. Turanl_, H. Yucel, M. C. Goncuoglu, A. C_ ulfaz, Pozzolanic activity of clinopetilolite: A comparative study with silica fume, y ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan, Cement and Concrete Research 40 (2010) 398{404. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.016.
[22] F. Massazza, Properties and applications of natural pozzolanas, Structure and performance of cements (2002) 326{352.
[23] B. Ahmadi, M. Shekarchi, Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material, Cement and Concrete Composites 32 (2010) 134{141. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.006.
[24] F. Ling, K. Kassim, A. Abd Karim, J. Kan, Strength and stiffness of artificial organic soil admixed with lime zeolite, Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (2015) 1422{1427. doi:10.4028/www.scienti_c.net/AMM.773-774.1422.
[25] S. Martinez-Ramirez, M. Blanco-Varela, I. Ere~na, M. Gener, Pozzolanic reactivity of zeolitic rocks from two different Cuban deposits: Characterization of reaction products, Applied Clay Science - APPL CLAY SCI 32 (2006) 40{52. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2005.12.001.
[26] K. Kayabali, Engineering aspects of a novel landfill liner material: bentonite-amended natural zeolite, Engineering Geology 46 (1997) 105{114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00102-0. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795296001020
[27] H. Mola-Abasi, I. Shooshpasha, Influence of zeolite and cement additions on mechanical behavior of sandy soil, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 8. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.01.008.
[28] ASTM, Standard test method for California bearing ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014. doi:10.1520/D1883-16.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:79927", author = "Shahryar Aftabi and Saeed Fathi and Mohammad H. Aminfar", title = "The Effect of Zeolite on Sandy-Silt Soil Mechanical Properties", abstract = "It is well known that cemented sand is one of the best approaches for soil stabilization. In some cases, a blend of sand, cement and other pozzolan materials such as zeolite, nano-particles and fiber can be widely (commercially) available and be effectively used in soil stabilization, especially in road construction. In this research, we investigate the effects of CaO which is based on the geotechnical characteristics of zeolite composition with sandy silt soil. Zeolites have low amount of CaO in their structures, that is, varying from 3% to 10%, and by removing the cement paste, we want to investigate the effect of zeolite pozzolan without any activator on soil samples strength. In this research, experiments are concentrated on various weight percentages of zeolite in the soil to examine the effect of the zeolite on drainage shear strength and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) both with and without curing. The study also investigates their liquid limit and plastic limit behavior and makes a comparative result by using Feng's and Wroth-Wood's methods in fall cone (cone penetrometer) device; in the final the SEM images have been presented. The results show that by increasing the percentage of zeolite in without-curing samples, the fine zeolite particles increase some soil's strength, but in the curing-state we can see a relatively higher strength toward without-curing state, since the zeolites have no plastic behavior, the pozzolanic property of zeolites plays a much higher role than cementing properties. Indeed, it is better to combine zeolite particle with activator material such as cement or lime to gain better results.
", keywords = "CBR, direct shear, fall-cone, sandy-silt, SEM, zeolite.", volume = "14", number = "10", pages = "277-10", }
